بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف آبیاری بر شدت رقابت چند گونه ای و برخی شاخص های رشدی گونه های مزرعه ذرت ((Zea mays L.

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

بدلیل اهمیت توان جذب آب گونه های گیاهی، میزان آب آبیاری، کیفیت آب و خاک و نقش آنها در تعیین رقابت درون و بین گونه ای گیاهان، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 1388 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در قالب طرح پیمایشی با چهار سطح آب آبیاری (610،730، 880 و 1230 میلی متر) و دو سطح کنترل علف های هرز (کنترل کامل علف های هرز و عدم کنترل علف های هرز) اجرا شد. در پنج مرحله از رشد ذرت، اوایل، اواسط، اواخر دوره بحرانی کنترل علف های هرز، همزمان و دو هفته بعداز برداشت از ذرت و گونه های ناخواسته همجوار آن نمونه برداری شد. در هر نمونه، گونه ها جداسازی، شمارش و سطح برگ، وزن خشک برگ و ساقه ها جهت برآورد رقابت درون و بین گونه ای، کل ماده خشک تولید شده (TDM) و سرعت رشد (CGR) اندازه گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که ضرایب رقابت درون گونه ای و بین‌ گونه‌ ای ذرت و علف-های هرز دارای همبستگی بالایی با میزان آب آبیاری بودند. در تیمار عدم کنترل علف های هرز، در بیشترین میزان آب آبیاری، همواره تمام گونه-های پهن برگ دارای بیشترین مقدار تولید ماده خشک بودند و زمانیکه انواع گونه های علف هرز پهن برگ و باریک برگ با هم در رقابت بودند، میزان سرعت رشد پهن برگها بسیار بیشتر از باریک برگ ها بود. با افزایش میزان آبیاری، میزان ماده خشک تولیدی ذرت متناسب با میزان آب افزایش یافت. در تیمار عدم کنترل علف های هرز، ماده خشک تولیدی ذرت نسبت به تیمار شاهد (کنترل کامل علف های هرز) 29% کاهش نشان داد و در بیشترین میزان آب آبیاری، همواره تمام گونه ها دارای بیشترین مقدار تولید ماده خشک بودند. سرعت رشد ذرت نیز در تیمار کمینه آبیاری نسبت به سایر تیمارها، بیشترین مقدار (g.m-2.day-1 47/53) بود و در میزان متوسط آب آبیاری سرعت رشد ذرت (g.m-2.day-1 80/19) کم ترین مقدار بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluating of Irrigation Levels on Multiple Species of Competition and Growth Indices of Species in Field Corn (Zea mays L.) some

نویسندگان [English]

  • Gh. Mahmoudi
  • A. Ghanbari
  • R. Ghorbani
  • Z. Ghavidel
Ferodwsi University of Mashhad
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Maize (Zea mays. L.) is an important food and feed crop of the world. Maize is the third most important cereal crop of Iran after wheat and rice. About 60% maize is grown in irrigated and 36% in rain fed areas of Iran and other country of Asia. Basically it is a tropical plant but at present it is being cultivated extensively with equal success in temperate, tropical and sub tropical regions of world. Crop density is one of the usage tools in sustainable agriculture at integrated weed management. Also weed species response varie according to density of species in agricultural ecosystems. The purposes of this study were to investigate cooperation of species (weeds and crop) was applied in the field at five stages to determinate (1) evaluation some physiological indices of plant species in different levels of irrigation (2) changes of total dry matter of species in different levels of irrigation in field conditions and (3) survey affect of different levels of irrigation on growth indices of species in corn field.
Material and Methods: Because of the importance of plant species can absorb water, irrigation water and soil and water quality and maintain their role in the determination of competition within and between plants a field experiment was conducted based on interval mapping at the Agronomy Research Field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran (Lat 36°15' N, Long 59°28' E; 985 m Altitude) during 2009. Treatments consisted of four levels of irrigation (610, 730, 880 and 1230 mm) and two levels of weed control (complete control and without control). Weed sampling was done at 5 stages including first, middle and end of critical period weed control and at Maturity and 2 weeks after that then all weed species counted, species identified, leaf area and dry matters of samples were measured. Total Dry Matter calculated from integral of Crop Growth Rate (g.m2.day-1) in period of growth. TDM= a/1+b * (exp (-c * t)) and CGR= (a* b * c * (exp (-c * t))) / (1+ b * (exp (-c * t))) ^ 2. That a is TDM of point in asymptote of curve, b is rate of achieve to asymptote, c is crop growth rate, t is time.
