Effect of some Macronutrients on the Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne javanica Activities in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

Abstract

Introduction: Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are among the most dangerous herbal parasites which destroy 8.8 to 14.6 percent of agricultural products annually. In vegetables, 50 to 80 percent damage caused by nematodes is normal. It is unavoidable to use safe methods for controlling root-knot nematodes. Plant parasitic nematodes can be inhibited using chemical fertilizers, which reduce the losses induced by plant parasites and increase total products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of two macronutrients including nitrogen and phosphorous on the infection of M. javanica on eggplant (cv. Black Beauty) under greenhouse conditions.
Materials and Methods: In the current study, the levels of zero (N0), 50 (N1), 100 (N2), 200 (N3) mg nitrogen and zero (P0), 50 (P1), 100 (P2), 200 (P3) mg phosphorus per kg of soil were selected from nano-chelated nitrogen fertilizer and nano-chelated phosphorus fertilizer, respectively. The seeds of eggplant were planted in plastic pots containing 2 kg of culture media including equal amount of sand, farm soil and animal manure under greenhouse condition. The pots were irrigated daily and maintained at 27±4 °C with 16:8 h light: dark photoperiod. Four leaf stage seedlings were inoculated with five eggs and second stage juveniles of M. javanica per gram of soil, and 10 days after inoculation, different levels of fertilizers were added (100 ml per pot) to the pots through irrigation. Sixty days after inoculation, plant growth indices including shoot height, shoot fresh and dry weights and root fresh weight of the cultivated plants were recorded. Nematode population indices including number of galls and egg masses per root system, number of eggs in egg masses were also measured and finally the reproduction factor was calculated. The roots were gently washed with tap water and number of eggs in one gram of root were counted according to the procedure developed by Hussey and Barker (1973). One gram of root was stained with acid fuchsine according to the procedure developed by Byrd et al. (1983). The total number of eggs, galls and egg masses per plant root system was determined by multiplying with the root weight per plant. The final nematode population per pot was computed and finally, the reproductive factor (RF) of nematode was calculated by dividing the final nematode population by the initial nematode population (10000 eggs and second stage juveniles of M. javanica). Data on plant growth and nematode indices of the experiments were subjected to a factorial analysis of variance (Two-way ANOVA). Means were compared with least significant differences (LSDs) to identify significant difference at probability levels of P≤0.05 using SAS 9.1 software (Statistical Analysis System Institute Inc., USA) in a CRD (completely randomized design) with four replicates.
Results and Discussion: In nematode inoculated plants, the difference between shoot height and shoot fresh and dry weight of treated plants by phosphorus at the rate of 100 mg/kg soil and non-treated by nitrogen (N0P3) with control plants (N0P0) was significant. Similar results were observed in nematode inoculated plants treated by nitrogen and phosphorus at the rate of 50 and 100 mg/kg soil, respectively (N1P3), with nematode inoculated plants treated by nitrogen at the rate of 50 mg/kg soil and non-treated by phosphorus (N1P0), nematode inoculated plants treated by nitrogen and phosphorus at the rate of 100 and 100 mg/kg soil, respectively (N2P3), with nematode inoculated plants treated by nitrogen at the rate of 100 mg/kg soil and non-treated by phosphorus (N2P0) and also nematode inoculated plants treated by nitrogen and phosphorus at the rate of 200 and 100 mg/kg soil, respectively (N3P3), with nematode inoculated plants treated by nitrogen at the rate of 200 mg/kg soil and non-treated by phosphorus (N3P0) (P≤0.05). The results showed that using 100 mg nitrogen and 100 mg phosphorus per kg of soil from nano-chelated nitrogen fertilizer and nano-chelated phosphorus fertilizer, as the best treatment used in this experiment, decreased number of eggs, galls and egg masses per root system and reproduction factor of nematode by 53, 52, 62 and 55%, respectively. Therefore, nano-chelated nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, as two chelated fertilizers produced using nanotechnology, can decrease the population of M. javanica in eggplant cultivated in the greenhouse. Soil drenching of these water-soluble nano-fertilizers 10 days after infection of the eggplants by M. javanica can also reduce the population of nematode.

