Competitive Ability and Tolerance of 18 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars to Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.)

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• fatemeh abdollahi
• Hamid Reza Mohammaddoust‌Chamanabad

University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

10.22067/jpp.v30i4.50675

Abstract

Introduction: Weeds causing 15 % or more damage to crops, annually. The amount of these damages depends upon different factors such as cultivar type and weeds species. Wild mustard is a cosmopolitan and most serious broad leaf weed in wheat fields which has widespread through world including Iran. Rapid emergence of wild mustard under cold condition and fast growth early in the spring are reasons that make its competitive capability along growing season with wheat. In the more global regions, soil seed bank persistence, height competitive ability, vast fecundity and herbicides resistance are chief problems in wild mustard control. Nonetheless, one of the weeds control strategies in integrated weed management systems is utilization of height competitive ability cultivars.
Materials and Methods: In order to examine competitiveness of various wheat cultivars on wild mustard and evaluation of presence of this weed species yield and its components in wheat, an outdoor pot experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Greenhouse, College of Agriculture, Mohaghegh-e Ardabili University, during 2013-2014. Treatments comprising of 18 wheat cultivars namely: [Var1: Karkheh, Var2: Alborz, Var3: Azadi, Var4: Shahpasand, Var5: Sepahan, Var6: Flat, Var7: Ghods, Var8: Roshan, Var9: Sorkh tokhm, Var10: Moghan3, Var11: Alvand, Var12: MS-81-14, Var13: Yarvarus, Var14: Shahriyar, Var15: Golestan, Var16: Bam, Var17: Niknajad, Var18:Karaj3]. All mentioned cultivars were laid in the weed free (no wild mustard present) and interference condition (wild mustard present) pots and were arranged in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Wild mustard seeds, were used as weed seeds source that previously have collected in Agronomic Department Laboratory of Mohagheghe Ardabili University. Each pot was filled with almost 5 Kg mixtures of (sand, farm soil and farm yard manure). Also in each pot 15 wheat seeds along with several wild mustard seeds in regular pattern had been sown. First irrigation was done immediately after sowing on the pots. In the spring after wheat seedling were established pots were thinning and 6 seedlings in each pots and only one established wild mustard was remaining. At the end of growing season, yield, yield components and weeds losses dry weight were estimated. Competitive index (CI) and Weed Interference Tolerance Index (WITI) were assessed.
All gathered data and trials that involving yield such as (spike number, seeds number per spike and thousand seeds weight), at ripening stage of all wheat in the pots were measured and weighted. Numeric observations which ascribing to wheat cultivars based on Squared Euclidean clustering analysis procedure for all cultivars categorize were used. Data were subjected to ANOVA, and means were separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at 0.05 probability (P ≤ 0.05).
Results and Discussion: Wild mustard dry matter weight was influenced by means of different wheat cultivars (P ≤ 0.01). This effects resulting reduction of wild mustard dry matter weight ranged 14.4 -67.4% based on cultivar types, so that Bam, Alvand and MS-81-14 cultivars in this aspect was superior cultivars. Also, collected information represented that between cultivars there are significant difference in the spike production in each pot (P ≤ 0.01). Whereas, numbers of spike in each pot varied between 22 to 43, but Golstan cultivar had maximum spike in each pots and minimum spike belonged to Sepahan and Roshan cultivars. Spike numbers also had a significantly positive correlation with decreased weed dry matter percentage. There was difference between wheat cultivars in the seed per spikes (P ≤ 0.01). There was negative correlation between seed numbers and spike numbers (P ≤ 0.01), but positive association was between this character with wild mustard dry matter percentage decline (P ≤ 0.05). Numbers of fertile spikes were important factor in grain yield (15). There are significant differences in wheat yield between eighteen cultivars (P ≤ 0.01), so that Bam, MS-81-14 and Yarvarus have highest yield and Roshan has lowest from the rest cultivars. Yield data was influenced under wheat cultivars and wild mustard interference effects and inter-act of two mentioned factors (P ≤ 0.05).
Conclusion: Although, large numbers of study in overall world focus on cultivar’s merits and competitor cultivars study well documented, but we credence is that cultivars election and recommendations for each specific local must be documented in repeated and long-terms studies (in time and site). But results originated of this study, well documented cultivars selections in view of more effective Weed interference tolerance index (WITI) for Alvand, Bam, MS-81-14, and Yarvarus cultivars for weed suppress such wild mustardin Ardabil conditions,and yield productionalso Bam, MS-81-14 and Yarvarus were superior cultivars from others cultivars in Ardabil regions, which appear to be implemented in integrated weed managements design options. Finally, authors must be mentioned that this conclusion merely is primarily information in cultivars selections and other works must extended and carry out in Ardabil field conditions.

