Evaluation of the Resistance of some Commercial Cultivars and Breeding Lines of Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., to the Russian Wheat Aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

2 -

Abstract

 
Introduction: The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is an important pest of cereal, particularly wheat (Triticum eastivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in many countries. It can also be damaging as a vector of plant pathogenic viruses including Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV), Barley Mosaic Virus (BMV), and Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SMV). Also, a yield loss of as much as 60% has been reported in wheat in years of heavy infestation. Utilization of synthetic pesticides is a common method for control of D. noxia, but the continuous application of such chemicals caused several side-effects such as environmental hazards, insect pest resistance and the outbreak of secondary pests. Therefore, other control methods need to be investigated for effective control of the pest. The use of resistant cultivar is an environmentally safe method of insect control and is also less expensive for growers resistance of host plants against herbivore insects may be due to antibiosis. The antibiosis properties of the host plant can reduce the amount of feeding, fecundity and size of the insect. They also can lengthen the development period, and increase the mortality rate. Therefore, the use of plant tolerance for managing D. noxia has received greater emphasis than in other systems. Wheat and triticale lines [×Triti- cosecale Wittmack, a hybrid between wheat and rye (Secale cereale L.)] with tolerant traits or tolerance combined with antibiotic, antixenotic and tolerance traits have been identified.
Materials and Methods: In the present study, the possibility of existence of resistance in thirty bread wheat genotypes (Tak‌Ab, Ryzhav, Oohadi, Gaspard, Say‌Sunz, Alvand, Phishgam, Azadi, Kras Sabalan, Omid, Navid, Sabalan, Mihan, Orum, Zare, SardariHoma, Rasad, Cascogen, Tos, Shahriar, Bezostiya, Azar 2, Bak‌Kras Roshan, MV17, C-89-7, C-89-12, C-89-15, Zarin and Almot, respectively) and one triticale cultivar that was evaluated at 12th growth stages of the plants. The experiments were carried out in the greenhouse (23±3˚C, 50±10% RH and a photoperiod of 14L: 10D h) and using a completely randomized design. The aphids used in the experiments were provided from the stock colony reared in Department of Plant Protection, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, (originated from Namin city infested fields). Antixenosis was determined by counting the number of adult aphids attracted to each genotype potted plants at 24, 48 and 72 hours after release. Life tables were constructed based on the method described by Birch (1948) and Meyer et al. (1986). Differences in intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and other life table parameters were estimated by the jackknife method. Before analysis, all data were tested for normality by Kolmogorov-Smirnov method. Statistical differences among means were compared using the Tukey post hoc Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) and Student-Newman- Keuls (SNK) tests at α= 0.05 using the statistical software of SPSS ver. 19.0.
Results and Discussion: In summary, the analysis of variance of number attracted adult aphids to each genotype indicated that there were no significant differences among genotypes with respect to the number of aphids attracted to them. Antibiosis evaluated in two experiments. In the first experiment, the mean number of aphids among 31 genotypes was significantly lowest on triticale (Juanilo cultivar) (1 aphid) than resistance control (35.2 aphids). In the second experiment, D. noxia intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) evaluated on four selected genotypes in the first experiment. The highest and lowest rm values were found on Alvand cultivar (0.273 day-1) and Bezostaya cultivar (0.214 day-1), respectively. Intolerance experiment, height and dry weight of seedling between control (no infested plants) and 14 aphids-day infested plants were measured. Proportional dry weight and height changes were significantly different among the genotypes. According to the results obtained in this research, to avoid hazardous chemicals against insect pests of such crops, certain protective or curative procedures could be implied using different non-chemical methods to reduce the pest population and resultant damage. Consequently, our results indicate Kaskogen and Juanilo cultivars had relatively tolerance and antibiotic resistance to Russian wheat aphid, respectively and so it can be used in the IPM of the aphid.
Conclusion: Further experiments under the field conditions will be needed to validate these findings. The study on chemical components of these cultivars which is unsuitable in our lab may further reveal the chemical base of the unsuitability of cultivars Kaskogen and Juanilo.

