Evaluation of Using Time Effect of Total (Metsulfuron Metyl25%+Sulfusulfuron75%) Herbicide on Some Traits of Spontaneous barley (Hordeum spontaneum K. Koch) Ecotypes

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Saeid Mohammadi ¹
• Mehdi Rastgoo ¹
• M. A. Baghestani ²
• Mosa al reza Vafaie tabar ³
• Ebrahim Izadi darbandi ¹

¹ Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

² Plant Pest and Disease Research Institute

³ -

10.22067/jpp.v31i4.54436

Abstract

Introduction: Spontaneous barley is a category of cereal, annual plant, winter, self-pollinated, and diploid (2n=14). It has very close genetic relationship with barley. Very long awn, resistant to drought and salinity, seed dormancy and allelopathic potential are the features of this plant. The average 1000-seed weight without awn is 45grams and with awn is 47grams.Apart of the five provinces (Semnan, Golestan, Mazandaran, Guilan, Sistan and Baluchestan), the existence of this species was reported in Iran. The highest prevalence belongs to Fars province with an average density of 34 plants per square meter.Due to genetic and morphological similarities of spontaneous barley with wheat and barley, none of selective herbicide for wheat are able to control spontaneous barley.This study aimed to investigate the effects of the herbicide metsulfuron methyl + Sulfosulfuron (TOTAL) on morphological and reproductive characteristics of different ecotypes spontaneous barley and determine the best of use time these herbicides in the various growth stages of spontaneous barley.
Materials and Methods: This experiment performed in Varamin region during 2013 and 2014 in form of Factorial randomized complete block design with four replications. The first factor included two levels of MetsulfuronMetyl+ Sulfosulfuron herbicide application at two leaf (GS =12) and second node (GS = 32) stages of growth spontaneous barley, and control without herbicide. The second factor was 20 ecotypes, which collected from across the country. At thirty days after the treatment which was equivalent to the heading stage of spontaneous barley, a box (0.5 × 0.5) was dropped on each line and then the morphology and reproductive traits of spontaneous barley were recorded.
Results and Discussion: The greatest effect of TOTAL herbicide was at the time of the second node, but in two leaf also had a significant effect on reducing the density of spontaneous barley. Ecotypes Shush, Marvdasht, Urima, Shahreza, Islamabad, Isfahan, Golpayegan and Varamin after herbicide application at two stages were significantly more than control in term of plant density reduction. The use of herbicide reduced the number of stems per plant. Differences between treatments indicate that the effect of herbicides on stem growth has been positive. Totally, stems per plant reduction caused to reduction of the fruiting stems. This causes to reduce reproductive efficiency in spontaneous barley. In Ecotypes of Shush, Darab, Mahabad, and Biseton areas, effective of herbicides on leaf area index was higher at the two-leaf stage. Reduction of leaf area reduced the size and plant dry weight. TOTAL herbicide caused to weaken plants and plant density reduction by reducing the leaf area growth, and the growth of young stems. In Mahidasht, Fasa and Zarghan ecotypes, herbicide application at two leaves stage reduced the plant height more than second node stage. Using herbicides at second node stage,significantly changed the height of Salmas, Miandoab, Darab, Biseton, Shahryar, Golpayegan and shahreza ecotypes compared to control. Final height is one of the most important and effective indicator, in terms of weed-crop competition, which by light advantage, resulted to increasing the canopy, leaf area, dry weight and better competitive conditions. The use of herbicides at the two-leaf and the second node stages resulted incontrolling the final height of spontaneous barley compared to control. The plant fresh weight and dry weight of ecotypes showed a significant decrease as compared to the control. By reduction of spontaneous barley fresh weight, the reproductive ability reduced and also the canopy was decreased, which both have an important role on control of spontaneous barley. Moreover, according to another study among several tested herbicides in wheat, spontaneous barley did not lead to optimal control and only TOTAL decreased the dry weight by 67 percent. Using herbicides at second node stage resulted to reduction of spike weight in Shush, Fasa, Shiraz, Kerend and Varamin ecotypes than control. After herbicide application, due to unfavorable growing conditions and stress, the plant with minimal resources went to reproductive stage. Consequentlythe plants were weaker as compared to the control.Finally,the fertility rate reduced and spike length was shorter under the influence of herbicides. Using of herbicides at second node, most of the ecotypes showed seed weight reduction.
Conclusion: The results showed that the use of TOTAL herbicide at the two-leaf stage and the second node decreased morphological and reproductive characteristics of this weed. The biggest influence on morphological characteristics of the Bistoon ecotype (density), Shiraz ecotype (plant density, leaf area, fresh weight, Dry weight, spike length), Rāmhormoz ecotype (number of stems, plant fresh weight, Dry weight), Mahidasht ecotype (LAI), Fasa ecotype (height, leaf area index, fresh weight, dry weight, grain weight, spike weight), Golpayegan ecotype (final height), Branch ecotype (final height), Shush ecotype (number of stems, number of grains per spike), Marvdasht ecotypes (seed weight, weight spike), Zarghan ecotype (spike length). Ecotypes reactions to the herbicide suggested that potential genetic differences among ecotypes creates different conditions of increasing or decreasing of the studied traits. Knowing these differences guide us to control this weed at different stages of plant growth by suitable approaches.