Keywords

• Cultivars breeding
• Non-chemical management
• Sustainable agriculture
• Yield loss

20.1001.1.20084749.1395.30.4.10.6

---

References

Ahmadi A. M., Rashed Mohassel M. H., Baghestani M. A., and Rostami M. 2004. The effect of the critical period of weed competition on yield, yield components and morpho-physiological characteristics bean Derakhshan cultivar. Plant Pest and Disease. 1: 31-49. (in Persian with English abstract).

2- Anonymous. 2014. Available: http://www.ardabilmet.ir/.

3- Armin M., and Asghripour M. 2011. Effect of plant density on wild oat competition with competitive and non-competitive wheat cultivars. Agricultuer Science. 10: 1554-1561.

4- Baghestani M. A., and Zand E. 2004. Study of competitive ability of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes against weeds with attention to Goldbachia laevigata DC and Avena ludoviciana Dur in Karaj. Plant Pest and Disease. 72: 1-21. (in Persian with English abstract)

5- Baghestani M.A., Zand E., Rahimian Mashhadi H., and Soufizadeh S. 2005. Morphological and physiological characteristics which enhance competitiveness of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) against Goldbachia laevigata. Weed Science. 1: 111-126.

6- Beckie H.J., Johnson E., Blackshaw R.E., and Gan Y. 2008. Weed suppression by canola and mustard cultivars. Weed Techology. 22:182–185.

7- Blakshaw R.E., Molnar L.J., and Janzen H.H. 2004. Nitrogen fertilizer timing and application method affect weed growth and competition with spring wheat. Weed Science. 52: 614-622.

8- Cousens R.D., Barnett A.G., and Barry G.C. 2003. Dynamics of competition between wheat and oats. I. effects of changing the timing of phonological events. Agronumy. 95: 1295-1304.

9- Dianat M., Rahimian Mashhadi H., Baghestani M.A., Alizadeh H.M., and Zand E. 2007. Evaluation of Iranian cultivars of bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for competitive ability against rye (Secale cereale). Agriculture Science. 23: 267-280. (In Persian with English abstract).

10- Deihimfard R. 2005. The evaluate Morpho-physiology characteristics affecting the yield of some varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in competition with Arugula (Eurea sativa). M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture AbouReyhan. 135 p. (In Persian with English abstract).

11- Farbodnia A., Baghestani M. A., Zand E., and NurMohammadi. 2009. Evalution of competitive ability of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) in contrast against Daphnia (Descurainia Sophia). Plant Protect. 23: 74-81. (In Persian with English abstract).

12- Ghaderi A., Eversonn E. H., and Cress C. E. 1980. Classfication of enveronments and genotypes in wheat. Crop Science. 15: 700-704.

13- Gill B. S., Rupp W. J., Sharma H. C., and Browder L. B. 1986. Resistance in Aegilops squarrosa to wheat leaf rust, wheat powodeny mildew, greenbuy and Hession fly. Plant Disease. 70: 553-555.

14- Knezevic S. Z., Evans S. P., Blankenship E.E., Van Acker R.C., and Lindquist J.L. 2002. Critical period for weed control: The Concept and Data Analysis. Weed Science. 50: 773–786.

