Comparison of Physical Properties in Weed-Rye (Secale cereale L.) and Winter Wheat (Alvand cultivar) Seeds in Golestan Province

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• H. Mohammadi ¹
• F. Ghaderi-Far ²
• A. Siahmarguee ³
• E. Zeinali ²
• J. Gherekhloo ²

¹ Ph.D. Student, Department of Agronomy, Plant Production Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Iran

² Associate Professor Department of Agronomy, Plant Production Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Iran

³ Assistant Professor Department of Agronomy, Plant Production Faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Iran

10.22067/jpp.v34i4.86501

Abstract

Introduction: Contamination of wheat seeds in southern Golestan province (Shahkooh village) with rye has rendered it a weed in wheat fields. Due to the lack of suitable herbicides, it is very difficult for farmers to control weed-rye. According to observations, many farmers use rye-infected self-consumed wheat seeds for cultivation. Separation of rye seeds from wheat seeds is very difficult due to their similarity in appearance, and farmers are not aware of the possibility of seed separation. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the physical properties of rye and wheat seeds to improve seed separation.
Materials and Methods: Rye seeds were collected from wheat fields in Shahkooh village. The seeds of Alvand wheat cultivar, which is a common cultivar in Shahkooh region, were also obtained from Shahkooh Rural. The studied physical properties included seed size (seed length, width and thickness), seed surface area, seed weight, spherical percentage, bulk density, true density, porosity percentage, angle of repose and coefficient of friction. Physical properties of the seeds were studied at five seed moisture levels including 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%.
Results and Discussion: Based on the results, the length, width and surface area of both wheat and rye seeds were not affected by seed moisture. Only in wheat, seed thickness increased with increasing seed moisture content. Since these properties determine the final seed size, it can be said that the seed size remained almost constant by increasing the percentage of seed moisture in these two plants. On the other hand, in all moisture levels, the width, thickness and surface area of wheat seeds were higher than those of rye seeds. In contrast, seeds length of rye was longer than wheat seeds. In wheat seeds, the spherical percentage increased linearly by increasing seed moisture content, but its amount was constant in rye at different seed moisture content. The significant difference between the spherical percentage of wheat and rye seeds also indicates that the wheat seed is more spherical compared to rye at all moisture levels. The seed weight increased linearly with increasing seed moisture content in both wheat and rye plants, with a higher slope in wheat than rye. In addition, wheat seed weight was higher than rye seed weight in all moisture levels. The existence of these differences in the dimensions, the shape and weight of wheat and rye seeds can be considered as the basis for their separation. In wheat and rye plants, the bulk density, true density and percentage of seed porosity decreased linearly by increasing seed moisture content. Also, the bulk density and true density in wheat was higher than in rye at all moisture levels. With an increase in seed moisture from 10 to 30 percent, the porosity percentage in both wheat and rye plants decreased by about 14 percent on average, and there was no significant difference between them in terms of the percentage of porosity at different moisture levels. An increase in the percentage of seed moisture caused a linear increase in the angle of repose. In other words, the ability of seeds to move was reduced by increasing the moisture content in two wheat and rye plant. There was no significant difference in the angle of repose between wheat and rye at any of the moisture levels. In this study, the coefficient of friction in wheat and rye seeds linearly increased on different materials by increasing seed moisture content. There was no significant difference in the coefficient of friction on galvanized iron and cement surfaces at different moisture levels between wheat and rye. However, the coefficient of friction in wheat was always higher than rye on plastic, wood and rubber surfaces. Due to these differences, it is easy to remove rye seeds from wheat seed lots and prevent rye from re-entering the wheat fields during planting.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, there is a significant difference between wheat and rye seeds in terms of physical characteristics. These differences facilitate separation of rye seeds and avoid entry into wheat seed lots. The difference in the length, width, thickness and density of the seeds in these plants makes it possible to use length or width based separators, air screen machines and gravity separators.
 

