بررسی تنوع و فلور علف‌های هرز و پراکنش گونه ماشک خرزی (Vicia hyrcanica ) در مقایسه با سایر علف‌های هرز مورد بررسی در مزارع گندم و نخود کرمانشاه

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• امین کرمی ¹
• ایرج نصرتی ¹
• غلامرضا محمدی ¹
• علیرضا باقری ¹
• سیروان بابایی ²

¹ گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه

² گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان

10.22067/jpp.2023.73615.1110

چکیده

بررسی و شناسایی تنوع و ترکیب علف­های هرز در مناطق مختلف کشاورزی، می‌تواند در تعیین راهکارهای بهینه برای مدیریت علف­های هرز و شناخت نوع علف­های هرز مهاجم در مزارع آن منطقه مفید واقع گردد. ماشک خرزی Vicia hyrcanica یکی از مهمترین گیاهان هرز مشکل‌ساز به‌ویژه در مزارع گندم زمستانه و نخود به شمار می­رود. از این رو وضعیت پراکنش این گیاه هرز به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی در سال زراعی 98- 1399 در 300 مزرعه از مزارع گندم آبی و دیم (250 مزرعه) و نخود دیم (50 مزرعه) در شهرستان کوزران استان کرمانشاه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. مولفه­های مربوط به فراوانی نسبی، غنای گونه‌ای، تراکم و یکنواختی نسبی و نیز شاخص­های تنوع و غالبیت اندازه‌گیری شد. بیشترین میانگین تراکم گونه‌ای با 2/35 بوته در متر مربع و بیشترین فراوانی نسبی 3/36 درصد مربوط به ماشک خرزی و کمترین میانگین تراکم گونه‌ای (27/0) و فراوانی نسبی (26/0) به‌ترتیب متعلق به گونه Tragopogon major و Melilotus albus Medic بود. همچنین غالب ترین گونه‌های پهن برگ شامل شیرپنیر (Galium tricornutum Dandy.)، ماشک خرزی، خردل وحشی (Sinapis arvensis L.) و سرشکافته (Cephalaria syriaca (L) Roemer & Schultes) بودند. شاخص یکنواختی در گندم‌زارهای آبی و دیم شهرستان کوزران استان کرمانشاه نشان می‌دهد که اختلاف بین گونه‌ها از نظر یکنواختی بسیار به هم نزدیک و در دامنه 53/0 خردل وحشی تا 95%  خار مریم (Silybum marianum) متغیر بود. علاوه بر آن نتایج پهنه بندی از 1300 تا 1600 متر نشان داد که ارتفاع از سطح دریا تأثیر چندانی در تراکم اکوتیپ‌های ماشک خرزی و سایر گیاهان هرز گندمیان نداشته است. مقدار تنوع شانون- وِینر، به میزان 09/4، و شاخص تنوع سیمپسون 99/0 و شاخص غالبیت سیمپسون 87/0 محاسبه شد. تفاوت در شاخص‌های تنوع گونه‌ای و غالبیت با میزان و نوع عملیات مدیریتی از جمله استفاده بیش از حد از نهاده‌های کشاورزی و مشکلات مدیریتی علف‌کش­ها در مزارع ارتباط داشت. از این رو ماشک خزری و شیر پنیر به عنوان گونه غالب در مزارع کرمانشاه و عمده‌ترین گونه مهاجم تشخیص داده شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• تنوع
• تراکم علف‌هرز
• غالبیت
• علف هرز مهاجم
• ماشک خرزی

20.1001.1.29808170.1402.37.2.7.3

موضوعات

• علف های هرز

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