Characterization of Dry-Land Wheat Germplasm for Stripe Rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) Resistance in Ardabil

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Ardabil, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Cereal Research, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran

3 Researcher, Department of Cereal Research, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Maragheh, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Yellow (stripe) rust, caused by P. striformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most important foliar diseases of wheat. The disease has been reported in temperate, cool, and higher altitudes regions, where wheat is grown. The widespread of the disease has always threatened wheat production and resulted in 30 to 100% losses in yield. Although chemical method is common throughout the world, it is not practical by farmers in developing countries. The most alternative practical way is to use genetic resistance which is economical and safely to environment. Two types of genetic resistance, including race-specific and non-race-specific resistance, are well known. Race-specific resistance operates based on the gene for gene hypothesis. Following the evolving of new races of pathogens, race-specific resistance becomes almost ineffective within 3–5 years. Non-race-specific resistance is controlled by small-effect (additive) genes and is long lasting. The wisely use of genetic resistance through the combination of race-specific and non-race-specific genes is suggested for the effective management of rusts. In view of the above, it is important to determine the properties of wheat germplasm for the detection of such diverse resistance. Therefore, the present study was performed to identify genetic sources with different resistance types to enhance the improvement of breeding operations for the release of cultivar in Iran.
 Materials and Methods: In order to study of seedling reactions, a total of 191 dry land wheat lines were used. Seeds of each genotype (5-7 seeds) were planted in 7× 7 cm pots under controlled conditions in the greenhouses of Karaj. Seedlings were inoculated with two pathotypes of pathogen (6E158A+ and 6E150A+, Yr27). The inoculated Plants were transferred to a growth chamber at 10­°­C with 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness for 24 h. Plants were then transferred to greenhouses at 6–10­°­C temperature. 14-17 days later, seedling infection types were recorded based on a 0-4 scale (Stakman et al., 1962). The same number of studied lines at the seedling stage, were also used to evaluate the adult plant responses. The germplasm was cultivated at Ardebil Agricultural Research Station during the 2015-2016 cropping year. About eight grams seeds of each entry were planted in two-row plots of 1 m length with 30 cm distance. Plots were spaced at 65 cm. Infection types were recorded in the adult plant stage according to the method of Rolfs et al. Disease severity data were used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The relative area under the disease progress curve was also compared by comparing each line with the susceptible cultivar (assuming 100% susceptible cultivar value). In order to determine different resistance groups according to the method of Bux et al. (2012), lines with rAUDPC between 0-10 was considered as resistant group, rAUDPC = 11-30 as intermediate and lines with rAUDPC values above 30 were classified as susceptible.
Results and Discussion: Seedling evaluation using pathotype 6E158A+ showed that of 63 resistant genotypes, 31 genotypes were from winter wheat, 4 from durum wheat and 28 genotypes of spring bread wheat. The seedling reactions using pathotype 6E150A+, ­Yr27 indicated that of 64 resistant genotypes, 26 genotypes were of winter bread wheat, 8 genotypes of durum wheat and 30 genotypes of spring bread wheat. The results at seedling stage also revealed that 51 genotypes were resistant to both pathotypes, of which 24 were genotypes of winter bread, 4 genotypes of durum wheat and 23 genotypes of spring bread wheat. Of the 191 genotypes studied, 24 (12.5%) genotypes also showed resistance at both seedling (against to two pathotypes) and adult plant stages. In field conditions, 81 genotypes were susceptible and 110 (57.6%) were resistant. Among the resistant genotypes, the differences were observed based on the values of the relative area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC). The response of winter wheat, spring wheat and durum wheat varied. Among the winter bread wheat, spring and durum wheat genotypes, 9 (12.5%), 38 (44.2%) and 4 (12.1%) genotypes had low levels of the area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC = 0-10), respectively, and were classified as resistant group. A group of genotypes also had moderate values of the area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC = 3-11), of which 16 (22.2%), 37 (43%) and 11 (33.3%) genotypes were of winter, spring, and durum wheat genotypes, respectively.
