Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (Glomus intraradice) on Egyptian Broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca. Pers) in Cultivated Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• mojtaba zafarian
• ali tadayyn

Shahrekord university

10.22067/jpp.v30i4.43672

Abstract

Introduction: Mycorrhizal symbiosis is one of the most popular and highest symbiotic relationship in plant kingdom. Most plants (about 80% of vascular plant species) have at least one type of mycorrhiza. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungies are the most important endomycorhiza fungi that play an important role in agriculture.
Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus intraradice) symbiosis to control Egyptian Broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca. Pers) in cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) growth, a glasshouse experiment was conducted in CRD design with four replications in Shahrekord university in summer 2014. Treatments consisted of four arbuscular mycorrhizal levels (50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and two control treatments of weed free and weed infested treatments, respectively. In this experiment, seeds of speedy tomato cultivar planted in the bed that consisted of coco peat and peat moss were transplanted to the pots. Pots with diameter 20 and height 15 cm were filled with soil in the ratio 4: 1: 1 manure, sand and clay respectively and with 50 mg of Orobanche seeds that were collected in the previous year. It should be noted that the soil combination was disinfected at a temperature of 80OC for 72 h to reduce the potential effects of soil microbial population in reducing Orobanche germination. The fungal inoculation, containing sandy soil fungal body parts and organs fungal root was then added to each pot. Fungi strain was provided from the plant protection clinic located in Hamadan. Also, nutrition of tomato after being transplanted to pots was carried out with foliar application of complete micronutrient of 20-20-20 every 7 days under glasshouse condition. At the end of the season, were measured number of stems, number of nodules on the roots of tomato, time of emergence of orobanche flower on the soil surface, orobanche dry weight and tomato root and shoot dry weight. Statistical analysis of the data in the end of experiment collected on the characteristics of tomato and broomrape (after normality test of Kolmogorov - Smirnov) was done separately using software SAS V 9.2 and the comparisons were done with Fisher LSD test at the 5% and 1% levels and drawing graphs in Excel.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi treatments, two levels of 50 and 100 kg ha-1 in most cases, orobanche and tomato traits had no significant effect within the orobanche infested control treatment. With the possible existence of uniform density of orobanche seeds ready to germinate in the surroundings of tomato root and absence of adequate colonization by the fungies, these treatments will not be able to prevent the germination establishment of weed on tomato roots. Lack of adequate root colonization can firstly be due to the lack of sufficient numbers of fungi and secondly because of the unsuitable growth environment conditions for fungal propagation. But the treatments of 150 and 200 kg ha-1 decreased the number of nodules on the roots of tomato, orobanche dry weight, and time of emergence of orobanche flower on the soil surface, ratio of orobanche dry weight to tomato shoot dry weight. The difference may be due to the high fungal mycorrhiza colonization on the tomato roots that has led to a significant level of tomato root covered with the fungus, thereby was prohibited the haustorium penetration of orobanche into the root host. The host plant roots do this effect with the release of molecular signals called branching factors (BFs) that induced a wide branching of fungal hyphae. Whereas the treatments of 150 and 200 kg ha-1 increased tomato shoot dry weight and the percentage of tomato root dry weight to shoot dry weight. Even in these two measured traits, the treatments of 150 and 200 kg ha-1 were also transcended on weed-free treatment. Generally, because of no of significant differences between the two treatments of 150 and 200 kg ha-1, utilization of 150 kg ha-1 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi due to reduction of the orobanche growth and promotion of tomato growth was the best treatment among them. Positive performances of mycorrhiza fungi in reducing broomrape pollution and increasing tomato growth have different reasons. Three main reasons of this research and the previous research laboratory have been established as follows:
1) The existence of this fungus causes tomato root covering by the fungal hyphae to be occupied by orobanche haustorium.
2) Tomato roots colonized by the fungus have less germination stimulant compounds.
3) The proper functioning of fungal hyphae increased the uptake of nutrients, particularly phosphorus that produce more favorable growing conditions for tomato even compared to the control without orobanche.
Conclusion: Generally, it seems that regarding the results of treatments of 150 and 200 kg ha-1 in arbescular mycorrhiza fungi in this study, these results can be further studied under field conditions to be more confidently recommendable. Because of the highly dominance of variable in field conditions such as management, climate and the environmental effects can intensify or weaken the effects of treatments.

Keywords

• Nodules
• Parasite weed
• Root dry weight
• Shoot dry weight
• Time of flower emergence

20.1001.1.20084749.1395.30.4.19.5

---

References

1- Abdel-fattah G.M., Migaher F.F., and Ibrahim A.H. 2002. Interactive effects of endomycorryhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum and phosphorus fertilization on growth and metabolic activities of broad bean plants under drought stress conditions. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 5: 835-841.

2- Akiyama K., Matsuzaki K., and Hayashi H. 2005. Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature journal, 435: 824–827.

3- Akiyama K., and Hayashi H. 2006. Strigolactones: Chemical Signals for Fungal Symbionts and Parasitic Weeds in Plant Roots. Annals of Botany, 97: 925–931.

4- Akiyama K., Ogasawara S., Ito S., and Hayashi H. 2010. Structural requirements of strigolactones for hyphal branching in AM fungi. Plant Cell Physiology journal, 51: 1104–1117.

5- Alizadeh Oskouei P., Ali Asgharzadeh N., Shariatmadari H., Asgharzadeh A., and Bagheban Sh. 2010. Effect of two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in reducing the toxicity of cadmium in tomato plants with different levels of phosphorus. Journal of Soil Science (soil and water), 23: 228-217.

6- Amsellem Z., Barghouthi S., Cohen B., and Goldwasser Y. 2001. Recent advances in the biocontrol of Orobanche sp.(broomrape) species. Biocontrol Journal, 46: 211–228.

