ارزیابی مقاومت و پاسخ بیوشیمیایی ارقام مختلف جو در برهمکنش با نماتد ریشه‌گرهی (Meloidogyne incognita)

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

نماتد (Meloidogyne incognita) شناخته شده­ترین نماتد ریشه گرهی است که بیش از 2000 گونه­ی میزبانی دارد. در مدیریت نماتدها، استفاده از ارقام مقاوم به دلیل سازگاری با محیط زیست، صرفه­ی اقتصادی و گاهاً عدم امکان پیاده سازی سایر روش­ها در کشورهای در حال توسعه، از جایگاه ویژه­ای برخوردار است. از این رو، ارزیابی مقاومت گیاهان مهم اقتصادی از جمله جو (Hordeum vulgare) جهت جلوگیری از ایجاد خسارت و بررسی برخی تعاملات نماتد با این گیاه ضروری می­نماید. طی این پژوهش، به ارزیابی مقاومت ارقام مختلف جو شامل نیک، نیمروز و زرجو بر پایه­ی فاکتورهای رشدی گیاه (طول، وزن تر و خشک اندام هوایی و ریشه) و شاخص گال نماتد در 60 روز پس از مایه‌زنی پرداخته شد. سپس طی آزمون بیوشیمیایی، فعالیت آنزیم­های سوپراکسید دیسموتاز (SOD)، کاتالاز (CAT) و آسکوربات پراکسیداز (APX) در روزهای صفر، یک، دو، سه و چهار روز پس از مایه زنی اندازه­گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که دو رقم نیمروز و زرجو با شاخص گال سه به عنوان نسبتاً مقاوم و رقم نیک با شاخص گال چهار به عنوان نسبتاً حساس تعیین شد. بر اساس فاکتورهای رشدی گیاه، نماتد تاثیر منفی بر طول و وزن اندام هوایی و طول ریشه و تاثیر مثبت بر وزن ریشه داشت. آنزیم SOD در ارقام نیک، نیمروز و زرجو به ترتیب در مقادیر 72/2، 91/1 و 15/2 واحد میلی­گرم بر پروتئین در روزهای چهارم، چهارم و سوم پس از مایه زنی، فعالیت حداکثری نشان داد. فعالیت آنزیم فوق، در رقم نیک 42/1 و 25/1 برابر فعالیت بیشینه نیمروز و زرجو تعیین گردید. بین نقاط زمانی صفر، یک و دو با روزهای سوم و چهارم نمونه آلوده در رقم نیک، اختلاف معنی‌داری مشاهده گردید. در دو رقم دیگر، فعالیت آنزیم با شیبی ملایم افزایش یافت. آنزیم CAT در ارقام نیک، نیمروز و زرجو در مقادیر 204/0، 09/0 و 11/0 میکرومول بر دقیقه میلی­گرم پروتئین در روز چهارم پس از مایه‌زنی به پیک رسید. در رقم نیک، برخلاف دو رقم دیگر آنزیم به میزان بیش­تری افزایش یافته و از روز دو تا چهارم شیب تندی داشت. در گیاهان آلوده­ی نیمروز، علیرغم افزایش تدریجی آنزیم، اختلاف معنی داری بین هیچ یک از روز­ها یافت نشد. آنزیم APX در مقادیر 26/0، 27/0 و 24/0 میکرومول بر دقیقه میلی­گرم پروتئین به ترتیب در ارقام نیک، نیمروز و زرجو در روز چهارم به اوج رسید. فعالیت آنزیم نامبرده در سه رقم روند افزایشی داشت. حداکثر فعالیت این آنزیم در نیمروز بوده که به ترتیب 03/1 و 1/1 برابر نیک و زرجو تعیین گردید. در این رقم، روند افزایشی سریع بوده و بین همه نقاط زمانی اختلاف معنی‌داری در سطح 05/0 وجود داشت. احتمالاً نماتد جهت تشکیل سلول غول‌آسا مانع از انتقال بهینه آب و مواد غذایی به اندام هوایی و در نتیجه کاهش رشد آن شده و به دلیل ایجاد گره، موجب افزایش وزن ریشه شده است. فعالیت بیش­تر آنزیم­های فوق در رقم نیک احتمالاً به دلیل برهمکنش سازگاری و ناتوانی گیاه در القای پاسخ فوق حساسیت علیه نماتد صورت گرفته است. بیان کم­تر آنزیم­ها در ارقام نیمروز و زرجو نیز احتمالاًبه دلیل مقاومت نسبی به نماتد می­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Resistance and Biochemical Responses of Different Barley Cultivars in Interaction with Meloidogyne incognita

