نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه گیاه پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران
2 گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران.
3 عضو گروه پژوهشی گیاه و تنش‌های محیطی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction
Weeds and diseases significantly hinder agricultural production. Chemical pesticides are frequently used to control weeds and plant diseases in many fields. However, they have numerous adverse effects. Therefore, it is advisable to consider using natural pesticides, which have fewer environmental impacts and decompose more rapidly, to try to protect plants. Currently, there is a growing recognition of the potential of plant extracts as a useful resource for the development of natural herbicides and fungicides. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is cultivated as one of the important medicinal plants in Iran. Saffron leaves and corm can be used as natural pesticides as available and cheap sources. Saffron extracts have been found to possess antiherbal and antifungal properties by multiple sources.
Materials and methods
In order to evaluate the antiherbal and antifungal properties of saffron leaf and corm extracts on the germination and growth characteristics of whitetop weed and Aspergillus niger fungus, independent factorial experiments were conducted based on the completely randomized design with four replications at the Faculty of Agriculture of Birjand University in 2022. The allelopathic treatments consisted of two saffron organs (leaf and stem) and seven extract concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 4% v/w). The antifungal treatments consisted of two saffron organs (leaf and corm) and seven extract concentrations (0, 0.0312, 0.625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 by v/w). Whitetop seeds were collected from the research field of the Faculty of Agriculture of Birjand University in 2022. Saffron leaves and seeds were harvested from four-year-old plantations in Sarayan city, then subjected to drying and grinding. To create the aqueous extract, a mixture of 40 g of dehydrated saffron leaves and corms was combined with 1000 ml of distilled water. The mixture was then placed on a shaker at a speed of 200 revolutions per minute for a duration of two hours, resulting in the preparation of the stock extract. Subsequently, the extract was diluted with double distilled water to prepare the necessary concentrations for the experiment. To examine the fungicidal properties of saffron extracts, the Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) culture media were used containing different concentrations of the extract. After solidification of the culture media, 5 mm diameter mycelial plug of the fungus was inserted upside down in the middle of each Petri plate using a cork borer. Subsequently, the petri dishes were sealed with parafilm and relocated to the incubator set at 25ºC temperature. They were maintained under these specific circumstances until the completion of each test period.
Results and Discussion
Results Results of the experiments showed that the type of extract was significant only on the mean germination time of whitetop and the highest mean germination time (MGT) was obtained from the corm extract. The corm extract showed the maximum germination time. Regarding the impact of concentration on seedling, it was discovered that concentrations up to 0.5% had a stimulatory effect, while higher concentrations had an inhibitory effect on the attributes of whitetop plants. Increasing the concentration of the extract to 4% resulted in reduction of 21.9%, 17%, and 22% in the root length, root fresh weight, and shoot fresh weight, respectively. The findings of this experiment indicated that 4% concentration of the corm extract resulted in the lowest shoot dry weight and seedling dry weight. The lowest dry weight of root was obtained using 2% concentration of the corm extract. The antifungal test findings indicated that Aspergillus niger fungus exhibited the smallest colony diameter on the third day when treated with 0.0312%, 0.625%, and 1%. concentrations of the leaf extract. Any antifungal effect was not observed in the media treated with the extract compared to the controls. The experimental findings revealed that saffron extracts, when present in high quantities, effectively suppressed the growth of whitetop weed. However, the concentrations of saffron extracts used in this study were insufficient to avoid the growth of A. niger. The study demonstrated the allelopathic effects of saffron leaf and corm extracts on various plant species including Amaranthus retroflexus (Rashed Mohassel et al., 2009), Rapistrum rugosum (Alimoradi et al., 2008), Plantago psyllium (Rashed Mohassel et al., 2009), Gypsophylla pilosa (Azizi et al., 2013), Hordeum spontaneum (Ghesmati et al., 2018), Agropayron repense (Ghesmati et al., 2018), and Cardaria draba (Soltanipoor et al., 2006). Furthermore, the saffron extracts were found to have antifungal properties against Fusarium oxysporum (Rubio-Moraga et al., 2013), Aspergillus parasiticus (Tzanidi et al., 2012), Candida albicans (Vahidi et al., 2002), Penicillium raistriicki (Rubio-Moraga et al., 2013), and Bipolaris spicifera (Rubio-Moraga et al., 2013) in previous studies. Hence, extracts derived from saffron leaves and corms possess antiherbal and antifungal properties.
Conclusion
Overall, the findings of this study indicated that saffron extract type did not have any impact on the seedling traits of whitetop weed. Nevertheless, saffron extract with concentration of less than 0.5% exhibited a stimulating impact, whereas at higher concentrations had an inhibitory influence on the characteristics of whitetop. The used amounts of saffron extracts failed to inhibit the growth of A. niger. Hence, based on the findings of this experiment, it is advisable to examine effect of higher doses of saffron extracts on A. niger.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
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