7- Barin M., Ali Asgharzadeh N., and Samadi A. 2006. Effect of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi on growth characteristics and nutrition of tomato. p. 57-61. Proceedings of the 9th Soil Science Congress of Iran, Tehran, Iran.

8- Barker S.J., Tague D., and Drlp G. 1998. Regulation of root and fungal morphogenesis in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant Physiology journal, 116: 1201-1207.

9- Bazoubandi M., Shirin Bahadur A., Norouzzadeh Sh., and Abbas Pour M. 2012. Effects of transplanting date of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) on the density of Orobanche (Orobanche aegyptiaca. Pers). Journal of weed ecology, 2: 11-18.

10- Brachmann A., and Parniske M. 2006. The most widespread symbiosis on Earth. Plant Signal and Behavior 4: 1111-1112.

11- Ferna´ndez-Aparicio M., Garcı´a-Garrido J.M., Ocampo J.A., and Rubiales D. 2010. Colonization of field pea roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduces Orobanche and Phelipanche species seed germination. Weed Research, 50: 262–268.

12- Hamel C. 1996. Prospects and problems pertaining to the management of arbuscular mycorrhizae in agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 60: 197-210.

13- Harrison MJ. 2005. Signaling in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Annual Review of Microbiology, 59: 19–42.

14- Hassan M.M., and Abakeer R.A. 2013. Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Bacterial Strains on Orobanche crenata Forsk, on Faba Bean. Universal Journal of Applied Science, 1: 27-32.

15- Kocheki A., Zand A., Banayan M., Rezvani P., Mahdavi Damghani A., Jami Al-Ahmadi M., and Vesal C.R. 2006. Plant Ecophysiology (translation). SID Press of Mashhad, Mashhad.

16- Kohlen W., Charnikhova T., Lammers M., Pollina T., To´th P., Haider I., Pozo M.J., de Maagd R.A., Ruyter-Spira C., Bouwmeester H.J., and Lo´pez-Ra´ez J.A. 2012. The tomato Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase8 (SlCCD8) regulates rhizosphere signaling, plant architecture and affects reproductive development through strigolactone biosynthesis. New Phytologist journal, 196: 535–547.

17- Lendzemo V., and Kuyper T. 2001. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on damage by Striga hermonthica on two contrasting cultivars of sorghum, Sorghum bicolor. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment journal, 87: 29–35.

18- Lendzemo V., Kuyper T., Matusova R., Bouwmeester H.J., and Van Ast A. 2007. Colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of sorghum leads to reduced germination and subsequent attachement and emergence of Striga hermonthica. Plant Signaling and Behavior journal, 2: 58–62.

19- Lendezmo V., Kuyper T.W., and Vierheiling H. 2009. Striga seed-germination activity of root exudates and compounds present in stems of Striga host and nonhost (trap crop) plants are reduced due to root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza journal, 19: 287–294.

20- Lopez-Raeza J.A., Charnikhovab T., Fernandeza I., Bouwmeesterb H., and Pozoa M.J. 2011. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis decreases strigolactone production in tomato. Journal of Plant Physiology, 168: 294–297.

21- Louarn J., Carbonne F., Delavault Ph., Becard G., and Rochange S. 2012. Reduced germination of orobanche cumana seeds in the presence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi or their exudates. PLOS One, 711: 1-10.

22- Oroji K., Rashed Mohassel M.H., Rezvani Moghadam P., and Nasiri Mahalati M. 2014. Effects of different types and amounts of organic amendments on the management of parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca Perss.) In tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Agronomy Journal, 23: 209-218.

23- Ortus I., and Harris P.J. 1996. Enhancement uptake of phosphorus by mycorrhizal sorghum plant as influenced by forms of nitrogen. Plant and Soil journal, 184: 225-264.

24- Parniske M. 2008. Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbiosis. Natural Review Microbiology, 6: 763–775.

25- Porras-Soriano A., Soriano-Martin M.L., Porras-Piedra A., and Azcon R. 2009. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased growth, nutrient uptake and tolerance to salinity in olive trees under nursery conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology. 166: 1350-1359.

26- Pozo M.J., and Azco´n-Aguilar C. 2007. Unraveling mycorrhiza-induced resistance. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 10: 393–398.

27- Quilambo O.A. 2000. Functioning of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under nutrient deficiency and drought stress in relation to symbiotic associations. PhD thesis. University of Groningen, the Netherlands. Van Denderen B.V., Groningen.ISBN 903671284X.

28- Sharifi M., Karimi F., and Khanpur Ardestani N. 2011. Mycorrhiza (Physiology and Biotechnology). Biology Publishing House, Tehran.

29- Smith S., and Read D. 2008. Mycorrhizal symbiosis (3rd ed.). Academic Press. London, UK.

30- Sun Z., Has J., and Walter M.H. 2008. Cloning and characterization of a maize carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (ZmCCD1) and its involvement in the biosynthesis of apocarotenoids with various roles in mutualistic and parasitic interactions. Planta journal 228: 789–801.

31- Sylvia D.M. 1994. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. PP. 351-378. In: R. W. Weaver et al. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Microbial and biochemical properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.

32- Taylor J., and Harrier L.A. 2003. Expression studies of plant genes differentially expressed in leaf and root tissues of tomato colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Plant Molocular Biology, 51: 619–629.

33- Vierheiling H. 2004. Regulatory mechanisms during the plant arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus interaction. Canadian Journal of Botany, 82: 1166–1176.

34- Zarea M.J., Karimi N., Mohammadi Goltapeh E., and Ghalavand A. 2011. Effect of cropping systems and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil microbial activity and root nodule nitrogenase. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 10: 109–120.