Keywords


1- Anonymous. 2013. Food Outlook Biannual Report on Global Food Markets. Available on: http://www.fao.org/giews/.
2- Birch L.C. 1948. The intrinsic rate of natural increase of an insect population. Journal of Animal Ecology 17: 15-26.
3- Blackman R.L., and Eastop V.F. 2007. Taxonomic Issues. pp. 1-29. In: van Emden H.F., and Harrington R., (Ed.) Aphids as Crop Pests. CAB International, Oxford, United Kingdom.
4- Brewer M.J., Mornhinweg D.W., and Huzurbazar S. 1999. Compatibility of insect management strategies: Diuraphis noxia abundance on susceptible and resistant barley in the presence of parasitoids. BioControl 43: 479-491.
5- Burd J.D., Porter D.R., Puterka G.J., Haley S.D., and Peairs F.B. 2006. Biotypic variation among North American Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) populations. Journal of Economic Entomology 99: 1862-1866.
6- Castro A.M., Vasicek A., Ramos S., Worland A., Suarez E., Munoz M., Gimenez D., and Clua A.A. 1999. Different types of resistance against greenbug, Schizaphis graminum Rond., and the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko, in wheat. Plant Breeding 118: 131-137.
7- Curtis B.C., Rajaram S., and Gomez Macpherson M. 2002. Bread Wheat Improvement and Production. Rome: FAO plant production and protection series, No. 30. 592 pp.
8- Dolatti L., Ghareyazie B., Moharramipour S., and Noori-Daloii M.R. 2005. Evidence for regional diversity and host adaptation in Iranian populations of the Russian wheat aphid. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 114: 171-180.
9- El Bouhssini M., Ogbonnaya F.C., Chen M., Lhaloui S., Rihawi F., and Dabbous A. 2013. Sources of resistance in primary synthetic hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to insect pests: Hessian fly, Russian wheat aphid and Sunn pest in the Fertile Crescent. Genetic Resource and Crop Evolution 60: 621-627.
10- El Bouhssini M., Street K., Amri A., Mackay M., Ogbonnaya F.C., Omran A., Abdalla O., Baum M., Dabbous A., and Rihawi F. 2011. Sources of resistance in bread wheat to Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) in Syria identified using the Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS). Plant Breeding 130: 96-97
11- Ennahli S., El Bouhssini M., Grando S., Anathakrishnan R., Niide T., Starkus L., Starkey S., and Smith C.M. 2009. Comparison of categories of resistance in wheat and barley genotypes against biotype 2 of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov). Arthropod-Plant Interactions 3: 45-53.
12- Girma M., Wilde G., and Reese J.C. 1990. Influence of temperature and plant growth stage on development, reproduction, life span, and intrinsic rate of increase of the Russian wheat aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomology 19: 1438-1442.
13- Gonzalez D., Summers C.G., and Qualset C.O. 1992. Russian wheat aphid: natural enemies, resistant wheat offer potential control. California Agriculture 46: 32-34.
14- Hawley C.J., Peairs F.B., and Randolph T.L. 2003. Categories of resistance at different growth stages in Halt, a winter wheat resistant to the Russian wheat aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology 96: 214-219.
15- Hesler L.S., and Tharp C.I. 2005. Antibiosis and antixenosis to Rhopalosiphum padi among triticale accessions. Euphytica 143: 153-160.
16- Kazemi M.H., Talebi Chaichi P., Shakiba M.R., and Jafarloo M.M. 2001. Biological responses of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordviiko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to different wheat varieties. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 3: 249-255.
17- Khan S.A., Murugan M., Starkey S., Manley A., and Smith C.M. 2009. Inheritance and categories of resistance in wheat to Russian wheat aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) biotype 1 and biotype 2. Journal of Economic Entomology 102: 1654-1662.
18- Kogan M., and Ortman E.E. 1978. Antixenosis- a new term proposed to replace Painters Non- performance modality of resistance. Bulletin of Entomological Society of America 24: 175-176.
19- Lage J.L., Skovmand B., and Andersen S.B. 2004. Resistance categories of synthetic hexaploid wheats resistant to the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia). Euphytica 136: 291-296.
20- Ma Z., and Bechinski E.J. 2009. Life tables and demographic statistics of Russian wheat aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) reared at different temperatures and on different host plant growth stages. European Journal of Entomology 106: 205-210.
