ارزیابی بر‏هم‏کنش نیتروژن با علف‏کش‏ بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) در رقابت با علف‏های هرز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه زراعت، واحد شوشتر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شوشتر، ایران

چکیده

با هدف بررسی عملکرد گندم در رقابت با علف‏های هرز تحت سطوح مختلف نیتروژن و علف‏کش، آزمایشی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شوشتر در سال زراعی 1398-1397 با آرایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار انجام شد. تیمارها شامل: چهار سطح علف‏کش مت‏سولفورون + سولفوسولفورون (صفر، 38، 40 و 48 گرم در هکتار) 30 روز پس از کاشت و پنج سطح نیتروژن (0، 60، 120، 180 و 240 کیلو‏گرم در هکتار) بودند. کنترل مکانیکی با دست به‏عنوان شاهد در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر تیمار علف‏کش بر وزن هزار دانه معنی‏دار بود. به‌طوری‌که افزایش دوز علف‏کش تا 48 گرم در هکتار، افزایش وزن هزار دانه را به‏اندازه تیمار شاهد (وجین دستی) بالا برد. اثر نیتروژن و علف‏کش بر تعداد سنبله نیز معنی‏دار بود. با افزایش مقدار نیتروژن تا 120 کیلو‏گرم در هکتار تعداد سنبله افزایش یافت. این تغییرات در مقادیر نیتروژن بالاتر از 120 کیلو‏گرم در هکتار معنی‏دار نبود. اثر متقابل نیتروژن و علف‏کش بر عملکرد دانه و ماده خشک گندم و علف هرز معنی‏دار بود. با افزایش نیتروژن، عملکرد و ماده خشک گندم در دوزهای بالاتر علف‏کش افزایش و در دوزهای پایین، کاهش یافت. در سطوح پایین نیتروژن، بین سطوح علف‏کش به لحاظ عملکرد دانه تفاوت معنی‏داری مشاهده نشد. بیش‏ترین عملکرد دانه و کم‏ترین ماده خشک علف هرز به‏ترتیب با 3/5026 و 178 کیلوگرم در هکتار در تیمار 240 کیلوگرم نیتروژن + 48 گرم علف‏کش در هکتار به‏دست آمد. همبستگی منفی و معنی‏دار ماده خشک گندم و علف‏های هرز، وجود ارتباط نزدیک در برهم‏کنش تیمارها را نشان داد. از این رو می‏توان از طریق اعمال ترکیب مناسب نیتروژن و علف‏کش در مدیریت تلفیقی علف‏های هرز گندم بهره جست.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Nitrogen-herbicide Interaction on Wheat Yield and Yield Components in Competition with Weed

نویسندگان [English]

  • farzad soltani
  • Saeed Saeedipour
Department of Agronomy, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Increasing the competitiveness of crops through the use of nitrogen fertilizers and herbicides is an important part of integrated weed management. In recent years, concern over the environmental effects, costs of cultivation, and long-term efficacy of conventional weed management systems have led to increasing number of researchers to seek alternative systems that are less reliant on herbicides and more reliant on ecological processes. This research was conducted with the aim of studying the interaction of different levels of herbicide and nitrogen on weed control and wheat yield improvement.
Materials and Methods
A field study was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm, Islamic Azad University during 2018-19 with factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Four herbicide levels (0, 32, 40 and 48 g. metsulfuron-methyl plus sulfosulfuron. ha-1) were applied as early post-emergence application (30 DAS) and five nitrogen levels (0. 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg.ha-1). Hand weeding (control) was applied to compare other treatments.
 
Results and Discussion
Results showed that nitrogen × herbicide interaction was significant on grain yield and dry matter of wheat and weed. Grain yield and dry matter of wheat significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen at lower herbicide levels. The effect of herbicide treatment on 1000 grain weight was significant. So that increasing the dose of herbicide up to 48 g.ha-1 increased 1000 grain weight as much as the control treatment. The effect of nitrogen and herbicide on the number of spikes was also significant. By increasing the amount of nitrogen up to 120 kg.ha-1, the number of spike increased. The results showed that the mutual effect of nitrogen and herbicide on grain yield and dry matter of wheat and weed was significant. With the increasing of nitrogen, the grain yield and dry matter of wheat increased in higher herbicide doses and decreased in lower dosed. At low levels of nitrogen, no significant difference was observed between herbicide levels in terms of grain yield and dry matter of weeds, which indicates the higher competitiveness of wheat at low levels of nitrogen and no need to use herbicides. At the same time, at high levels of nitrogen, wheat yield increases at much slower rate than weeds. Therefore, in terms of nitrogen consumption, we will have to use more herbicides in intensive cropping system.
Negative and significant correlation of dry matter of wheat and weeds showed the existence of a close relationship in the interaction of treatments. Therefore, it is possible to use the combination of nitrogen substitutes and herbicides in the integrated management of wheat weeds.
 
