Investigating the Effect of Chemical Management on Weeds Population, Agronomical Traits and Yield of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Mazandaran Province

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection

2 Plant Pest and Disease Research Institute

Abstract

Introduction: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important winter crop in northern of Iran with a total of 9580 ha which produces approximately 90, 197 tons per year. It is the second most widely cultivated species of the genus, Allium after onion (Allium cepa). Also, Garlic along with onions and leeks are three major cultivated species in Alliaceae family. This plant because of high economic and medicinal values is cultivated in 2610 hectares of agricultural lands of Mazandaran Province, Iran. Slow growth rate, low height, and a thin canopy that does not cover the soil enough to sup-press weeds make garlic a poor competitor against the latter until the beginning of spring. According results, reported 71% yield losses in garlic crop if weeds are allowed to grow during the crop season. Weed interference is affected by the time of weed emergence relative to the crop’s phenological development. The weeds, which emerge early or simultaneously with the crop, are highly competitive and should be managed by farmers. Most weed management strategies in cereals target seedlings, as they are the most sensitive stage of the weed. However, emergence of weed seedlings varies every year in timing, extent and intensity. Therefore in this study, the effect of chemical management on reducing the density and biomass of weeds, yield and agronomic characteristics of garlic were studied in Mazandaran Province, Iran.
Materials and Methods: After the selection of location test, in order to determine the physical and chemical properties before the preparation of soil for planting, sampling from the soil was carried out from the depth of 0 to 30 cm at some point. The farm was plowed using a moldboard plow, then the used fertilizers in this study were added to the soil twice before planting and then the fertilizers were incorporated with the soil using a Disc. The amount of used fertilizers in this study according to soil test were including: 200 kg Urea per hectare that 100 kg as the base and 50 kg in two foliage stage and 50 kg in 4 foliage stage of garlic, 200 kg superphosphate triple per hectare, and 100 kg potassium sulfate. The research was performed in a land with area of 300 m2 containing 30 plots with dimensions of 3×3 m2. The planting process was done after disinfection of garlic seed varieties of Mazand for 24 hours in a solution of 2% carboxin thiram with the distance of 30×15 cm and the density of 23 plants per m2on 23/10/2012. After about two weeks from planting of garlic, germination was fully performed. The studied factors in 10 dosages of herbicide are including: 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters per hectare of Trifluralin (Terflan) via formulations (EC 48%), 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters per hectare of Oxyfluorfen, 1.5 liters per hectare of Oxyfluorfen in two stages (the half in first stage and the rest 18 days later) via formulations (EC 24%), hand weeding control and lack of weeding control (the number of replications of these two treatments were two folds of others (2 replications in each block and 6 replications in total)). Two weeks before planting Trifluralin herbicides were incorporated with the soil and Oxyfluorfen herbicides as post-emergently were applied in the 3 to 4 foliage stages of weeds using a backpack sprayer pump from the side of the nozzle sag (T-Jet). After 145 days from planting, 10 plants per plot were selected and plant heights measured. After maturity of garlics, 10 plants of garlic were eradicated and the number of cloves per bulb was counted and weight of 100 cloves of garlic was weighed. After full maturity of garlic, a square meter of each plot was harvested on 7.5.2013 and the harvested plants was placed for 48 hours in the farm and then bulb yield and biological yield were weighed and harvest index was also calculated. Statistical analysis software SAS (version 9.1) was used for analysis and the obtained averages were compared by means of the Duncan least significant difference test.
Results and Discussion: Results showed that the use of different doses of various herbicides had a significant difference on the plant height, weight of 100 cloves, economical and biological yield and harvest index of garlic. In contrast, under treatments of the usage of 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen in two stages and hand weeding treatment, plant height of garlic was increased due to lack of competition with weed species and no significant difference was observed between the above treatments with the usage of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 liters of Oxyfluorfen. The adverse effect and phytotoxicity of garlic under the use of different doses of 2 and 2.5 liters of Oxyfluorfen caused disturbances in the production of cloves per bulb of garlic and the plant spent their photosynthetic products in the reclamation of its shoots. In contrast, the highest number of cloves per bulb were counted under the treatments of using 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen, hand weeding and 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen in two stages. The results showed that the highest economical yield of garlic was obtained in the treatment of using 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen, hand weeding treatment and splitting of 1.5 liter of Oxyfluorfen in two stages, and there were no significant differences between the above treatments. The plant used the best from the resulted ecological niche in normal conditions, and it could transfer more photosynthetic materials to the reproductive organs and it could increase the bulb yield with more producing of cloves per bulb with higher weight.
Conclusion: The results obtained from experimental trials on plant height, cloves number in the bulb, cloves weight and ultimately economic yield of garlic (bulb) showed that the treatment of using 1.5 liters of Oxyfluorfen in 3 to 4 foliage stages of weed species was the best treatment.