Results: The results showed that in different levels of irrigation the weed species were different. The coefficients of inter and intra species competition for corn and weeds had high correlation with level of irrigation. At all species, the highest and lowest coefficient of intra species competition, respectively, related to the nightshade (3/66) in irrigation and Common lambsquarters 1230 mm (408/0) in irrigation was 730 mm.
By increasing the amount of irrigation water rates increased in proportion to the amount of dry matter production of maize. In the treatment of uncontrolled weed dry matter production of maize compared to the control (weed control) showed a 29% reduction in the maximum amount of irrigation water has had all the species with the highest amount of dry matter production. The highest growth rate in the treated corn irrigation lowest, compared to other treatments (47/53 g / m2 / day), and the average amount of irrigation water, growth rate (80/19 g / m2 / day) had the lowest. In general, application of high levels of irrigation is suitable for crops at absence of other species. In conclusion, increasing the irrigation at complete control to a certain extent, leading to increased production and more than that would not.
Conclusions: According to the results, increasing of irrigation at complete control reduced coefficient of intra species competition corn. Increasing relative density of corn leads to negative coefficient of intra species competition on the dry matter. So increasing density of corn is positive factor at presence of other species and availability of irrigation. High density of species, tend to highest (nightshade at irrigation treatment of 1230 mm) and low density of species tend to lowest (Common lambsquarters at irrigation treatment of 730 mm) coefficient of intra species competition respectively among weeds. Also increasing irrigation leads to increasing dry matter of corn. Maximum of corn CGR was in irrigation treatment of 630 mm. We concluded that in this experiment, effects of different levels of irrigation on Physiological Indices consist of TDM of weeds and crop, CGR of species was studied in different controls of weeds.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Inter Specific Competition
  • Intra Specific Competition
  • Weeds
  • Total dry matter
1- Abaspoor M., RezvaniMoghadam P. 2002. The critical period of weed control in corn) Zea mays) at Mashhad, Iran. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 2(2): 195- 182. (In Persian with English Summary).
2- Afshari M. 2009. Estimation of multi-species competition and seasonal dynamic of weed population and determination of growth indices, yield and yield component of Corn (Zeamays L.) under field condition. MSc Thesis in Weed Science, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary).
3- Altieri M.A. and Liebman M. 1988.Eds weed management in Agroecosystems Ecological Apporach CRCprees.
4- Alizadeh A., and KamaliGh.A. 2007. Water requirements of plants in Iran. Publication of Imam Reza University. 227 p.
5- Azeez J.O., Chikoye D., Kamara A.Y., Menkir A., and Adetunji M.T. 2005. Effect of drought and weed management on maize genotypes and thetensiometric soil water content of aneutricnitisolin southwestern Nigeria. Plant & soil, l276: 61-68.
6- Bekele S.,and Tilahun K. 2007. Regulated deficit irrigation scheduling ofonion in a semiarid region of Ethiopia. Agric Water Manage, 98(1–2): 148–152.
7- Blackman F.F. 1905. Ann. Bot. 19:281-95.
8- Casper B.B., and Jackson R.B. 1997. "Plant competition underground "Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst 28: 545–570.
9- Clements F., Weaver E., and Hanson H.C. 1929. Plant competition: an analyisis of community function. pub. No. 398. . Washington, D C. Carnergie Inst.
10- Dagdelen N., Yilmaz E., Sezgin F., and Gurbuz T. 2006. Water-yieldrelation and water use efficiency of cotton (GossypiumhirsutumL.) and second crop corn (Zea mays L.) in western. Turkey. AgricWater Manage, 82: 63–85.
11- Dalley C.D., Bernards M.L., and Kells J.J. 2006. Effect of weed removal timing and row spacing on soil moisture in corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology, 20: 399-409
12- Donald C.M. 1963. Competition among crop and pasture plants. Adv. Agron. 15: 1-18.
13- Fatemi R., Kahraryan B., Ghanbary A., and Valizadeh M. 2006. The evaluation of different irrigation regims and water requirenment on yield and yield components of Corn. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. Islamic Azad University. 1: 133- 141.