نویسندگان [English]

  • M. Ahmadi
  • E. Mahdikhani Moghadam
  • H. Rouhani
  • M. Mehrvar
Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
چکیده [English]

Introduction
 Meloidogyne incognita is the most well-known root knot nematode, with more than 2000 host species. Integrated nematode management (INM) is recommended to manage the destructive plant parasitic nematode. Integrated management is generally performed by using the maximum available management methods (at least two methods) and the minimum use of chemical nematicides to bring the pathogen population below the economic threshold. The use of resistant cultivars is of particular importance in integrated management, due to environmental compatibility, economic efficiency, and sometimes the impossibility of implementing other methods, especially in developing countries. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the resistance of the important barley plant (Hordeum vulgare) to prevent damage and also to investigate nematode interactions with it.
Materials and Methods
 In the current study, the resistance of different barley cultivars (i.e., Nik, Nimrouz, and Zarjow) was evaluated based on plant growth factors (length, fresh, and dry weight of aerial part and roots) and nematode gall index at 60 days post inoculation. Then the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes were measured on days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days post inoculation.
Results and Discussion
 Regarding the mean number of galls, the Nik cultivar showed a significant difference compared to Nimroz and Zarjow cultivars (P ≤ 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between Nimroz and Zarjow cultivars. Based on plant growth factors, M. incognita nematode was found to have a negative effect on the aerial part length and weight and a positive effect on root weight. Evaluation of the gall index showed Nik is moderately susceptible, and Nimrouz and Zarjow are moderately resistant cultivars. SOD enzyme in Nik, Nimrouz, and Zarjow showed maximum activity in 2.72, 1.91, and 2.15 U mg-1 protein on the 4, 4, and 3 days post inoculation, respectively. The enzyme in Nik was determined to be 1.42 and 1.25 times higher than Nimrouz and Zarjow. There was a significant difference between 0, 1, and 2 with the 3 and 4 days of the infected samples in Nik (P ≤ 0.05). In the other cultivars, enzyme activity increased with a slight slope. CAT enzyme peaked in Nik, Nimrouz, and Zarjow at 0.204, 0.09, and 0.11 μmol min-1 mg-1 protein on the fourth-day post inoculation. In the Nik cultivar, unlike the other two cultivars, the enzyme increased more and had a steep slope from the second to the fourth day. In infected plants of Nimrouz, despite the gradual increase of enzyme, no significant difference was found between any of the days. APX enzyme peaked at 0.26, 0.27, and 0.24 μmol min-1 mg-1 protein in Nik, Nimrouz, and Zarjow on the fourth day, respectively. The activity of the above enzyme had an increasing trend in three cultivars. The maximum activity of this enzyme was at Nimrouz, which was determined to be 1.03 and 1.1 times higher than Nik and Zarjow, respectively. In this cultivar, the upward trend was rapid, although there was a significant difference between all-time points at the level of 0.05. In the current research, it was found that the invasion of the root knot nematode M. incognita reduces the growth of length, fresh and dry weight in the aerial part, reduces the length of the root but increases the fresh weight of it.
Conclusion
The hallmark of inducing pathogenicity in the sedentary root knot nematodes is the formation of special feeding cells named giant cells, which require controlling the expression of host genes and manipulation of plant hormones like auxin and cytokinin hormones. It is obvious that during the invasion of root knot nematodes and the formation of giant cells in host roots, the plant is weakened due to impaired transport of water and nutrients, and the host growth factors, especially in the aerial part, are reduced. However, due to hormonal disorders and the formation of galls, the weight of the roots increases. The higher expression of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase in Nik possibly has occurred due to the compatible interaction, as a result of lack of necrosis and programmed cell death and to tolerate stress (nematode invasion). Less expression of SOD, CAT, and APX enzymes in Nimrouz and Zarjow cultivars possibly have occurred due to their moderate resistance to M. incognita invasion.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Antioxidant enzymes
  • Barley
  • Gall
  • Nematode
  • Resistance

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