Conclusion: A number of genotypes having seedling resistance were identified with probability of resistance gene/genes; Yr3v, Yr3a, Yr4a, Yr4, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr16, YrCV, YrSD, or unknown genes. Most winter wheat genotypes lacked seedling resistance. Some of the genotypes had adult plant and slow rusting resistance (Non-race- specific or durable resistance) and this percentage was higher among spring bread wheat than winter wheat and durum wheat genotypes. This germplasm with various sources of resistance will be useful in integrating both types of resistance through the pyramiding of genes for durable resistance and eventually high-yielding resistant varieties will be introduced to farmers.

Keywords

Main Subjects


  • Afshari F. 2008. Prevalent pathotypes of Puccinia striiformis sp. tritici in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 10: 67-78.
  • Afzal S.N., Haque M.I., Ahmedani M.S., Munir M., Firdous S.A., Rauf A., Ahmad I., Rattu A.R., and Fayaz M. 2009. Resistance potential of wheat germplasm (Triticum aestivum ) against stripe rust disease under rain fed climate of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 41(3): 1463-1475.
  • Ahmed S., Bux H., Rasheed A., Gul Kazi A., Rauf A., Mahmood T., and Mujeeb Kazi A. 2014. Stripe rust resistance in Triticum durum- monococcum and T. durum- T. urartu amphiploids. Australasian Plant Pathology 43: 109-113.
  • Ali S., Shah S.A., and Ibrahim M. 2007. Assessment of wheat breeding lines for slow yellow rusting (Puccinia striiformis tritici). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 19: 3440-3444.
  • Alo F., Al-Saaid W., Baum M., Alatwani H., and Amri A. 2018. Slow rusting of bread wheat landraces to Puccinia striiformis sp. tritici under artificial field inoculation. Arab Journal of Plant Protection 36(2): 164-175
  • Boyd L.A. 2005. Centenary review: Can Robigus defeat an old enemy? – Yellow rust of wheat. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 143: 1–11.
  • Bux H., Ashraf M., Chen X.M., and Mumtaz A.S. 2011. Effective genes for resistance to stripe rust and virulence of Puccinia striiformis sp. tritici in Pakistan. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(28): 5489-5495.
  • Bux , Ashraf M., Hussain F., Rattu A.U., and Fayyaz M. 2012. Characterization of wheat germplasm for stripe rust (Puccini striiformis f. sp. tritici) resistance. Australian Jurnal of Crop Science 6(1): 116-120.
  • Chakravarty B. 2011. Trends in Mushroom cultivation and breeding. Australian Journal of Agricultural Engineering 2(4):102-109.
  • Chen X.M. 2005. Epidemiology and control of stripe rust on wheat [Puccinia striiformis sp. tritici] on wheat. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 27: 314-337.
  • Chen X.M. 2007. Challenges and solutions for stripe rust control in the United States. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58: 648–655.
  • Dadrezaie S. T., Lababidi S., Nazari K., Mohammadi E., Afshari F., Alo F., Shams-Bakhsh M., and Safaei N. 2013. Molecular genetic diversity in Iranian populations of Puccinia triticina, the causal agent of wheat leaf rust. American Journal of Plant Science 4: 1375-1386.
  • Flor H.H. 1942. Inheritance of pathogenicity in Melampsora lini. Phytopathology 32: 653–669.
  • Hei N., Shimelis H.A., Laing M., and Admassu B. 2015. Assessment of Ethiopian wheat lines for slow rusting resistance to stem rust of wheat caused by Puccinia graminis sp. tritici. Journal of Phytopathology 163: 353-363.
  • Herrera-Foessel S., AHerrera-Foessel S.A., Lagudah E. S., Huerta-Espino J., Hayden M.J., Bariana H. S., Singh D., and Singh R.P. New slow-rusting leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes Lr67 and Yr46 in wheat are pleiotropic or closely linked. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 122: 239-49.
  • Jin Y., Szaboand L., and Carson M. 2010. Century-old mystery of Puccinia striiformis sp. tritici life history solved with the identification of Berberis as an alternate host. Phytopathology 100: 432-435.
  • Kolmer J.A. 2005. Tracking wheat rust on a continental scale. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 8: 441-449.
  • Kumar S., Phogat B.S., Vikas V.K., Sharma A.K., Saharan M.S., Singh A.K., et al. 2019. Mining of Indian wheat germplasm collection for adult plant resistance to leaf rust. PLoS One 14(3): e0213468.
