Surveying some strategies of cultural management on species growth indices and yield in the field of soybean

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

• habibeh soltani
• Ali Ghanbari
• Mehdi Rastgoo
• Ghorban Ali asadi

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

10.22067/jpp.v31i3.52862

Abstract

Introduction soybean (Glycine max L.) plays an important role in three major markets of grains, oil and meal. damage of weeds in soybean generally 13 to 60 and sometimes more than %80 have been reported Farming methods through proper management, sowing date and by use of optimum density could be a strategy for the development of ecological competitiveness of crops and inhibit weed growth are the comparison the growth indices to design interference models of weed and crop and estimate crop yield loss in competition with weed is essential and allow to plant breeding researcher to choice the more competitive varieties of crop in competition with weed.
Materials and Methods With the aim of influencing sowing date and plant density on the growth indices and evaluation the competitive ability of soybean cultivar Williams with weeds, an experiment was conducted in 2013, at Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, as split-split based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plot included three sowing dates levels (17 April, 12 May, 6 June) and sub - plots included four crop density (30, 40, 50 and 60 plant . m-2) and sub - sub plots included weed management of two level (weed infested and weedy control). First sampling was started at 35 days after planting and was every 14 days until the end of growth period. Leaf area index, dry matter, crop growth rate and the growth rate were calculated
Results and Discussion The results showed that 11 species weed belonging to 9 families observed and identified. In the early stages of growth, leaf area index and dry matter increased slowly, but in the seven to eight leaf stage of plant growth (Log phase), leaf area index and dry matter increased rapidly, and a little upon entry to the plant Physiological maturity period (Early seedling) peeks, and again began to decline at the end of seedling. The sowing date 12 May in contrast to early sowing date (17 April) and delayed planting date (6 June) produced greater leaf area index, dry matter and growth rate. Low temperature in the early stage of growth early planting and the reduced length of the growing season due to the high temperature in delayed planting results in reduced leaf area index and dry matter. The more density, the later sowing date results in the more dry matter and leaf area index. Maybe, sowing date together with more density was compensated yield loss. The presence of weeds in soybean density from 30 to 60 plants per square meter, the leaf area index and dry matter increased. Most of crop growth rate (22.24) was observed in sowing date, 12 May and with 50 plants per square meter and without weed. The maximum growth rate (0.127) was observed on sowing date 6 June and 40 plants per square meter and in condition of weed control. difference between the dry matter, leaf area index, crop growth rate and the growth rate in condition of weed interference (all season) were significant Results indicated that the maximum economic yield is related to sowing date, 12 May and 40 plants per square meter. Also, in this situation improved growth indices and increased competitive ability against weed were observed.
Conclusions The results of this study showed that dry matter, leaf area meter, crop growth rate and the growth rate in the presence of weed were declined. Early and late planting reduced dry matter, leaf area index and the rate of growth of soybeans. It̓̓s concluded that such t the low temperature in early growth period in early planting and reduced length of growing season delayed planting due to the high temperature reduced dry matter, leaf area index. The low density (density 30 and 60 plants per square meter) impacted growth indicators. There for, the density should be selected based on plant, ecological needs during environmental conditions and the growing season. In conclusion the sowing date 12 May and density 40 plants per square meter are the best condition that improve growth indices and increase the competitiveness of soybean against the weed, and these are as ecological solution for reduced pesticide usage and reduced the effects of environmental pollution and men's health.

Keywords

• Crop Growth Rate
• Growth Rate
• Interference
• leaf area meter
• yeild seed

20.1001.1.20084749.1396.31.3.4.5

---

References

1- Afshari M. 2009. Estimation of multi-species competition and seasonal dynamic of weed population and determination of growth indices, yield and yield component of corn (Zea mays L.) under field condition.M.sc thesis, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad. (In Persian with English Summary)

2- Amano L.O., and Salazar A.M. 1989. Comparative productivity of corn and sorghum affected by population density and nitrogen fertilization, Philippine University Agriculture, 72:247-254.

3- Anderson L.R., and Vasilas B.L. 1985. Effect of planting date on two soybean cultivars: seasonal dry matter accumulation and seed yield. Crop Science, 25:999-1004.

4- Azizi F., and Mahrokh A. 2012. Effects of different planting density in sowing date on growth indices yield and yield components sweet corn varieties KSC403su, Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 10:764- 773. (in Persian)

5- Behdani M.A., and Jami AL-Ahmadi M. 2008. Evaluation of growth and yield of safflower cultivars in different planting dates, Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 6:245-253. (in Persian with English abstract)

6- Board J.E. 1985. Yield components associated with soybean yield redution at nonoptimal planting dates, Journal of Agronomy, 77:135-140.

7- Bussan A.J., Burnside O.C., James H., and Puettmann K.J. 1997. Field evaluation of soybean (Glycine max) genotypes for weed competitiveness, Weed Science, 45:31-37.

8- Chaturvedi V.K. 1992. Quality evaluation of forage sorghum. National Research Center for Sorghum, Ragendranager, Hyderabad, India.

9- Chhokar S.R., and Rajender B.S. 1999.Competition and control of weed in soybean, Weed Science, 47:107-111.

10- Cudney D.W., Jordan L.S., Holt J.S., and Peints J.S. 1989. Competitive interactions of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Wild oats (Avena fatua) grown at different densities, Weed Science, 37:538-543.

11- Dalley C.D., Bernards M.L., and Kells J.J. 2006. Effect of weed removal timing and row spacing on soil moisture in corn (Zea mays), Weed Technology, 20:399-409.