15- Lemerle D. G. S., Gill C. E., Murphy S. R., Walker R. D., Cousens S., Mokhtari S. J., Peltzer R., Coleman D., and Lickett J. 2001. Genetic improvement and agronomy for enhanced wheat competitiveness with weeds. Agricultuer Resaerch. 52: 527-548.

16- Mennan H., and Zandstra B. H. 2005. Effect of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars and seeding rate on yield loss from Galium aparine (cleavers). Short communication. Crop Protection. 24: 1061-1067.

17- Mohammaddust Chamabad H. R. 2011. Introduction to principles and practical weed control. Publications University of Ardebil. 229 p.

18- Mohammaddost Chamanabad H. R., Hemati Kh., Asghari A., and Barmaki M. 2013. The effect of nitrogen and weed interference on some agronomic traits, yield and yield components of five wheat cultivars. Agricultural science and sustainable production.23 (4): 131-140. (In Persian with English abstract).

19- Mohammaddost Chamanabad H. R., Bakhshi M., Asghari A., and Mohammad Nia Sh. 2015. Evaluation of Weed Tolerance and Competition Indices of 18 Wheat Genotypes. Weed Science. 10: 155-166. (In Persian with English abstract).

20- Naderi R., and Ghadiri H. 2011. Competition of wild mustard (Sinapis arvense L.) densities with rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Agricultuer Science. 13: 45-51.

21- Navabpour S., and Kazemi G. 2013. Stady the relation between grain yield and related traits in wheat by path analysis. Crop Production. 6(1): 191- 203. (In Persian with English abstract).

22- Olsen J., Kristensen L., and Weiner J. 2005. Effects of density and spatial pattern, of winter wheat on suppression of different weed species. Weed Science: 690-694.

23- Pawar R.K. 2009. Weed Management. Oxford Book Company. Jaipur. India. 300p.

24- Rahimian Mashhadi H., Baghestani M.A., Zand E., and Dianat M. 2004. Assess the competitiveness of the eight wheat cultivars with rye in Karaj and Varmyn. Abstract eighth congress Crop. Rasht.

25- Rezvani H., Asghari J., Ehteshami M. R., and Kamkar B. 2013. Study reaction yield wheat cultivars in competition with the weed in Gorgan. 6(4): 178-214. (In Persian with English abstract).

26- Siyahpoosh A., Zand E., Bakhshande A., and Gharineh M.H. 2012. Competitive of different densitiesof two wheat cultivars with wild mustard weed species (Sinapis arvensis) in different densities. Weed Science. 20: 748-752.

27- Saadatian B., Ahmadvand G., and Soleymani F. 2011. Evaluation empirical models of feral and wild mustard to predict yield loss of two winter wheat cultivars. Crop Production.4 (4): 157-175. (In Persian with English abstract).

28- Safahani Langrodi A., Kamkar B., Zand E., Bagherani Meybodi N., and Bagheri M. 2007. Reaction of grain yield and its components of canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars in competition with wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) in Gorgan. Crop Science. 9: 356-370. (In Persian with English abstract).

29- Williams W. D., and Muhammad K. 1997. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) effects on yield components of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Weed Science. 44: 114-121.

30- Wall D.A., Friesen G.H., and Bhati T.K. 2006. Wild mustard interference in traditional and semi-leafless field wheats. Canadian. Plant Science. 71: 473-480.

31- Zhao D. L., Atlin G. N., Bastians L., and Spiertz J. H. 2006. Cultivar weed-competitiveness in aerobic rices: heritability, correlated traits and the potential for indirect selection in weed-free environments. Crop Science. 46: 372-380.

32- Zand E. 2000. Study the physiological characteristics of Iranian wheat cultivars of the morphology, physiology, competition within and between species (trend of 50 years old). Agriculture Phd thesis. Faculty of Agriculture. University of Mashhad Ferdousi.

33- Van Acker R. C., and Oree R. 2004. Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and wild mustard (Brassica kaber) wheller interference in canola (Brassica napus). Weed Science. 39: 210-221.