Evaluation of Relative Resistance in Thirty Dwarf Mahaleb Genotypes to Four Phytophthora Species in the Greenhouse and Garden

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• mohammad hajian ¹
• Ebrahim Ganji Moghadam ²
• Hamid afzali ²

¹ Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad

² Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran

10.22067/jpp.v31i3.57014

Abstract

Introduction:
The best cherry rootstock for Iranian nurseries and orchards is Prunus mahaleb (L.) Mill. Mahaleb is tolerant to lime-induced iron chlorosis and zinc deficiency. It is a good rootstock on light, calcareous soils and arid climates in Iran but sensitive to Phytophthora. Iran represents a significant source of germplasm of different fruit species, especially for those from the genus Prunus. Collection and research on P.mahaleb was initiated at the Horticultural Department of Khorasan Razavi Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in 1997 for mahaleb cherry rootstock. Some researchers have reported pathogenicity of Phytophthora species (Banihashemi and Sartipi, 2004; Wilcox and Mircetich, 1985; Exadaktylou and Thomidis, 2005; Tomidis et al., 2008). This study was conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of 30 selected dwarf Mahaleb genotypes to P.nicotianae, P.citricola, P.cactorum and P. citrophthora under greenhouse and orchard conditions.

Material and methods:
In this study, the response of 30 selected dwarf Mahaleb genotypes (188, 171, 165, 162, 161, 155, 139, 136, 131, 120, 106, 104, 101, 100, 90, 194, 195, 199, 200, 224, 228, 247 , 249, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 272, 277) to disease caused by four species of the fungus Phytophthora root and crown rot were investigated under greenhouse and orchard conditions. Greenhouse experiments were performed based on Ribeiro and Baumer, 1977 and modified it by Feichtenberger et al., 1984. For evaluation the index disease was performed based on the method of Broadbent and Gollnow 1992. Orchard terials was laid out in the Toragh research station in Mashhad. Evaluation of genotypes and contamination based on Tomidis, 2001 was performed by measuring the area of necrosis.

Results and discussion:
In evaluating the reaction of young seedling dwarf mahaleb genotypes to four Phytophthora species under greenhouse conditions, results showed that four species of Phytophthora pathogens on all mahaleb genotypes but P.citricola, P.cactorum showed disease severity than P.citricola, P. nicotianae. In response assessment test seedlings in the greenhouse genotypes Mahaleb highest rate of infection to P.cactorum in genotype 277 and the lowest index of disease severity showed in genotypes 100, 188, 199, 200, 224 and 266, respectively. The highest and lowest number of leaves was counted on 199, 272 and 277 respectively. The least and highest shoot dry weight were related to 277 and 100 genotype respectively. The maximum and minimum disease severity to P.citrophthora revealed in 265 and 265, 100, 188, 194, 199 genotypes, respectively. The highest and lowest number of leaves was counted on 188 and 249 respectively. The least and highest shoot dry weight were related to 249 and 100genotype respectively. The least and highest root dry weight was measured on 265 and 100 genotype, respectively. In response assessment test seedlings in the greenhouse genotypes Mahaleb highest rate of infection to P.citricola in genotype 265 and the lowest index of disease severity showed in genotypes 100, 162, 171, 188, 199, 200,224, respectively. The highest and lowest number of leaves were counted on 100and 277, 272 respectively. The least and highest shoot dry weight were related to 272 and 100 genotype respectively. The least and highest root dry weight were related to 277 and 100 genotype respectively. The highest rate of infection to P.nicotianae in 120 genotype and the lowest index of disease severity were related to the genotype of 188 and 199. The highest number of leaves in genotype No.100 and the lowest number of leaves were belonging to genotypes 272 and 277, respectively. The least and highest shoot dry weight were related to 247 and 100 genotype respectively. The least and highest root dry weight were related to 265 and 100 genotype respectively. The results of the assessment of the two year old seedlings mahaleb genotypes under orchard conditions showed that four Phytophthora species had different degrees of disease symptoms. Phytophthora species in their ability to create the symptoms are different. The lowest level of necrosis is created by P.cactorum. The highest and lowest levels of necrosis of P.cactorum were measured in 267 and 162 genotypes, respectively. In P. citrophthora, the highest and lowest levels of necrosis were measured in 277 and 188 genotypes, respectively. The highest and lowest levels of necrosis of P. nicotianae were measured in 272 and 188 genotypes, respectively.

Conclusion
The results of the assessment Mahaleb genotypes to four species of Phytophthora in the orchard showed that the lowest level of tissue necrosis in genotypes of 106, 139, 162, 188, 195, 224, 266 and 270, respectively. Finally our results revealed that P.citricola, P.cactorum were pathogenic Phytophthora species and three mahaleb genotypes (266, 224 and 188) had highest potential resistance to P. nicotianae, P.citricola, P.cactorum and the P.citrophthora respectively.