Keywords


1- Aegerter B. 2006. Onion weed control trails. 2006. http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/filelibrary/2019/33585.pdf.
2- Anonymous. 2012. Statistic center of agricultural organization of Mazandaran province.
3- Boydston R. A., and Seymour M. D. 2002. Volunteer potato (Solanum tuberosum) control with herbicides and cultivation in onion (Allium cepa L.). Weed Technology. 16: 620 – 626.
4- Ebadipour A. R., Dejam M., Pourazar R., and Honarmandian M. 2012. Compare herbicides different on control weeds Amarathus retroflexus, Dacus carota and Fumaria vaillantii in Allium cepa L. The Proceedings of 4th Iranian Weed Science Congress. Ahvaz. P 97. Abstracts.
5- Gilreath J. P., Santos B. M., Gilreath P. R., and Maynard D. N. 2008. Efficacy of early post-transplant herbicides in leeks (Allium porrum L.). Crop Protection. 27: 847 – 850.
6- Ghanbari-Birgani D., and Sekhavat R. 2012. Effects of planting patterns, density and herbicides on weeds and yield of mungbean in khuzestan. The Proceedings of 4th Iranian Weed Science Congress. Ahvaz. P 145. Abstracts.
7- Ghanbari-Birgani D., Tabatabaii-Nimavard R., Karaminejad M. R., and Zaifinian N. 2010. Evaluation different herbicides on direct seeded tomato. The Proceedings of 3rd Iranian Weed Science Congress. Babulsar. Volume 2. 496 – 499. (In Persian with English summary).
8- Ghosheh H. Z. 2004. Single herbicide treatments for control of broadleaved weeds in onion (Allium cepta L.). Crop Protection. 23: 539 – 542.
9- Ghosheh H. Z., and Al-Shannag H. K. 2000. Influence of weeds and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on onion bulb yield in Jordan. Crop Protection. 19: 175 – 179.
10- Hoseyni M., Ghorbani R., Bazobandi M., and Bagheri A. R. 2011. Evaluation efficacy of different herbicides in weeds control on garlic (Allium sativum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. Volume 9: Number 3: 463 – 473. (In Persian with English summary).
11- Imaniafzal A., Shiranirad A. H., and Daneshian J. 2012. The effect on nitrogen amounts and its split methods on bulb performance and biologic performance of garlic medicine plant's local mass. The Proceeding of National Conference on Agricultural Practical Researches of Iran. Takestan. P 220. Abstracts.
12- Kropff M. J., and Joije W. 1987. Competition between a sugar beet and population of Chenopodium album L. and Stellaria media L. Netherlands Agriculture Science. 35: 525 – 528.
13- Maknali A., and Shimi P. 2010. Evaluating effect of different herbicides on weed control and yield on Onion (Allium cepa L.). The Proceedings of 3rd Iranian Weed Science Congress. Babulsar. Volume 2. 321 – 324. (In Persian with English summary).
14- Moradi A., Rashed Mohasel M. H., and Parsa M. 2010. The efficiency of Pendimetalin, Oxyflourfen, Trifluralin, Imazathapyre herbicides and hand weeding controls on crop yield of chickpea. The Proceedings of 3rd Iranian Weed Science Congress. Babulsar. Volume 2. 458 – 460. (In Persian with English summary).
15- Qasem J. 1996. Chemical weed control in garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Jordan. Crop protection. 15: 1 – 26.
16- Salehian H., Rahimian H., Majidi A., and Ghanbari A. 2003. A survey of natural weed population interference in wheat crop Mazandaran province. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 5: 157 – 163.
17- Sanjeev A., Sandhu K. S., and Ahuj S. 2003. Weed management through the use of herbicides in cabbage-onion relay cropping system. Annual of Biology. 19: 27 – 30.
18- Shimi P., Rahbari A., and Mesbah M. 2010. Investigating efficiency of some herbicides to control weeds in Tobacco fields. The Proceedings of 3rd Iranian Weed Science Congress. Babulsar. Volume 2. 374 – 376. (In Persian with English summary).
19- Patrick J., and Tranela M. 2003. Variation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) merr.) interference among common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) accessions. Crop Protection. 22: 375 – 380.
20- Rashed Mohassel M. H., and Mousavi K. 2006. Principles in weed management. Jihad-e-Daneshgahi Prees. Mashhad. (Translated in Persian).
21- Zand E., Baghestani M. A., Nezam-Abadi N., and Shimi P. 2010. Herbicides and important weeds of Iran. Nashr-Daneshgahi Press. Tehran. (In Persian).
CAPTCHA Image