Keywords


1- Ahmadi Mansourabad M., Kargar Bideh A., and Abdollahi M. 2016. Effects of some micronutrients and macronutrients on the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Negin). Journal of Crop Protection 5(4): 507-517.
2- Arnon D.J. 1953. The physiology and biochemistry of phosphorus in green plants. Agronomy 4: 1-42.
3- Bakhsh A., Khan R., Gumani A.R., Khan M., Nawaz M.S., Haq F., and Farid A. 2008. Residual/direct effect of phosphorus application on wheat and rice yield under rice-wheat system. Gomal University of Research 24: 29-35.
4- Byrd D.W., Kirkpatrick T., and Barker K.R. 1983. An improved technique for clearing and staining plant tissues for detection of nematodes. Journal of Nematology 15(1): 142-143.
5- Charehgani H., Karegar Bideh A., and Hamzehzarghani H. 2010. Effect of chemical fertilizers on root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in greenhouse cucumber cultivation. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 46: 263-274. (In Persian with English abstract)
6- Cui H.C., Sun Q., Liu J., and Jiang G.U. 2006. Applications of Nanotechnology in Agrochemical Formulation, Perspectives, Challenges and Strategies. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing.
7- Entesari M., Haydari N., Khayrabi J., Alaei M., Farshi A.A. and Vaziri Zh. 2007. Water Use Efficiency in Greenhouse Cultivation. Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage Publications, Tehran. (In Persian)
8- Esmail A., Sediq Yasin O.H., and Jalal Mahmoud B. 2014. Effect of levels phosphorus and iron on growth, yield and quality of flax. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 7: 7-11.
9- Ghahremani A., Akbari K., Yousefpour M., and Ardalan H. 2014. Effects of nano-potassium and nano-calcium chelated fertilizers on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Ocimum basilicum. International Journal for Pharmaceutical Research Scholars 3(2): 235-241.
10- Giannakou I.O., Karpouzas D.G., and Prophetou-Athanasiadou D. 2009. A novel non-chemical nematicide for the control of root-knot nematodes. Applied Soil Ecology 26: 69-79.
11- Hartman K.M., and Sasser J.N. 1985. Identification of Meloidogye species on the basis of differential host test and perineal-pattern morphology. p. 69-76. In K.R. Barker, C.C. Carter, and J.N. Sasser (Eds.). An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne, vol. 2. Methodology. North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh.
12- Hussey R.S., and Barker K.R. 1973. Comparison of methods for collecting inocula of Meloidogyne spp., including a new technique. Plant Disease Reporter 57: 1025–1028.
13- Hussey R.S., and Janssen G.S. 2002. Root-knot nematodes: Meloidogyne species. p. 43-70. In J.L. Starr, R. Cook, and J. Brige (Eds.). Plant Resistance to Parasitic Nematodes. CAB international, Wallingford, UK.
14- Kaplan M., and Noe J.P. 1993. Effects of chicken-excrement amendments on Meloidogyne arenaria. Journal of Nematology 25: 71-77.
15- Lai R. 2007. Soil Science in the Era of Hidrogen Economy and 10 Billion People. The Ohio State University, USA.
16- Malnoua C.S., Jaggard K.W., and Sparkes D.L. 2008. Nitrogen fertilizer and the efficiency of the sugar beet crop in late summer. European Journal of Agronomy 28: 47–56.
17- Munnoli M.P., Teixeira da Selva J.A., and Saroj B. 2010. Dynamics of soil-earthworm-plant relationship: A review. Dynamic Soil, Dynamic Plant, 4 (Special Issue): 1-21.
18- Naderi M.R., and Danesh Shahraki A.R. 2011. Application of nanotechnology to optimize the formulation of chemical fertilizers. Nano Technology 65(4): 20-22. (In Persian with English abstract)
19- Nicol J.M., Turner S.J., Coyne D.L., den Nijs L., Hockland S., and Tahna Maafi Z. 2011. Current nematode threats to world agriculture. p. 21-43. In Jones, J., Gheysen, G., and Fenoll, C (Eds.). Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant Nematode Interactions. Springer, Netherlands.
20- Oka Y., and Pivonia S. 2002. Use of ammonia-releasing compounds for control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Journal of Nematology 4: 65–71.
21- Reazaei M., Daneshvar M., and Shirani A.H. 2014. Effect of iron nano chelated fertilizers foliar application on three wheat cultivars in Khorramabad climatic conditions. Scientific Journal of Crop Science 3(2): 9-16.
22- Riegel C., Fernandez F.A., and Noe J.P. 1996. Meloidogyne incognita infested soil amended with chicken litter. Journal of Nematology 28: 369-378.
23- Salardini A.A. 2005. Soil fertility. University of Tehran Press, Tehran. (In Persian)
24- Sarathchandra S.U., Ghani A., Yeates G.W., Burch G., and Cox N.R. 2001. Effect of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers on microbial and nematode diversity in pasture soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33: 953–964.
25- Santana-Gomez S.M., Dias-Arieira C.R., Roldi M., Dadazio T.S., Marini P.M., and Barizao D.A.O. 2010. Mineral nutrition in the control of nematodes. African Journal of Agricultural Research 8: 2413-2420.
26- Sasser J.N., and Carter C.C. 1985. An overview of the International Meloidogyne Project 1975-1984. p. 19-24. In J.N. Sasser and C.C. Carter (Eds.). An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Vol. 1: Biology and Control. Raleigh. North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh.
27- Siddiqui M.R. 2000. Tylenchida, Parasites of Plants and Insects. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK.
28- Silva R.V., Oliveira R.D.L., Nascimento K.J.T. and Rodrigues F.A. 2010. Biochemical responses of coffee resistance against Meloidogyne exigua mediated by silicon. Plant Pathology 59: 586-593.
29- Zareabyaneh H., and Bayatvarkeshi M. 2015. Effects of slow-release fertilizers on nitrate leaching, its distribution in soil profile, N-use efficiency, and yield in potato crop. Environmental Earth Sciences 74(4): 3385–3393.
30- ‭Zarrinkafsh M. 1989. Fertility and Production. University of Tehran Press, Tehran.‬ (In Persian)
31- Zheng Y., Duan Y., Chen S., Sun J., and Chen L. 2010. Responses of soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines to macroelement and microelement compounds. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 16: 172-18.
CAPTCHA Image