Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effects of Different Salts on 2,4-D Efficacy in Control of Kochia (Kochiascoparia L.) and Redroot pigweed (Amaranthusretroflexus L.)

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• Mahnaz Mirzaei
• M. Rastgoo ¹
• K Hajmohammadnia Ghalibaf ²
• E. Zand ³

¹ Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

² Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

³ Research Professor of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection

10.22067/jpp.v0i0.55649

Abstract

Introduction: Quality of water used in spray tanks can affect herbicide efficacy, especially acidic herbicides such as 2,4-D. Water is the primary carrier for herbicide applications and it usually makes up over 99% of the spray solution. Considering that, it should be no surprise that the chemistry of water added to the spray tank greatly impacts herbicide effectiveness. Some ions such as calcium and magnesium cations that dissolve into the water, creating various levels of hardness in the water supply. 2,4-D is weak acid herbicide that can be influenced by hard water cations or foliar fertilizers. It has shown reduced activity when applied in water containing calcium and magnesium cations. Hence considering the quality of the water tank sprayer especially hardness helps optimize the efficacy of herbicides. Thus this research was conducted to determine the effect of different salts to 2,4-D on kochia and redroot pigweed as indicator weed species.
Material and Methods: Greenhouse experiments were conducted during 2014 at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad to determine the effect of sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium chloride and calcium chloride in 500 ppm and deionized water as the control on the efficacy of 2,4-D in three doses including 135, 270 and 540 g. a.i. ha-1 (SL 72%) with and without ammonium sulfate (AMS) ( 2% w/v). Kochia and Redroot pigweed were planted after breaking dormancy in plastic pots. Herbicide was applied using a backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 290 L ha−1 at 200 kPa with flat-fan nozzles (Tee Jet 8002 flat-fan spray nozzles). Spray solutions were thoroughly agitated each time a new solution was prepared and immediately prior to application to bring herbicide into solution. Living plants were recorded 3 weeks after herbicide treatment irrespective of the timing of application. In addition to survival, the above-ground dry weight of Kochia and redroot pigweed in each pot was determined 3 weeks after the optimum timing of herbicide application. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Data were subjected to ANOVA for a factorial treatment arrangement using Minitab ver.17. Means of significant main effects and interactions were separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at p≤0.05.
Results and Discussion: Results of ANOVA showed that all factors included 2,4-D doses, type of salt and AMS application had significant effects on survival and dry matter of Kochia and redroot pigweed three weeks after treatment. In this experiment, 2,4-D toxicity to Kochia and redroot pigweed was antagonized by salts available in the spray carrier. Reducing in 2,4-D efficacy for Kochia control in the presence of salts such as calcium, magnesium and sodium by Nalewaja and Matysiak (1993b) was reported. In Kochia, sodium bicarbonate was more antagonistic than the others. But there is no difference between inhibitory effects of all salts in redroot pigweed. Mueller et al. (2006) reported that calcium and magnesium concentrations greater than 250 ppm antagonized glyphosate activity on the weeds such as broadleaf signalgrass, pitted morningglory, Palmer amaranth and yellow nutsedge. Nalewaja and Matysiak (1991) showed that the glyphosate toxicity to wheat was antagonized by sodium, calcium, and magnesium. In addition, results indicate that antagonism of salts on 2,4-D efficacy can be overcome by AMS in both two species, Kochia and redroot pigweed. Shahverdiet al. (2009) showed that the activity of the weak acid herbicides such as glyphosate, chlopyralid, 2,4-D increased with the addition of ammonium sulfate to the spray solution. Also, Roskampet al. (2013) showed that the activity of the 2,4-D and dicamba increased with the addition of ammonium sulfate to the spray solution for control of redroot pigweed, grass horse and lambsquarter. Results of interaction effects between 2,4-D dose and type of salt show that by increasing herbicide dose antagonism effects of cations were decreased. According to our results application of ammonium sulfate in on hard water increased the efficacy of 2,4-D four times in Kochia and more than four times in redroot pigweed.
Conclusion: The efficacy of 2,4-D on Kochia and redroot pigweed was affected by salt type in the spray carrier. Type of salts was different between two species, in Kochia, sodium bicarbonate had more negative effects and in redroot pigweed each four salts had similar effects. Numerous studies have shown that cations can influence herbicide efficacy depending weed species. Also our results showed that control of Kochia and redroot pigweed increased when AMS was added to 2,4-D in spray solutions. AMS has been considered important to herbicide enhancement or to overcoming herbicide antagonism by salts in spray carrier, AMS also enhance 2,4-D phytotoxicity in the absence of antagonistic salts that this confirm previous reports. It was concluded that weed species responded differently to the inhibitory effects of different cations in spray solution and AMS application, thus making a simple recommendation for all conditions is difficult.