Keywords

• Mahaleb
• Chreery
• Phytophthora
• Root and Crown rot

20.1001.1.20084749.1396.31.3.8.9

---

References

1- Ahmadi K., Gholizadeh H., Ebadzadeh H., Hoseinpour R., and Hatami F. 2015. Agricultural statistics. Horticultural Products. 3thEd, Ministry of Agricultural Jihad 147pp.

2- Alizadeh A., and Agha-rafiei S.H. 1998. Investigate the causes of mortality stone fruit trees in Tehran. In: Proceeding of 13th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, August 1998.

3- Banihashemi Z., and Sartipi A. 2004. Identification of Phytophthora Species Associated with stone fruits crown rot in Fars province and reaction of certain rootstock to P. cactorum. Science and Technology of Agricultural and natural Resources 8:241-249.

4- Bielenin A., and Jones A.I. 1984. Prevalence and pathogenicity of Phytophthora spp. from Sour Cherry trees in Michigan. Plant Disease 72:433- 476.

5- Broadbent P., and Gollnow B.I. 1992. Selecting disease-tolerant citrus rootstocks for Australia. Proc.Int Soc. Citricult. 2:758–764.

6- Chitzanidis A., and Stylianidis D.C. 1987. Seasonal fluctuation in extent of colonization of rootstock GF677 by three Phytophthora species. In: Programme de recherche Agrimed (Eds), 7e Colloque du Grempa Groupe de recherche et d etude mediterraneen pour le pistachier et l, amandier, Espagne. pp. 87-90. CCE.

7- Elena K., and Tsipouridis K. 2000. Evaluation of Resistance of Stone Fruit Rootstocks to Phytophthora Crown Rot. Phytopathology 148:365-369.

8- Exadaktylou E., and Thomidis T. 2005. Susceptibility of Gisela 5 and Maxma 14 cherry rootstocks to four Phytophthora species. Scientia Horticulturae 106:125–128.

9- Feichtenberger E., Zentmeyer G.A., and Menge J.A. 1984. Identity of Phytophthora isolated from milkweed vine. Phytopathology 17:50–55.

10- Holevas C.D., Gavalas N.A., Chitzanidis A., Kouyea H., Tjamos E.C., Pappas A.C., Elena K., Theohari I., Kornarou E., Panagopoulos C.G., Psallidas P.G., Alivizatos A.S., Hudson T., Hartman E.K., and Davies T.F. 1990. Plant propagation principles and practices. 5th ed., Prentice Hall International Inc., New jersey, USA.

11- Jeffers S.N., and Martin S.B. 1986. Comparison of two media selective for Phytophthora and Pythium species. Plant Disease 70:1038–1043.

12- Matheron M.E., and Mircetich, J.C. 1985. Seasonal variation in susceptibility of Juglans hindsii and paradox rootstocks of English walnut trees to P. citricola. Phytopathology 75:970–972.

13- Mircetich M.S., and Matheron M.E. 1976. Phytophthora root and crown rot of cherry trees. Phytopathology 66:549–558.

14- Mozafarian V. 2005. Trees and shrubs of Iran. Published by Farhang Moaser. 1003pp.

15- Pandidou M.E. 1973. Fungus-host Index for Greece, 382 pp. Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens.

16- Ribeiro O.K., and Baumer J.S. 1977. Techniques for sporangia production of Phytophthora megasperma isolates Phytophthora News letter 5:42–43.

17- Sajadinejad M., Ershad J., Mirabolfathi M., and Zamanizadeh H. 2011. Identification of Phytophthora species the causing root and crown rot of cherry trees in Tehran province. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology 46:81-88.

18- Sharifi H., Bouzari N., and Keshavarz M. 2015. Evaluation of Relative Resistance in Five Stone Fruit Rootstocks to Phytophthora cactorum and P. drechsleri. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal 31:307-323.

19- Thomidis T. 2001. Testing variability in pathogenicity of Phytophthora cactorum,

P. citrophthora and P. syringae to apple, pear, peach, cherry and plum rootstocks. Phytoparasitica 29:47–49.

20- Thomidis T., Cullum J., Elena K., and Jeffers S.N. 2001. Relative resistance of four peach rootstocks to Phytophthora cactorum and P. megasperma. Phytopathology 149:599-604

21- Thomidis T., Karayiannis I., and Tsipouridis C. 2008. Suceptibility of thirty cherry genotypes on Phytophthora cactorum, P. citrophthora, P. citricola and P. parasitica. Phytopathology 156:446-451

22- Thomidis T., and Sotiropoulos T. 2003. Pathogenicity of 11 Phytophthora species on CAB-6P Cherry root stock. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 31:355–360

23- Wilcox W.F., and Mircetich S.M. 1985. Pathogenicity and relative virulence of seven Phytophthora spp. On Mahlaleb and Mazzard Cherry. Phytopathology 75:221- 226.