نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 پژوهشگر پسادکتری، گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
2 استاد، گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Abstract
Background and Objectives
Plant growth-promoting treatments, including biological, organic and chemical fertilizers, can alter the biochemical composition of plants and affect multitrophic interactions. Beneficial soil microorganisms such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can affect plant nutrient quality, secondary metabolites, enzymes, phytohormones and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can impact interactions between host plants, insect herbivores and natural enemies. Plant defenses against herbivores can be activated both directly and indirectly. PGPRs and AMFs can either increase or decrease the resistance of plants to pests. Fertilizers can influence the nutritional quality of plants, which is crucial for host selection by herbivorous insects. Plants treated with zinc have been shown to have a positive effect on sucking insects but a negative effect on chewing herbivores. Organic fertilizers such as vermicompost have proven to be effective in the biocontrol of sucking insects, as they promote vigorous plant growth, alter plant nutrition and strengthen plant defenses. The biochemical composition of plants affects the quality of insect pests and influences the life plan of predators and parasitoids. The quality of the prey, the nutritional value and the biochemistry of the host plants influence the abundance and performance of the predators. Nutritional parameters such as consumption index, efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), relative consumption rates (RCR) and relative growth rate (RGR) provide information on predator performance. The study investigates the effects of different plant growth promotion treatments on the nutritional indices of Adalia bipunctata L. feeding on Myzus persicae (Sulzer), growing on treated Capsicum annuum under greenhouse conditions.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted on California Wonder bell pepper plants treated with various fertilizers in a completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions at 25 ± 5 °C, 65 ± 10% RH and natural light. The effects of foliar spraying with zinc sulfate on bell pepper plants, the addition of 30% organic fertilizer from vermicompost and the addition of the biofertilizers Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Glomus intraradices, G. intraradices × B. subtilis and G. intraradices × P. fluorescens to the seedbed of bell pepper plants were investigated. The nutritional index of different larval and adult stages of the two-spotted predatory ladybug beetle Adalia bipunctata reared on the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% RH and 16L:8D hours. The experiments were conducted with 20 replications per treatment, using a completely randomized design, and nutritional indices were calculated using Waldbauer's method. The study used Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality, ANOVA for analyzing effects on predatory ladybug feeding indices, Tukey test for significant differences, and Excel for diagram creation. Treatments were categorized into suitable and unsuitable groups using the Ward method in a dendrogram.
Results
The highest ECI index of A. bipunctata larvae was observed in the B. subtilis, zinc sulfate and P. fluorescens and the lowest ones was recorded in vermicompost (30%). The ECI index of predator adult significantly increased in B. subtilis and P. fluorescens treatments and decreased ones in vermicompost (30%). The highest and lowest pupal weights were observed in B. subtilis (16.98 mg) and vermicompost (30%; 11.32 mg) treatments, respectively. The results of the cluster analysis of different fertilizer treatments based on nutritional indices and pupal weights indicated the existence of two groups, A and B; group A included two subgroups, A1 and A2. Subgroup A1 included vermicompost (30%) treatments, G. intraradices × B. subtilis and G. intraradices, control, and G. intraradices × P. fluorescens, while subgroup A2 included zinc sulfate treatment. Group B included bacterial treatments B. subtilis and P. fluorescens.
Discussion
The study found that host plant quality affects the nutritional fitness of herbivorous insects, which in turn influences predator population dynamics. Pupal weight, a fitness indicator, was positively correlated with fat content. The study highlights the importance of host plant quality in determining fecundity parameters. The results show that the treatment of the soil with biological fertilizers (P. fluorescens and B. subtilis) had a positive and significant effect on the parameters of the predatory. The study found that plant growth-promoting treatments affect tri-trophic interactions in bell pepper plants, M. persicae, and A. bipunctata. High soil fertility improves predator fitness and supports predator growth. Maintaining high fertility is beneficial for integrated pest management, but further field studies are needed.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
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