پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران

پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران

ارزیابی پتانسیل دگرآسیبی عصاره‌های گیاهی و مقایسه آن با تیمارهای شیمیایی بر علف‌های هرز بی‏تی‏راخ (Galium aparine L.) و ماشک‌گل خوشه‏ای (Vicia villosa Roth.) در مزرعه نخود

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران
2 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
چکیده
علف‌های هرز از محدودیت‌های اصلی تولید نخود در بوم‌نظام‌های کشاورزی هستند که استفاده از عصاره‌های گیاهی با پتانسیل دگرآسیبی می‌تواند رویکردی پایدار برای مدیریت آن‌ها ارائه دهد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثرات دگرآسیبی و سمیت گیاهی عصاره‌های گیاهی بر علف‌های هرز بی‌تی‌راخ (Galium aparine L.) و ماشک گل خوشه‌ای (Vicia villosa Roth.) در زراعت نخود (Cicer arietinum) طی دو سال‌ زراعی 1401-1400 و 1402-1401 انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل عصاره‌های گیاه بابونه (Anthemis odontostephana Boiss.)، کنگر کوهی (Gundelia tournefortii L.)، پوسته بادام‌زمینی (Arachis hypogaea L.)، اسید پلارگونیک (Pelargonic acid)، علف‌کش چلنج (آکلونیفن) و شاهد (آب خالص) بودند. در سال اول، اسید پلارگونیک و عصاره کنگر به‌ترتیب با 70/3 درصد و 67/13 درصد بیشترین اثر مهاری بر رشد ماشک گل‌خوشه‌ای، و به‌ترتیب با 76/52 درصد و 33/53 درصد بیشترین بازدارندگی را بر رشد بی‌تی‌راخ نشان دادند. همچنین، میزان سبزینگی ماشک گل‌خوشه‌ای در اثر کاربرد اسید پلارگونیک 31/60 درصد کاهش یافت. در سال دوم، بیشترین کاهش رشد بی‌تی‌راخ مربوط به اسید پلارگونیک (03/47 درصد) و عصاره کنگر (79/46 درصد) بود. در همین سال، سبزینگی بی‌تی‌راخ در اثر کاربرد اسید پلارگونیک 91/69 درصد و سبزینگی ماشک گل‌خوشه‌ای به‏وسیله عصاره بابونه 2/74 درصد نسبت به شاهد کاهش یافت. هدایت روزنه‌ای بی‌تی‌راخ در سال دوم توسط عصاره بابونه (80/66 درصد) و هدایت روزنه‌ای ماشک گل خوشه‌ای در سال اول به‏وسیله اسید پلارگونیک (55/40 درصد) و در سال دوم توسط عصاره بابونه (75/51 درصد) و اسید پلارگونیک (74/49 درصد) نسبت به شاهد کاهش یافت. فلورسانس کلروفیل در بی‌تی‌راخ و ماشک گل خوشه‌ای تحت تیمار بابونه در سال دوم به‌ترتیب 63/56 درصد و 14/36 درصد کاهش داشت. تحلیل اسانس بابونه با کروماتوگرافی گازی، 21 ترکیب را شناسایی کرد که ترپنوئیدها، به‌ویژه مایرتنیل استات، ترکیبات اصلی بودند. با توجه به پتانسیل بالای عصاره بابونه در مهار علف‌های هرز، انجام تحقیقات بیشتر برای توسعه آن به‌عنوان علف‌کش گیاهی سازگار با محیط‌زیست و گزینه‌ای جایگزین برای علف‌کش‌های شیمیایی توصیه می‌شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
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