12- Deihimfard R. 2005. Evaluation of the morphophysiological characteristics effects on yield increase of some Triticum asetivum L. cultivars in competition with Eruca sativa Mill. M.Sc Thesis, Abooreihan University of Tehran. (In Persian with English Summary)

13- Department of Statistics and Information of the Ministry of Agriculture. 2014. agricultural statistics from 2012 to 2013. Publications Department of Planning and Economy, Center for Information and Communication Technology.

14- Ebrahimi M. 2010. Effect of sowing date and plant density on yield, yield components soybean and weeds communities. M.sc thesis, University of Zanjan. (In Persian with English Summary)

15- Fernandz O.N., Vignolio O.R., and Requesens E.C. 2002. Competition between corn (Zea mays) and bermudagrsss (Cynodon dactylon) in relation to the crop plant arrangement, Journal of Agronomy, 22:293-305.

16- Habibzadeh E., Mameghani R., and Kashani A. 2006. Effect of planting density on seed yield and some morphological properties for three mung cultivar (Vigna radiate L.) under weather condition of Ahvaz, Iranian Journal of Crop Science, 8:66-78. (in Persian)

17- Jozef P., yenish A., Douglas W., and York A.C. 1996. Cover crop for herbicide replacement in no–tillage ( Zea mays ), Journal of Weed Technology, 10:815 - 821.

18- Kaya Y., Evci G., Durak S., Pekcan V., and Gucer T. 2007. Determining the relationships between yield and yield attributes in sunflower, Turksh Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 31:237-244.

19- Khajepoor M.R. 1987. Principles and Fundamental of Agriculture. Publications SID University of Technology, Isfahan.

20- Khajepoor M.R. 1998. Industrial plants of Production. Publications SID University of Technology, Isfahan.

21- Klingaman T.E., and oliver L.R. 1994. Influence of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) and soybean ( Glycine max ) planting date and weed interference, Weed Science, 42:61-65.

22- Malone S., Holshouser D.L., Herbert D.A., Jones, B.P. 2009. Identifying soybean fields at risk to leaf-feeding insects, Virginia Cooperative Extension. Virginia State University.Publication.203-444.

23- Najafi H. 2007. Non-chemical methods of weeds management. Find knowledge, Mashhad.

24- Ozoni Davaji A., Esfahani M., Sami Zadeh H., and Rabiei M. 2008. Effect of planting pattern and plant density on growth indices and radiation use efficiency of apetalous flowers and petalled rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars, Iranian Journal of Crop Science, 9:382-400. (In Persian)

25- Purcell L.C., Rosalind A.B., Reaper D.J., and Vories E.D. 2002. Radiation use efficiency and biomass production in soybean at different plant population densities, Crop Science, 42:172-177.

26- Raie Y., Ghasemi Golozani K., Javanshir A., Alyari H., Mohammadi S.A., and Nasrollahzadeh S. 2007. Interference effect of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) on soybean (Glycine max L.) growth and grain yield, Iran Journal of Crop Science, 9:125-141. (In Persian).

27- Rajcan I., and Swanton C. J. 2001. Understanding maize-weed competition: Resource competition, light quality and whole plant, Field Crop Research, 71:139-150.

28- Razmi N. 2010. Effect of Sowing Date and Plant Density on Some Agronomic Characteristics, Grain Yield and Its Components in Soybean Genotypes in Moghan Region, Seed and plant production, 26:403-418. (in Persian)

29- Rizzi R., Rudorff F.T., and Shimabukuro Y.E. 2005. Analysis of MODIS leaf area index product over soybean areas in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Anais XII Simposio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, Goiania, Brasil, P. 253-260.

30- Safahani Langeroudi A.R., and Kamkar B. 2009. Field screening of canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars against wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) using competition indices and some empirical yield loss models in Golestan Province, Iranian Journal of Crop Protection, 28:577–582. (in Persian)

31- Salari M. 2009. Effect of sowing date on competitiveness and dynamics of weed species in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in field condition. M.sc thesis. Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian with English Summary)

32- Samaunder S., Malik R.K., Panwar R.S., and Balyan, R.S. 1996. Influence of sowing time on winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) control in wheat with isoproturon, Weed Science, 43:370-374.

33- Sarmadnia G., and koocheki A. 2003.Physiology of Crop plants, Franklin & Brent Pearce. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad.

34- Seiter S., Altemose C.E., and Davis M.H. 2004. Forage soybean yield and quality responses to plant density and row distance, Journal of Agronomy, 96:966-970.

35- Singer S.R., and Mc Daniel C.M. 1985.Selection of glyphosate-tolerant calli and the expression of this tolerance in regenerated plants. Plant Physiol . In" Somaclonal Variation and Mutations in Crop Improvement .(Eds. S. M. Jain., D. S. Brar, and B. S. Ahlowalia). Kluwer Academic Press. Pp: 169-202.

36- Synonym. 2007. Sunflower, Journal of Iranian publication of vegetable oil extraction industry.

37- Teasdal J.R., Frank J.R. 1983. Effect of row spacing on weed competition with snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), Weed Science, 31:81-87.

38- Tollenaar M., Nissanka S.P., Aguilera A., Weise S.F., and Swanton C.J. 1994. Effect of weed interference and soil nitrogen on four maize hybrids, Journal of Agronomy, 89: 596-601.

39- Van Acer R.C. 1992. The critical period of weed control in soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr) and the influence of weed interference on soybean growth. MSc Thesis, Guelph University.

40- Van Acker, R.C., Weise S.F., and Swanton C.J. 1993. Influence of interference From a mixed weed species stand on soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) growth, Plant Science, 73: 1293-1304.

41- Warren Wilson J. 1981. Analysis of growth photosyntheses and light interception for single plant and stands, Journal of Annals Botany, 22: 37-54.

42- Weiner J., Griepentorg H.W., and Kristensen L. 2001.Suppression of weed by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) increase with crop density and spatial uniformity, Applied Ecology, 38:784-790.