21- Macedo T.B., Peterson R.K.D., Weaver D.K., and Ni X. 2009. Impact of Diuraphis noxia and Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on primary physiology of four near-isogenic wheat lines. Journal of Economic Entomology 102: 412-421.
22- Meyer J.S., Igersoll C.G., MacDonald L.L., and Boyce M.S. 1986. Estimating uncertainty in population growth rates: jackknife vs. bootstrap techniques. Ecology 67: 1156-1166.
23- Najafi Mirak T., Zali A., Hosseinzadeh A., Saidi A., Rasoulian G., and Zeinali H. 2004. Inheritance and allelism of resistance to Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) in Iranian wheat cultivars. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 6: 525-528.
24- Painter R. 1958. Resistance of plants to insects. Annual Review of Entomology 3: 267-290.
25- Painter W.H. 1951. Insect Resistance in Crop Plants. Macmillan Co., New York, N.Y. 520 pp.
26- Porter D.R., Baker C.A., and El-Bouhssini M. 2005. Resistance in wheat to a new North American–Russian wheat aphid biotype. Plant Breeding 124: 603-604.
27- Puterka G.J., Nicholson S.J., Brown M.J., Cooper W.R., Peairs F.B., amd Randolph T.L. 2014. Characterization of eight Russian wheat aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) biotypes using two-category resistant–susceptible plant responses. Journal of Economic Entomology 107: 1274-1283.
28- Puterka G.J., Nicholson S.J., Brown M.J., and Hammon R.W. 2013. Response of Russian wheat aphid resistance in wheat and barley to four Diuraphis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) species. Journal of Economic Entomology 106: 1029-1035.
29- Randolph T.L., Peairs F.B., Koch M., Walker C.B., Stubbs J.R., Quick J.S., and Haley S.D. 2005. Yield response and categories of resistance to Russian wheat aphid in four Dn4 hard red winter wheat cultivars. Journal of Economic Entomology 98: 588-594.
30- Randolph T.L., Peairs F.B., Merrill S., Koch M., and Waiker C.B. 2007. Yield response to Russian wheat aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in mixtures of resistant and susceptible winter wheats. Southwestern Entomologist 32: 7-15.
31- Ray D.K., Mueller N.D., West P.C., and Foley J.A. 2013. Yield trends are insufficient to double global crop production by 2050. Plos One 8: 428-466.
32- Reed D.K., Webster J.A., Jones B.G., and Burd A.D. 1991.Tritrophic relationships of Russian wheat aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a hymenopterous parasitoid (Diaeretiella rapae McIntosh), and resistant and susceptible small grains. Biological Control 1: 35-41.
33- Reese J.C., Schwenke J.R., Lamont P.S., and Zehr D.D. 1994. Importance and quantification of plant tolerance in crop pest management programs for aphids: green bug resistance in Sorghum. Journal of Agricultural Entomology 11: 255-270.
34- Smith C.M. 2005. Plant Resistance to Arthropods: Molecular and Conventional Approaches. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. 423 pp.
35- Sotelo P., Starkey S., Voothuluru P., Wilde G.E., and Smith C.M. 2009. Resistance to Russian wheat aphid biotype 2 in CIMMYT synthetic hexaploid wheat lines. Journal of Economic Entomology 102: 1255-1261.
36- Stoetzel M.B. 1987. Information on and identification of Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae) and other aphid species colonizing leaves of wheat and barley in the United States. Journal of Economic Entomology 80: 696-704.
37- Unger L.M., and Quisenberry S. 1997. Categorization of six wheat plant introduction lines for resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology 90: 1408-1413.
38- Veisi R., Safavi S.A., and Karimpour Y. 2012. Duration of life stages and fecundity of Diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on six wheat cultivars. Journal of Crop Protection 1: 181-187.
39- Webster J.A., Starks K.J., and Burton R.L. 1987. Plant resistance studies with Diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a new United States wheat pest. Journal of Economic Entomology 80: 944-949.
40- Wyatt I.J., and White P.F. 1977. Simple estimation of intrinsic increase rates for aphids and tetranychid mites. Journal of Applied Ecology 14: 757-766.
41- Zadoks J.C., Chang T.T., and Konzak C.F. 1974. A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research 14: 415-421.
CAPTCHA Image