Keywords

• Chemical control
• Growth stage
• morphological traits
• Reproductive traits

20.1001.1.20084749.1397.32.3.7.5

---

References

1. Babaei, S. 2014. Genetic variation and different ecotypes response of Hordeum Spontaneum K. Koch to sulfosulfuron, Ph.D. Thesis, Weed Science, Tehran University, 164 page.

2. Baghestani, M. A., Zand, E., Soufizadeh, S., Jamali, M. and Maighani, F. 2007. Evaluation of sulfosulfuron for broadleaved and grass weed control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Iran. Crop Protection. 26:1385-1389.

3. Baghestani, M.A., Zand, E., Minbashi Moeini, 2012. Investigating possibility of augmentation efficacy of Total and Apyrus herbicides using time of application and wheat density. Final report. Iranian Plant Protection Research Institute. 45 Page (in persian)

4. Baghestani, M.A., Zand, E., Minbashi Moeini, M., Atri, A.R. 2007. A review of studies on Control of wild barley in Iran wheat fields. Key Articles in 2th Symposium of Weed Science. Mashhad, Iran, Pages 76-58.(in persian with english abstract)

5. Jamali, M., Jokar, L., Salimi, H., Shakeri M. and Paidar, S. 2008. Study of crop rotation effect on control wild barley (Hordeum Spontaneum K. Koch) in Fars wheat fields. Proceedings of the 18th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. Page 67.(in persian)

6. Jamali, m.r. 2013. Exploring the possibility of increasing the efficiency of herbicide metsulfuron methyl + Sulfosulfuron (total) and Sulfosulfuron (Epirus) with the use of additives in control of wild barley and Bromus in wheat fields. Final report. Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Fars province. 27 Page (in persian)

7. Poorali, M.H., Alizadeh H., Oveisi, M., Mousavi s. 2013. Study the model growth of wild barley populations under field conditions. The 5th Conference of weed science. 805-802

8. Poorazar R. 2008. Control of Hordeum Spontaneum and wild barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with chemical methods in wheat fields in Khuzestan province. Proceedings of the 18th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. 87 p

9. Singh, S. and Punia, S.S. 2007. Sensivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare) to herbicides of different modes of action. Indian Journal of Weed Science. 39: 205-210

10. Zand E., Baghestani M.A., Soufizadeh, S., Eskandari, A., PourAzar, R., Veisi, M., Mousavi, K. and Barjasteh, A. 2007. Evaluation of some newly registered herbicides for weed control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Iran. Crop Protection. 26: 1349-1358.

11. Zand, E., Baghestani, M.A., Bitarafan, M. and Shimi, P. 2007. Manual of registered herbicides in Iran with management approach on weed resistance to herbicides. Press Mashhad University Jihad. 66 pages