Effective Control of Two-spotted Spider Mite and European Red Mite in Apple Orchards

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Zoology Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.

2 West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Urima, Iran.

3 Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Isfahan, Iran

4 Agricultural Jahad Organization of Tehran Province, Firouzkoh, Iran.

5 East Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tabriz, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction
Two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch and European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) are the most important pests of apple orchards in different parts of Iran. Spider mites suck leaf fluids and chlorophyll, resulting in "bronzed" foliage. Slightly damaged leaves cause little or no adverse effect to crop. Extensive leaf bronzing results in decreased photosynthesis, often causing reduced fruit size, premature drop and reduction in fruit set the following year. The most serious injury occurs in early summer when trees are producing fruit buds for the following season. The spider mite are associated with characteristic webbing on the under surface of the leaf.
 
Materials and Methods
The combination of winter, spring and agricultural control was implemented in the apple orchards of Tehran (Firuzkuh), Isfahan (Semirom), East Azerbaijan (Maragheh) and West Azerbaijan (Urima) provinces in the form of several treatments. In the winter control, when the tips of the buds turn green, by observing the moderate to heavy infestation of red mite eggs in tree branches (80-100 per 2 m), by using (Abamectin (0.5 ml.l-1), Clofentezin (0.5 ml.l-1), Tetradifon (2 ml.l-1), Hexythiazox (0.5 ml.l-1))+Volck oil (2%), Hexythiazox (0.5 ml.l-1)+ Dayaban (2 ml.l-1) and Volck oil were used. In separate treatment, without using winter control, spring control will be used. Spring spraying was done by observing three to five active mite (spider mite or red mite) stages on the surface of each leaf. We used Envidor speed 0.4 ml.l-1, Danisaraba 1 ml.l-1 and Abamectin 0.5 ml.l-1 for spring treatments. The percentage of mite mortality after treatment was analyzed separately in different regions. In this research, the effect of early spring or winter plowing on the population of spider mites was investigated in different provinces. The meteorological data in the year of the experiment (air temperature, air humidity, air precipitation, soil temperature and soil humidity) were analyzed separately.
 
Results and Discussions
Abamectin, Clofentezin, Tetradifon, Hexythiazox + Volck oil, Hexythiazox + Dayaban and Volck oil caused a significant reduction of red mite eggs. The time of using acaricides in winter in Tehran, Isfahan, West Azarbaijan and East Azarbaijan provinces was March 16, March 18, March 5 and March 11, respectively. The mean mortality percentage of mites in Isfahan,Tehran, West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan province were 84, 59, 66, 77% respectively. The time of using acaricides in spring treatments in Tehran, Isfahan, West Azarbaijan and East Azarbaijan provinces was Jun 3, Jun17, Jun19 and Jun 26, respectively. In Isfahan province, the mortality percentage of mites with Envidor­speed, Cyflumetofen and Abamectin were 72.28, 82.46 and 74.88% in European red mites and 68.18, 79.44 and 77.88% for two-spotted spider mite. In Tehran province, the mentioned pesticides caused 75.78, 76.54 and 73.27% mortality for European red mites and 68.75, 80.56, 79.37 % in two-spotted spider mite in thirty days after treatment. In West Azarbaijan province and East Azarbaijan province has been a significant decrease in the mite population, the percentage of red mite mortality in these provinces were 85.39 and 92.00% when used Envidor­speed 0.4 ml.l-1 and the percent mortality were 92.27 and 85.20% when used Cyflumetofen 1 ml.l-1. The percentage of spider mite mortality in these provinces were 81.29 and 89.00% (used Envidor­speed), 92.27 and 87.23% (used Cyflumetofen). In East Azarbaijan province, the acaricides were used the pest management program (codling moth and Powdery mildew) and Envidorspeed and Cyflumetofen were used to control mites.
 
Conclusions
 The difference in the outbreak time of the two-spotted spider mite and the European red mite was due to different weather conditions in the studied areas. The difference in the percentage of mortality of the mite pests was due to the change of weather conditions in the winter of the previous year in the investigated areas. The time to use acaricides in winter and spring treatments depends on the region and its weather conditions. In winter, control was done earlier in West Azarbaijan province than in other regions, which was due to the warmer winter in the year under review. The amount of rain and wind also affects the control time. In spring, in Tehran province, the time to use acaricides was earlier than in other regions, the reason being that this region is warmer. Winter control showed an acceptable effect to control of European red mite and spring control showed a similar effect to control of Two-spotted spider mite.

Keywords

Main Subjects

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

  

https://doi.org/10.22067/jpp.2024.88690.1197

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