  • Line R.F. 2002. Stripe rust of wheat and barley in North America: a retrospective historical review. Annual Review of Phytopathology 40: 75–118.
  • Line R.F., and Qayoum A. 1992. Virulence, aggressiveness, evolution, and distribution of races of Puccinia striiformis (the cause of stripe rust of wheat) in North America, 1968-87. USDA-ARS, Technical Bulletin 1788: 44 pp.
  • Ma H., Singh R.P., and Kazi-Mujeeb A. 1995. Resistance to stripe rust in Triticum turgidum, T. tauschii and their synthetic hexaploids. Euphytica 82: 117–124.
  • Milus E.A., and Line R.F. 1986. Gene action for inheritance of durable, high– temperature, adult plant resistances to stripe rust in wheat. Phytopathology 76: 435-441.
  • Morgounov A., Tufan H.A., Sharma R., Akin B., Bagci A., Braun H.J., Kaya Y., Keser M., Payne T.S., Sonder K., and McIntosh R. 2012. Global incidence of wheat rusts and powdery mildew during 1969-2010 and durability of resistance of winter wheat variety Bezostaya 1. European Journal of Plant Pathology 132: 323-340.
  • Nazari K., Torabi M., Dehghan M.A., Aghnom R., Ahmadian-Moghaddam M.S., and Fallah H. 2000a. Pathogenicity of Puccinia striiformis, and reactions of improved cultivars and advanced lines of wheat to yellow rust in Northern provinces of Iran. Seed and Plant 16: 393-424. (In Persian with English abstract)
  • Nazari K., Torabi M., Hasni M.H., Kashani A., Hooshyar R., Mogaddam M.S.A. 2000b. Evaluation of resistance to yellow rust in advanced wheat lines suitable for dryland areas at seedling and adult-plant stages.Seed and Plant 16: 252-262. (In Persian with English abstract)
  • Ochoa J., and Parlevliet J.E. 2007. Effect of partial resistance to barley leaf rust, Puccinia hordei, on the yield three barley cultivars. Euphytica 153: 309-312.
  • Omrani A., Khodarahmi M., and Afshari F. 2013. Genetics study of resistance to yellow rust in CIMMYT origin wheat advanced lines at seedling and adult plant stages. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 46: 2341-2355.
  • Peterson R.F., Campbell A.B., and Hannah A.E. 1948. A diagrammatic scale for estimating rust intensity on leaves and stems of cereals. Canadian Journal of Research 26: 496-500.
  • Pritchard D.J., Hollington P.A., Davies W.P., Gorham J., Díaz De León J.L. and Mujeeb-Kazi A. 2001. Synthetic hexaploids wheats (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) and their salt tolerance potential. Annual Wheat Newsletters 47: 103–104.
  • Randhawa H., Puchalski B.J., Frick M., Goyal A., Despins T., Graf R.J., Laroche A., and Gaudet D.A. 2012. Stripe rust resistance among western Canadian spring wheat and triticale varieties. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92(4):713-722.
  • Reynolds M.P., Skovmand B., Trethowan R., and Pfeiffer W. 1999. Evaluating a conceptual model for drought tolerance. In: Ribaut, J.M. (Ed.), Using Molecular Markers to Improve Drought tolerance. CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F.
  • Roelfs A.P., Singh R.P., and Saari E.E. 1992. Rust diseases of wheat: Concepts and Methods of Diseases Management. Mexico, D.F.CIMMYT.81.pp.
  • Safavi S.A. 2015. Effects of yellow rust on yield of race-specific and slow rusting resistant wheat genotypes. Journal of Crop Protection 4: 395-408.
  • Safavi S.A. 2018. Response of thirty barley cultivars to yellow rust and barley pathotypes in seedling and adult stages. Journal of Plant Protection 32(1):71-82. (In Persian with English abstract)
  • Safavi S.A. 2019. Effectiveness of resistance genes to stripe rust and virulence of Puccinia striiformis sp. tritici during two years monitoring in Ardabil. Applied Researches in Plant Protection 8(3): 95-107. (In Persian with English abstract)
  • Safavi S.A., and Afshari F. 2017. A seven-year assessment of resistance durability to yellow rust in some wheat cultivars in Ardabil province, Iran. Journal of Crop Protection 6: 409-421.