Keywords

• Adjuvant
• Calcium
• Hard water
• Magnesium
• Percentage of survival

20.1001.1.20084749.1396.31.2.10.9

---

References

Baily W.A., Poston D.H., Wilson H.P., and Hines, T.E. 2002. Glyphosate interactions with manganese. Weed Technology, 16:792-799.

2- Buhler D.D., and Melinda H.L. 1999. Anderson Guide to Practical Methods of Propagating Weeds and other Plants. WSSA publication.

3- Dehghani F., Rahnemaei R., Malakoti M.J., and Saadat S. 2012. Study of the ratio of calcium to magnesium status in some irrigation water country. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 26(1):117-129 (In Persian with English Abstract).

4- Donald W.W. 1988. Established foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum L.) control with glyphosate plus ammonium sulfate. Weed Technology, 2:364-368.

5- Holm F.A., and Henry J.L. 2005. Water Quality and Herbicides. Crop Science, Plant Ecology and Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan.

6- Izadi Darbandi E., Nessari N., and Azarian, F. 2011. Investigation the Effect of Water Hardness on 2,4-D Amine Efficacy on Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and Common Lambsquart (Chenopodium album) control. Journal of Plant Protection, 25(3):258-265 (In Persian with English Abstract).

7- McMullan P.M. 2000. Utility adjuvants. Weed Technology, 14:792-797.

8- Mueller T.C., Main C.L., Thompson M.A., and Steckel, L.E. 2006. Comparison of glyphosate salts (Isopropylamine, Demonism and Potassium) and calcium and magnesium concentration on the control of various weeds. Weed Technology, 20:164-171.

9- Nalewaja J.D., and Matysiak R. 1991. Salt antagonism of glyphosate. Weed Science, 39: 622-628.

10- Nalewaja J.D., and Matysiak R. 1992b. Species differ in response to adjuvants with glyphosate. Weed Technology, 6:561-566.

11- Nalewaja J.D., and Matysiak R. 1993b. Spray carrier salts affect herbicide toxicity to kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed Technology, 7:154-158

12- Nalewaja J.D., Manthey F.A., Szelezniak E.F., and Anyska A. 1989. Sodium bicarbonate antagonism of sethoxydim. Weed Technology, 3:654-658.

13- Nalewaja J.D., Praczyk T., and Matysiak R. 1995. Salts and surfactants influence nicosulfuron activity. Weed Technology, 9:587-593.

14- Nalewaja J.D., Praczyk T., and Matysiak R. 2000. Spray deposits from nicosulfuron with salts that affect efficacy. Weed Technology, 14:740-749.

15- Nalewaja J.D., Woznica Z., and Matysiak R. 1991. 2,4-D amine antagonism by salts. Weed Technology, 5:873-880.

16- Nalewaja J.D., and Matysiak, R., and Szelezniak, E. 1994. Sethoxydim response to spray carrier chemical properties and environment. Weed Technology, 8:591-597.

17- Nosratti I., Alizade H., and Rahimian Mashhadi H. 2011. Effect of some adjuvants on overcoming antagonistic effects of spray carrier water quality on glyphosate and herbicide mixture 2, 4-D + MCPA efficacy on licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Journal of Weed Knowledge, 7: 49-60 (In Persian with English Abstract).

18- Penner D. 2006. Novel water conditioning agents for glyphosate. North Central Weed Science Society Proceedings, 61:150.

19- Pringnitz B. 1998. Clearing up Confusion on Adjuvants and Additives. Iowa State University Extention Agronomy.

20- Rashed Mohasel M.H, Najafi H., and Akbarzadeh D.M. 2009. Weed Biology and Control. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press (In Persian).

21- Roskamp J.M., Cahal G.S., and Johnson W.G. 2013. The effect of cations and ammonium sulfate on the efficacy of dicamba and 2,4-D.Weed Technology, 27:72-77.

22- Salisbury C.D., Chandler J.M., and Merkle M.G. 1991. Ammonium sulfate enhancement of glyphosate and SC-0224 control of Johnson-grass (Sorghum halepense L.). Weed Technology, 5:18-21.

23- Shahverdi F., Montazeri M., and Dianat M. 2009. The effect of ammonium sulphate on efficacy of a few weak acidic herbicides. Weed Research, 5: 121-131 (In Persian with English Abstract).

24- Shea P. J., and Tupy D. R. 1984. Reversal of cation induced reduction in glyphosate action with EDTA. Weed Science, 32:802-806.

25- Streibig J.C., and Kudsk P. 1993. Herbicide Bioassays. CRC. Press, Inc.

26- Thelen K.D., Jackson E.P., and Penner D. 1995. The basis for the hard water antagonism of glyphosate activity. Weed Science, 43:541-548.

27- Wills G.D., and McWhorter G.G. 1985. Effect of inorganic salts on the toxicity and translocation of glyphosate and MSMA in purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus). Weed Science, 33:755-761.

28- Zand E., Baghestani M., Hadizade M.H. and Shimi P. 2012. Manual weed management in corn fields in Iran. Jihad, Mashhad University Press (in Persian).