Keywords

• Friction coefficient
• Seed separation
• Seed size
• True density

20.1001.1.20084749.1399.34.4.4.8

---

References

1. Abu Shieshaa R., Kholief R., and El Meseery A.A. 2007. A study of some physical and mechanical properties of seed melon seed. Miser Journal of Agricultural Engineering 24: 575- 592.
2. Altuntas E., and Demirtola H. 2007. Effect of moisture content on physical properties of some grain legume seeds. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 35: 423-433.
3. Amin M.N., Hossain M.A., and Roy K.C. 2004. Effects of moisture content on some physical properties of lentil seeds. Journal of Food Engineering 65: 83-87.
4. Amini R., Sharifi-zadeh F., Baghestani M., Mahzari D., and Atri A. 2003. Investigation of competitive ability between wheat and colunteer rye (Secale cereal L.) and effect of competition on yield and yield component. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 60: 9-16. (In Persian with English abstract)
5. Asadzadeh A.H. 2014. Some physical properties of cotton seed (‘Varamin’ cultivar) at different moisture contents. International Conference on Agricultural Engineering 205-214.
6. Aviara N.A., Lawal A.A., Shelia H.M., and Musa D. 2014. Effect of moisture content on some engineering properties of mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) seed and kernel. Research in Agricultural Engineering 60: 30-36.
7. Aviara N.A., Gwandzang M.I., and Haque M.A. 1999. Physical properties of guan seeds. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 73: 105-111.
8. Bamgboye A.I., and Adebayo S.E. 2012. Seed moisture dependent on physical and mechanical properties of Jatropha curcas. Journal of Agricultural Technology 8: 13-26.
9. Baryeh E.A. 2001. Physical properties of bambara groundnuts. Journal of Food Engineering 47: 321-326.
10. Baryeh E.A. 2002. Physical properties of millet. Journal of Food Engineering 69: 61-66.
11. Brooker D.B., Bakker-Arkema F., and Hall C.W. 1992. Drying and storage of grains and oilseeds. Van Nostrand Reinold, NY.
12. Deshpande S.D., Bal S., and Ojha T.P.. 1993. Physical properties of soybean. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 56: 89-98.
13. El Fawal Y.A., Tawfik M.A., and El Shal A.M. 2009. Study on physical and engineering properties for grains of some field crops. Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering 26: 1933-1951.
14. FAO. 2018. Seeds toolkit. Module 2: Seed Processing: Principles, Equipment and Practice. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Africa Seeds, Rome.
15. Garnayaka D.K., Pradhana R.C., Naika S.N., and Bhatnagar, N. 2008. Moisture-dependent physical properties of jatropha seed (Jatropha curcas L.). Industrial Crops and Product 27: 123-129.
16. Ghaderi-Far F., and Soltani A. 2010. Seed Control and Certification. Jihad of Mashhad University Press. (In Persian)
17. Ghaderi-Far F., and Gorzin M. 2019. Applied Research in Seed Technology. Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources. (In Persian)
18. Ghaderi-Far F., Kashaninejad M., Alimagham S.M., Pahamli P., and Hamidi M. 2014. Effects of moisture content on physical properties of Milk thistle, Medicinal pumpkin, Fennel, black cumin, and Artichoke. Vice Presidency for Research and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. (In Persian with English abstract)
19. Ghamari S., Mohammadi K., Khanahmadzadeh A., and Goli H. 2014. Evaluation the some physical properties of chickpea seeds in kurdistan region of Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 4: 4-7.
20. Ghanbarian D., and Salek F. 2014. Effect of moisture content on some physical properties of sugar beet seed. Journal of Sugar Beet 30: 43-49.
21. Gupta R.K., and Das S.K. 1997. Physical properties of sunflower seeds. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 66: 1-8.
22. Igbozulike A.O., and Amamgbo N. 2019. Effect of moisture content on physical properties of fluted pumpkin seeds. Journal of Biosystems Engineering 44: 69-76.
23. Izli N. 2015. Effect of moisture on the physical properties of three varieties of kenaf seeds. Journal of Food Science Technology 52: 3254-3263.
24. Kachru R.P., Gupta R.K., and Alam A. 1994. Physico-chemical constituents and engineering properties of food crops, 1st ed. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India.
25. Karababa E., and Coskuner Y. 2007. Moisture content dependent physical properties of dry sweet corn kernels. Internatinoal Journal of Food Properties 10: 549-560.
26. Karimi M., Kheialipour K., Tabatabaeefar A., Khoubakht G.M., Naderi M., and Heidarbeigi K. 2009. The effect of moisture content on physical properties of wheat. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8: 90-95.
27. Kiliçkan A., Üçer N., and Yalçın B. 2010. Some physical properties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) seed. African Journal of Biotechnology 9: 648-655.
28. Koocheki A., Razavi S.M.A., Milani E., Monghadam T.M., Alamatiyan S., and Izadkhah S. 2007. Physical properties of watermelon seed as a function of moisture content and variety. International Agrophysics 21: 349-359.
29. Milani J., and Moetamedzadegan A. 2010. Moisture dependent physical properties of grape seeds. International Journal of Food Engineering 6: 1-15.
30. Mirzaee E., Rafiee S., Keyhani A.R., and Emam Djomeh Z. 2009. Physical properties of apricot to characterize best post harvesting options. Australian Journal of Crop Science 3: 95-100.
31. Mwithiga G., and Sifuna M.M. 2006. Effect of moisture content on the physical properties of three varieties of sorghum seeds. Journal of Food Engineering, 75: 480-486.
32. Omobuwajo T.O., Akande E.A., and Sanni L.A. 1999. Selected physical, mechanical and aerodynamic properties of African breadfruit (Treculia africana) seeds. Journal of Food Engineering, 40: 241-244.
33. Said P.P., and Pradhan R.C. 2013.  Moisture dependent physical properties of Lagenaria siceraria seed. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 6: 111-120.
34. Seifi M.R., and Alimardani R. 2010. Moisture-dependent physical properties of sunflower seed (SHF8190). Modern Applied Science 4: 135-143.
35. Selvi K.C., Pinar Y and Yesiloglu E. 2006. Some physical properties of linseed. Biosystem Engineering 95: 607-612.
36. Simonyan K.J., Yiljep Y.D., Oyatoyan O.B., and Bawa G.S. 2009. Effects of moisture content on some physical properties of Lablab purpureus (L.) sweet seeds. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal Manuscript 1279. Vol. 5.
37. Sobukola O.P., and Onwuka V.I. 2009. Effect of moisture content on some physical properties of locust bean seed (Parkia fillicoidea L.). Journal of Food Process Engineering 34: 1946-1964.
38. Sologubik C.A., Campanone L.A., Pagano A.M., and Gely M.C. 2013. Effect of moisture content on some physical properties of barley. Industrial Crop and Products 43: 762-767.
39. Tabatabaeefar A. 2003. Moisture-dependent physical properties of wheat. International Agrophysics 17: 207-211.
40. Tarighi J., Mahmoudi A., and Alavi N. 2011. Some mechanical and physical properties of corn seed (Var. DCC 370). African Journal of Agricultural Research 6: 3691-3699.
41. Üçer N., Kılıçkan A., and Yalçın I. 2010. Effects of moisture content on some physical properties of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seed. African Journal of Biotechnology 9: 3555-3562.
42. Ünal H., Alpsoy H.C., and Ayhan A. 2013. Effect of the moisture content on the physical properties of bitter gourd seed. International Agrophysics 27: 455-461.