14- Hashem A., Radosevich S.R., and Roush B. 1998. Effect of proximity facrors on compeyition between winter wheat (Triticumaestvum) and Italian ryegrass (Loliummultiflorum). Weed Sci, 49: 181-190.
15- Istanbulluoglu A., Kocaman I., and Konukcu F. 2002. Water use–productionrelationship of maize under Tekirdag conditions in Turkey. Pak JBiolSci, 5(3): 287–291.
16- Johnson B.L., and Henderson T.L. 2002. Water use efficiency. Water usepatterns of grain amaranth in the northern Great Plains. Agron J, 94: 1437–1443.
17- Kenzevic S.Z., Weise S.F. and Swanton C.J. 1994; Interference of redroot pigweed (Amaranthusreroflexus) in corn (Zea mays). Weed Sci. 42:568-573
18- KhavariKhurasani S. 2008. Scientific and practical guide for corn (planting to harvesting). Sarava and AvayeMassihPublications. 187 p.
19- Koocheki A., SarmadniaGh. H. 2009. Physiology of Crops. Franklin P Gardner., Berent P Yers., Rajeral M. Publications, University Press of Jihad Daneshgahi, Mashhad, Iran.400 p.
20- Koohi N. 2004. Study the effects of drip irrigation and plant density on water use efficiency of corn in one row and two-row planting 700 varieties of Karaj. MSc Thesis in Weed Science, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary).
21- Kropff M.J., and Van Laar H.H. 1993. Modelling crop-weeds Interactions. International Rice Research Institute.pp.274.
22- Kirnak H., Gencoglan C., and Degirmenci V. 2003. Effect of deficitirrigation on yield and growth of second crop corn in Harranplain conditions. Atatu¨rkUniv J FacAgric, 34(2) :117–123
23- Kiziloglu F.M., Sahin U. Yasemin K., and Talip T. 2009. Determining water–yield relationship, water use efficiency, Crop and pan coefficients for silage maize in a semiarid region. IrrigSci, 27: 129-137.
24- MahdaviDamghani A.M., and Kamkar B. 2009. Weed- crop competition: a review. Robert Zidahl. Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources. 352 p.
25- Mahmoudi, G. 2010. Investigation of weed multiple-species competition and ecological indices at different corn (Zeamays L.) densities. MSc Thesis in Weed Science, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
26- Mitscherlich E.A. 1909. Jahrb. Landwirtsch. Schweiz. 38: 537-52.
27- Oktem A., Simsek M., Oktem A.G. 2003. Deficit irrigation effects onsweet corn (Zea mayssaccharataSturt) with drip irrigationsystem in a semi-arid region. Water–yield relationship. AgricWater Manage, 61: 63–74.
28- Payero J.O., Melvin S.R., Irmak S., and Tarkalson D. 2006. Yield responseof corn to deficit irrigation in a semiarid climate. Agric WaterManage 84:101–112
29- RashedMohassel M.H., and Musavi S.K. 2007. Weed management principles. AlderichRitchard J., KermerRobbert J. Publications, University Press of Jihad Daneshgahi, Mashhad, Iran. 532 p.
30- RahimianMashhadi H. 2003. Competition modeling of weeds and crops. Publishing Centre of agricultural education. 124 p.
31- Salehiyan H., Ghanbari A., RahimiyanMashhadi H.,Majidi, E. 2003. Investigation of wheat and weeds interference in field condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 1(1): 109- 120. (In Persian with English Summary).
32- SpittersC.j., and Aerts R. 1983. Simulation of competition for light and water in crop-weed associations. Aspects of Appl. Biol, 4:467-483
33- Subedi K.D., and Ma B.L. 2009. Assessment of some major yield-limiting factors on maize production in a humid temperate environment. Field Crops Research, 110: 21-26.
34- Yazar A.‚ Sezen S.M.‚ and Gencel B. 2002. Drip irrigation of corn in the Southeast Anatolia Project (GPA) area in Turkey. Irrig. Drain‚ 51: 293-300.
35- Zand A., RahimianMashhadi H., Koocheki A.R. Khalghani J., Musavi S.K and Ramezani K. 2004. Ecology of weeds. Publications, University Press of Jihad Daneshgahi, Mashhad, Iran.
CAPTCHA Image