Introduction
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. is a key pest of pome fruit crops, primarily apples and pears orchards and one of the important pests of other grain crops and walnuts. Losses, which can be over 80% are caused by larvae which penetrate into fruits, damaging them and causing them to fall. The control of C. pomonella is very complex and includes several methods. Its natural enemies can reduce its population, but their efficiency often does not have any practical value. chemical treatment plays an important part in the control of codling moth. Insecticides of various chemical types can be used for that purpose: organophosphates, pyrethroids, inhibitors of insect growth (inhibitors of chitin synthesis, juvenoids). Chemical insecticides are the most common method used to control this pest. To diversify the basket of insecticides to control this key pest and prevent the emergence of resistance to insecticides. It is very important to efficiently suppress the first generation of this pest, so that the intensity of infestation could be reduced during the second generation. The control of the second generation causes much more problems. Imagoes flying out in succession and the presence of newly laid and almost hatched eggs at the same time make impossible the use of insect growth regulators, which proved highly efficient in the control of the first generation. Resistance development is one of the major problems in applying the insecticides for the control of C. pomonella. According to numerous reports, codling moth has developed the resistance to chemical insecticides with different activity mechanisms at various localities throughout its distribution area. Until now, To diversify the basket of insecticides to control this key pest and prevent the emergence of resistance to insecticides, the effectiveness of the combinations of methoxyfenozide 30% + indoxacarb 10% (Metin SC 40%) with concentrations of 0.75 and 0.5 ml /L, Cypermethrin EC 40% with a concentration of 0.75 ml /L, Acetamiprid (Mospilan SP20%) with a concentration of 0.5 ml /L, Phosalone (Zolon EC 35% ) with a concentration of 1.5 ml /L, Thiacloprid (Biscaya OD 24%) 0.5 ml /L.
Materials and Methods
The effectiveness of the combinations of methoxyfenozide 30% + indoxacarb 10% (Metin SC 40%) with concentrations of 0.75 and 0.5 ml /L, Cypermethrin EC 40% with a concentration of 0.75 ml /L, Acetamiprid (Mospilan SP20%) with a concentration of 0.5 ml /L, Phosalone (Zolon 35% EC) with a concentration of 1.5 ml /L, Thiacloprid (Biscaya OD 240) 0.5 ml /L and control without using any insecticides (only spraying) were investigated in apple orchards with dominant commercial cultivars in three provinces of Tehran (Damavand), East Azerbaijan and Chaharmahal Bakhtiari. Experiments were conducted according to RCBD experiments with four replications. The time of the first treatment was determined on the basis of monitoring the imago flight by pheromone traps and the laying of eggs.
Results and Discussion
The results of examining the efficiency of insecticides applied for control of codling moth, at the locality. Statistically significant and very significant differences were also determined between the control (untreated plot) and all treatments with the insecticides. Data ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences among treatments, according to the obtained results from East Azerbaijan and Chaharmahal Bakhtiari. The effect of the treatments on pest control was evaluated 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after spraying. Sampling was done from apple fruits, and the average of the treatments was compared 28 days after spraying using Duncan's test. It was done at a 5% probability level. The results showed that all the evaluated treatments had a significant difference compared to the control treatment without spraying, and had an acceptable efficiency in reducing the codling moth damage. The percentage reduction of fruit contamination after 28 days of spraying in Cypermethrin treatments (EC 40%) was 0.75 ml /L with an average between 64.37-91.36%, Acetamiprid (Mospilan SP20%) with a concentration of 0.5 ml /L with The average is 64.02-91.24%, Phosalone (EC%35) with a concentration of 1.5 ml /L with 64.29-92.78%, Thiacloprid (OD 24%) with a 0.5 ml /L with an average of 69.5-87.3%, methoxyfenozide 30% + indoxacarb 10% (SC 40%) with a concentration of 0.5 ml /L with an average of 54.04-89.17% and methoxyfenozide 30% + indoxacarb 10% ( SC 40%) with a concentration of 0.75 ml /L with an average of 77.28-96.04%.
Conclusions
Finally, methoxyfenozide 30% + indoxacarb 10% ( SC 40%) was applied. with a concentration of 0.75 ml /L had an acceptable efficiency and was approved.