1- ساوری نژاد ع.ر. 1389. بررسی بیولوژی وکنترل شیمیایی فرفیون خوابیده (Euphorbia maculata L.) درمزارع سویای استان گلستان. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات.
2- مین باشی معینی م.، زند ا. و میقانی ف. 1390. مدیریت غیرشیمیایی علف های هرز. انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی مشهد.
3- نجفی ح.، زند ا.، دیانت م. و نصرتی ا. 1390. اکولوژی علف های هرز و گیاهان مهاجم. انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی مشهد.
4-Anonymous. 2012. Spotted spurge - Utah State University Extension. Available at extension. usu.edu/weedguides/files/uploads/Euphorbiaceae.pdf. Accessed December 25 2012.
5- Bailey-Serres J., and Voesenek L.A.C.J. 2008. Flooding stress: acclimations and genetic diversity. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59: 313–339.
6- Benech-Arnold R.L., Sanchez R.A., Forcella F., Kruck B.C., and Ghersa C.M. 2000. Environmental control of dormancy in weed seed banks in soil. Field Crops Research, 67:105–122.
7- Bolfrey-Arku G.E-K., Chauhan B.S., and Johnson D.E. 2011. Seed germination ecology of itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis). Weed Science, 59: 182-187. 2011.
8- Boyd N., and Van Acker R. 2004. Seed germination of common weed species as affected by oxygen concentration, light, and osmotic potential. Weed Science, 52: 589–596.
9- Buhler D.D., and Hartzler R.G. 2001. Emergence and persistence of seed of velvetleaf, common waterhemp, wooly cupgrass, and giant foxtail. Weed Science, 49:230–235.
10- Carrington M.E. 2010. Effects of soil temperature during fire on seed survival in Florida Sand Pine Scrub. International Journal of Forestry Research, 2010: 1-10.
11- Caswell H., Lensink R., and Neubert M.G. 2003. Demography and dispersal: life table response experiments for invasion speed. Ecology, 84: 1968-1978.
12- Certini G. 2005. Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: areview. Oecologia, 143: 1-10.
13- Chauhan B.S., Gill G., and Preston C. 2006. Factors affecting seed germination of annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) in southern Australia. Weed Science, 54: 854-860.
14- Comes R.D., Bruns V.F., Kelley A.D. 1978. Longevity of certain weed and crop seeds in fresh water. Weed Science, 26: 336-344.
15- Conn J.S., Beattie K.L., and Blanchard A. 2006. Seed viability and dormancy of 17 weed species after 19.7 years of burial in Alaska. Weed Science, 54:464–470.
16- Davis A.S., Cardina J., Forcella F., Johnson G.A., Kegode G., Lindquist J.L., Luschei E.C., Renner K.A., Sprague C.L., and Williams II. M.M. 2005. Environmental factors affecting seed persistence of annual weeds across the U.S. corn belt. Weed Science, 53:860–868.
17- Davis A.S., Renner K.A., and Gross K.L. 2005. Weed seedbank and community shifts in a long-term cropping systems experiment. Weed Science, 53: 296–306.
18- Davis A.S., Schutte B.J., Iannuzzi J., and Renne K.A. 2008. Chemical and physical defense of weed seeds in relation to soil seedbank persistence. Weed Science, 56: 676–684.
19- Ditomaso J.M., Brooks M.L., Allen E.B., Minnich R., Rice P.M., and Kyser G.B. 2006. Control of invasive weeds with prescribed burning. Weed Technology, 20: 535-548.
20- Geissler K., and Gzik A. 2008. The impact of flooding and drought on seeds of seeds of Cnidium dubium, Gratiola officinalis, and Juncus atratus, three endangered perennial river corridor plants of Central European lowlands. Aquatic Botany, 89: 283–291.
21- Grundy A.C., and Jones N.E. 2002. Seedbanks. In: Naylor, R. E. L. (ed.). Weed Management Handbook, 9th edn. Blackwell Science for the BCPC.
22- Koger C.H., Reddy K.N., and Poston D.H. 2004. Factors affecting seed germination, seedling emergence, and survival of texasweed (Caperonia palustris). Weed Science, 52: 989-995.
23- Kolb R.M., and Joly C.A. 2010. Germination and anaerobic metabolisms of seeds of Tabebuia cassinoides (Lam.) DC subjected to flooding and anoxia. Flora, 205:112–117.
24- Maguire J.D. 1962. Speed of germination-aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science, 2: 176-177.
25- Narbona E., Arista M., and Ortiz P.L. 2007. Seed germination ecology of the perennial Euphorbia boetica, an endemic spurge of the southern Iberian Peninsula. Annales Botanici Fennici, 44: 276-282.
26- Narbona E., Ortiz P.L., and Arista M. 2006. Germination viability and the effect of various pre-treatment on germination in the perennial spurge Euphorbia nicaeensis All. Flora, 201: 633–641.
27- Ohnishi Y., and Suzuki N. 2008. Seasonally different modes of seed dispersal in the prostrate annual, Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Euphorbiaceae), with multiple overlapping generations. Ecological Research, 23: 299-305.
28- Oliveira M.J., and Norsworthy J.K. 2006. Pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) germination and emergence as affected by environmental factors and seeding depth. Weed Science, 54: 910-916.
29- Pena-Fronteras J.T., Villalobos M.C., Baltazar A.M., Merca F.E., Ismail A.M., and Johnson D.E. 2009.Adaptation to flooding in upland and lowland ecotypes of Cyperus rotundus, a troublesome sedge weed of rice: tuber morphology and carbohydrate metabolism. Annals of Botany, 103: 295-302.
30- Pysek P., and Prach K. 1993. Plant invasions and the role of riparian habitats - a comparison of 4 species alien to central Europe. Journal of Biogeography, 20: 413-420.
31- Reddy N.K., and Singh M. 1992. Germination and emergence of Hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa). Weed Science, 40: 195-199.
32- Singh M., Ramirez A.H.M., Sharma S.D., and Jhala A.J. 2012. Factors affecting the germination of tall morningglory (Ipomoea purpurea). Weed Science, 60: 64-68.
33- Stanton R., Wu H., and Lemerle, D. 2012. Factors affecting silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) germination. Weed Science, 60:42–47.
34- Thebaud C., and Debussche M. 1991. Rapid invasion of Fraxinus ornus L along the Herault river system in southern France - the importance of seed dispersal by water. Journal of Biogeography, 18: 7-12.
35- Ullrich S.D., Buyer J.S., Cavigelli M.A., Seidel R., and Teasdale J.R. 2011. Weed Seed Persistence and Microbial Abundance in Long-Term Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems. Weed Science, 59: 202–209.
36- Unger I.M., Muzika R.M., and Motavalli P.P. 2010. The effect of flooding and residue incorporation on soil chemistry, germination and seedling growth. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 69: 113–120.
37- Zhou J., Tao B., Deckard E.L., and Messersmith C.G. 2006. Garden huckleberry (Solanum melanocerasium) germination, seed survival, and response to herbicides. Weed Science, 54: 478–483.
Send comment about this article