برهم‌کنش محدودیت تشعشع و نیتروژن بر رقابت دو گیاه چهارکربنه ارزن دم‌روباهی (Setaria italica L.) و تاج‌خروس سفید (Amaranthus albus L.)

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه بیرجند

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی توان رقابتی علف‌هرز تاج‌خروس سفید در مزرعه ارزن و واکنش رشد و عملکرد این گیاهان به برهم‌کنش مقادیر مختلف تشعشع و نیتروژن، دو آزمایش مجزا بصورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال 1394 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند انجام گرفت. تشعشع به عنوان عامل اصلی در سه سطح (عدم سایه‌دهی، 41 و 75 درصد سایه‌دهی) و تراکم تاج‌خروس سفید به عنوان عامل فرعی در سه سطح (0، 12 و 24 بوته در متر مربع) در دو آزمایش مجزا، یکی در شرایط کاربرد 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود نیتروژن و دیگری در شرایط عدم کاربرد نیتروژن بررسی گردید. کاربرد نیتروژن باعث افزایش معنی‌دار ارتفاع، درصد ورس، تعداد برگ، طول پانیکول، زیست توده و عملکرد دانه ارزن و همچنین ارتفاع تاج‌خروس سفید گردید. سایه‌دهی در سطح 75 درصد منجر به افزایش درصد ورس ارزن و کاهش زیست توده و عملکرد دانه آن گردید و در عین حال ارتفاع بوته تاج‌خروس را افزایش و تعداد شاخه و بذر آن را کاهش داد. تأثیر تراکم تاج‌خروس سفید نیز بر ارتفاع، قطر ساقه و عملکرد دانه ارزن و همچنین ارتفاع، تعداد شاخه‌های فرعی و تعداد بذر در بوته تاج‌خروس سفید معنی‌دار بود و در بالاترین سطح منجر به کاهش 21 درصدی عملکرد دانه ارزن در مقایسه با شاهد گردید. بر اساس نتایج، سایه می‌تواند باعث کاهش تعداد شاخه‌های فرعی و کاهش تولید بذر در تاج‌خروس شود. همچنین به نظر می‌رسد کمبود نیتروژن، کاهش قدرت رقابت علف‌هرز و از طرف دیگر کاهش تولید بذر و ایجاد آلودگی کمتری را به دنبال دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