  • Safavi S.A., Afshari F., and Yazdansepas A. 2013. Effective and ineffective resistance genes to wheat yellow rust during six years monitoring in Ardabil. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 46: 774-780.
  • Safavi S.A., and Afshari F. 2012. Quantitative resistance of some Elite wheat lines to Puccinia striiformis sp. tritici, Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 45: 740-749.
  • Sandoval-Islas J.S., Broers L.H.M., Mora-Aguilera G., Parlevliet J.E., Osada K.S. and Vivar H.E. 2007. Quatitative resistance and its components in 16 barley cultivars to yellow rust, Puccinia striiformis sp. hordei. Euphytica 153: 295-308.
  • Shah S.J.A., Hussain S., Ahmad M., Farhatullah M., and Ibrahim M. 2014. Characterization of Slow Rusting Resistance against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Candidate and Released Bread Wheat Cultivars of Pakistan. Journal of Plant Pathology and Microbiology 5: 223.
  • Shah S.J.A., Imtiaz M., and Hussain S. 2010. Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Wheat for Slow Rusting Resistance against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Journal of Phytopathology 158: 393-402.
  • Singh R.P. 1992. Association between gene Lr34 for leaf rust resistance and leaf tip necrosis in wheat. Crop Science 32: 874-878.
  • Singh R.P., Huerta-Espino J., Bhavani S., Herrera-Foessel S.A., Singh D., Singh P.K., Velu G., Mason R.E., Jin Y., Njau P., and  Crossa J. 2011. Race non-specific resistance to rust diseases in CIMMYT spring wheats. Euphytica 179: 175–186.
  • Singh R.P., Hodson D.P., Jin Y., Lagudah E. S., Ayliffe M.A., Bhavani S., Rouse M. N., Pretorius Z. A., Szabo L.J., Huerta-Espino J., Basnet B.R., Lan C., and Hovmøller M.S. 2015. Emergence and spread of new races of wheat stem rust fungus: Continued threat to food security and prospects of genetic control. Phytopathology 105: 872-84.
  • Singh R.P., Huerta-Espino J., and William H.M. 2005. Genetics and breeding for durable resistance to leaf and stripe rusts in wheat. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 29: 121-127.
  • Singh R.P., Nelson J.C., and Sorrells M.E. 2000. Mapping Yr28 and other genes for resistance to stripe rust in wheat. Crop Sciences 40: 1148–1155.
  • Singh R.P., William H.M., Huerta-Espino J., and Rosewarne G. 2004. Wheat Rust in Asia: Meeting the challenges with old and new technologies. In: New directions for a diverse planet. Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress, Brisbane, Australia.
  • StakmanC., StewartD.M., and LoegeringW.Q. 1962.Identification of physiologic races of Puccinia graminis var. tritici. Washington, D.C., United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service 1-53.
  • Tariq-Khan M., and Irfan Ul-Haque M. 2011. Elite-II synthetic hexaploid wheats as a potential source of resistance against yellow rust. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 44: 1165-1170.
  • Torabi M., Mardoukhi V., Nazari K., Afshari F., Forootan A.R., Ramai M.A., Golzar H., and Kashani A.S. 1995. Effectiveness of wheat yellow rust resistance genes in different parts of Iran. Cereal Rusts and Powdery Mildews Bulletin 23: 9-12.
  • Wellings C.R. 2011. Global status of stripe rust: a review of historical and current threats. Euphytica 179: 129-141.
  • Zahravi M., Afshari F., and Ebrahimnejad S. 2019. Study of genetic diversity of resistance to yellow rust in bread wheat germplasm. Modern Genetics Journal 14(3): 263-274.
  • Zeng Q.D., Han D.J., Wang Q.L., Yuan F.P., Wu J.H., Zhang L., Wang, X.J., Huang, L.L., Chen X.M. and Kang Z.S. Stripe rust resistance and genes in Chinese wheat cultivars and breeding lines. Euphytica 196: 271-284.
  • Ziyaev Z.M., Sharma R.C., Nazari K., Morgounov A.I., Amanov A.A., Ziyadullaev Z.F., Khalikulov Z.I., and Alikulov S.M. 2011. Improving wheat stripe rust resistance in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Euphytica 179(1): 197-207.
CAPTCHA Image