1- Abouziena H.F., El-Karmany M.F., Singh M., and Sharma S.D. 2007. Effect of nitrogen rates and weed control treatments on maize yield and associated weeds in sandy soils. Weed Technology, 21:1049-1053.
2- Ahmadinezhad R., Najafi N., Aliasgharzad N., and Oustan S.H. 2013. Effects of Organic and Nitrogen Fertilizers on Water Use Efficiency, Yield and the Growth Characteristics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Alvand). Water and Soil Science, 23(2):177-194. (In Persian with English abstract)
3- Andreasen C., Litz A.S., and Streibig J.C. 2006. Growth response of six weed species and spring barely (Hordeum Vulgare) to increasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. Weed Research, 46:503-512.
4- Arabi M., and Saffari M. 2014. The Effect of Weeding and Plant Density on Yield and Yield Components of Forage Sorghum Cultivars. Journal of Agronomy Knowledge, 5(10):39-52. (in Persian with English abstract)
5- Asadi E., Haghnia G.H., Lakzian A., and Maftoun M. 2014. Effect of Silicon and Nitrogen different quantities on morphology characteristics, yield and yield components of two varieties of wheat. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 103:167-178. (in Persian with English abstract)
6- Asadi S., Inehband A., and Rahnama Ghahfarkhi A. 2013. Study of response of wheat yield to competitive stress and different levels of nitrogen. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 11(2):365-376. (in Persian)
7- Blackshaw R. E., Molnar L.J., and Janzen H.H. 2004. Nitrogen fertilizer timing and application method affect weed growth and competition with spring wheat. Weed Science, 52:614-622.
8- Blackshaw R.E., Brandt R.N. 2008. Nitrogen fertilizer rate effect on weed competitiveness is species dependent. Weed Science, 56:743-747.
9- Burgos N.R., Norman R.J., Gealy D.R., and Black H. 2006. Competitive N uptake between rice and weedy rice. Field Crops Research, 99(2-3):96-105.
10- Chamani Asghari T., Mahmoudi S., Rashid Mohassel M.H., and Zamani Q. 2011. Effect of nitrogen on wild oat (Avena fatua) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) at the vegetative stage. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 9(1):131-138. (in Persian)
11- Chauhan B.S. 2013. Shade reduces growth and seed production of Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Echinochloa glabrescens. Crop Protection, 43:241- 245.
12- De Sousa N., Griffiths J.T., and Swanton C.J. 2003. Predispersal seed predation of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Weed Science, 51:60-68.
13- Dwyer L.M. 2003. Row spacing and fertilizer nitrogen effects on Plant growth and grain yield of maize. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 83:241-248.
14- Eradatmand Asli D., and Jamasebi N. 2013. Effect of shading on remobilization of dry matter, yield and yield components of rice varieties. Plant and ecosystem, 9(34):93-105. (in Persian)
15- Evans S.P., Knezevic S.Z., Lindquist J.L., Shapiro C.A., and Blankenship E.E. 2003. Nitrogen application influence the critical period for weed control in corn. Weed Science, 51:408-417.
16- Gibson K.D., Fischer A.J., and Foin T.C. 2004. Compensatory responses of late watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon) and rice to resource limitations. Weed Science, 52:271-280.
17- Grabouski P.H. 1971. Selective control of weeds in Proso Millet with herbicides. Weed Science, 19(3):207-209.
18- Hager A.G., Wax L.M., Stoller E.W., Bollero G.A. 2002. Common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in soybean. Weed Science, 50:607-610.
19- Harbur M., and Owen D.K. 2004. Light and growth rate effects on crop and weed responses to nitrogen. Weed Science, 52:578-583.
20- Hatami H., Inehband A., Azizi M., and Dadkhah A. 2009. Effect of N fertilizer on growth and yield of soybean at North Khorasan. Electronic Journal of Crop Production, 2(2):25-42. (in Persian with English abstract)
21- Horak M.J., Peterson D.E., Chessman D.J., and Wax L.M. 1994. Pigweed identification: a Pictoral guide to the common pigweeds of the Great Plains. 12 pp.
22- Izadi darbandi E., Rashed Mohasel M.H. and Nasiri Mahalati M. 2003. Study on competition effects of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) on yield of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). European Journal of Agronomy, 1:13-23.
23- Izadi F., Bagheri A.R., and Miri H.R. 2012. The effect of nitrogen and weeds interference on millet (Panicum miliaceum) yield and yield components. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 5(12):85-94. (In Persian with English abstract)
24- Kazemi H. 1995. Private Agriculture. Volume I: Cereals. Center of University Press, Tehran.
25- Kusaka M., Lalusin A.G., and Fujimura T. 2005. The maintenance of growth and turgor in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. Leeke) cultivars with different root structures and osmo-regulation under drought stress. Plant Science, 168:1-14.
26- Li H., Jiang D., Wollenweber B., Dai T., and Cao W. 2010. Effects of shading on morphology, physiology and grain yield of winter wheat. European Journal of Agronomy, 33(4):267-275.
27- Mahoney K.J. and Swanton C.J. 2008. Exploring Chenopodium album adaptive traits in response to light and temperature stresses. Weed Research, 48:552-560.
28- Mehrabanian M., and Farahbakhsh, A.N. 2011. Weed competition of rye with wheat, in relation with application of nitrogen fertilizer. 1th National Conference Modern Topic in Agriculture. November 6-1.
29- Moosavi S.K., Feizian M., Ahmadi A.R. 2012. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on morphological characteristics and production of winter wheat in dryland conditions of Lorestan Province. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 10(3):532-545. (in Persian)
30- Mosavifar B.E., Behdani M.A., Jamialahmadi M., and Mosavifar S.A. 2011. Spring safflower genotypes reaction to shading on head and surrounding leaves in Birjand. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 9(2):265-272. (in Persian)
31- Nasirinejad M., Bagheri A., and Jafari A. 2012. Evaluation the effect of C3 and C4 weeds and different levels of nitrogen on growth and biomass production of sunflower (Heliantheus annus L.). Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 4(2):14-24. (In Persian with English abstract)
32- Shahsawari N., and Saffari M. 2005. The effect of different levels of nitrogen on the function and elements of the varieties of wheat in Kerman. Journal of Research and Construction, 66:82-87. (in Persian with English abstract)
33- Singh B.K., and Jenner C.F. 1984. Factors controlling endosperm cell number and grain dry weight in wheat: Effect of shading on intact plants and of variation in nutritional supply to detached, cultured ears. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 11:151–163.
34- Smil V. 2000. Feeding the World: A Challenge for the Twenty-first Century. Springer, Berlin.
35- Soleymani F., Ahmadvand G., and Saadatian B. 2011. The effect of nitrogen levels and wild mustard densities on yield and economic threshold of canola. Electronic Journal of Crop Production, 4(3):85-102. (in Persian with English abstract)
36- Steinmaus Scott J., and Robert Norris F. 2002. Growth analysis and canopy architecture of velvetleaf grown under light conditions representative of irrigated Mediterranean-type agroecosystems. Weed Science, 50:42-53.
37- Tavasoli A., Ghanbari A., Ahmadi M.M., and Heydari M. 2010. Effect of manure and chemical fertilizers on forage and grain yield millet (Panicum miliaceum) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in mixed culture. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 8(2):203-212. (in Persian)
38- Tsubo M., Walker S., and Mukhala E. 2001. Comparisons of radiation use efficiency of mono-/inter-cropping systems with different row orientations. Field Crops Research, 71:17-29.
39- Varga P., Sardi K., and Beres I. 2002. Effect of N imbalances on shoot and root growth of corn and velvet leaf. Plant physiol. 46:213-214.
40- Yaghobi S.R., AghaAlikhani M., Ghalavand A., and Zand E. 2011. Evaluation of important growth parameters of Lepyrodiclis (Lepyrodiclis holosteoides Fenzl.) under different light densities and nitrogen rates. Iranian Journal of weed Science, 7(1):31-43. (in Persian with English abstract)
41- Yaghoobi S.R., Aghaalikhani M., and Zand E. 2010. Morphological and structural changes of Redroot pigweed in competition with sunflower under different time of emergence. Iranian Journal Crop Science, 13:32-48. (In Persian with English abstract)
42- Zamani G., and Koocheki A. 1995. The effect of planting pattern and density on light interception, yield and yield components of maize cultivar. Agricultural Sciences and Technology Journal, 2(2):17-30. (In Persian with English abstract)
43- Zand A., Rahimian H., Kochaki A., Khalghany J., Mousavi S.K., and Ramezani K. 2004. weeds Ecology (management applications). Jihad Daneshgahi of Mashhad Publications.
CAPTCHA Image