Conclusion
In general, it was observed in this research that with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer, the competitive ability of wheat against weeds decreases, probably due to the higher efficiency of nitrogen consumption in weeds. If weeds are not properly controlled, we will see a significant decrease in wheat grain yield at high nitrogen levels.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Grain yield
  • Metsulfuron-methyl plus sulfosulfuron
  • Nitrogen
  • Weed control efficiency
  • Weeds dry matter

©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

 

مراجع

  1. Blackshaw, R.E., Brandt, R.N., Janzen, H.H., Entz, T., Grant, C.A., & Derksen, DA. (2003). Differential response of weed species to add nitrogen. Weed Science, 51, 532-539.
  2. Blackshaw, R.E., Molnar, L.J., & Janzen, H.H. (2004). Nitrogen fertilizer timing and application method affect weed growth and competition with spring wheat. Weed Science, 2, 614-622.
  3. Blackshaw, R.E., & Brandt, R. (2008). Nitrogen fertilizer rate effect on weed competitiveness is species dependent. Weed Science, 56 (5), 743-747.
  4. Bobrovsky, V., Kazulina, N.S., Vasilenko, A.V., & Kryuchkov, A.A. (2022). The effect of herbicide tank mixtures on the phytosanitary condition of crops and the productivity of barley variety. Acha Agriculture, 1, 44-48. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1112/1/012066
  5. Camara, K.M., Payne, W.A., & Rasmussen, P.E. (2003). Long-term effect of tillage, nitrogen, and rainfall on winter wheat yields in the Pacific Northwest. Agronomy Journal, 95, 828-835.
  6. Derakhshan, A., & Gherekhloo, J. (2012). Investigating cross-resistance of resistant-Phalaris minor to ACCase herbicides. Weed Research Journal, 4, 15-25.
  7. Evans, P., Knezevic, S.Z., Lindquist, J.L., Shapiro, C.A., & Blankenship, E.E. (2003). Nitrogen application influence the critical period for weed control in corn. Weed Biology Management, 51, 408- 417.
  8. Faraji, H. (2006). The mechanism of nitrogen effect on eco-physiological restrictions of wheat yield in Khouzestan. Ph.D. thesis. Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University. (In Persian)
  9. Frick, , & Johnson, E. (2007). Soil fertility affects weed and crop competition. Organic Agriculture Center of Canada.
  10. Giambalvo, , Ruisi, P.G.D., Miceli, G., Frenda, A.S., & Amato, G. (2010). Nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer recovery of durum wheat genotypes as affected by interspecific competition. Agronomy Journal, 102, 707-715.
  11. Grichar, J., Dotray, P.A., & Trostle, C.L. (2015). Castor (Ricinus communis L.) tolerance and weed control with pre emergence herbicides. Industrial Crops and Products, 76, 710-716. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/832749
  12. Heap, (2017). International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds. Available at: http://weedscience.org/summary/MOA.aspx.
  13. Hu, W.S., Liu, Q.X., & Ren, T. (2017). Mechanism of controlling weed biomass through increasing winter rapeseed seeding amount and nitrogen application rate. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 23, 137-143. (In Chinese). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00529
  14. Iqbal,, & Wright, D. (1997). Effects of nitrogen supply on competition between wheat and three annual weed species. Weed Research, 37, 391-400.
  15. Jornsgard, B., Rasmussen, K., Hill, J., & Christiansen, J.L. (1996). Influence of nitrogen on competition between cereals and their natural weed populations. Weed Research, 36, 461-470.
  16. Kim, D.S., Marshall, E.J.P., Brain, P., & Caseley, J.C. (2006). Modelling the effects of sub-lethal doses of herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer on crop–weed competition. Weed Research, 46, 492–502.
  17. Lintell-Smith, G., Watkinson, A.R., & Firbank, L.G. (1991). The effects of reduced nitrogen and weed-weed competition on the populations of three common cereal weeds. Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds. Brighton, UK. pp. 135-140.
  18. Mithila, J., Swanton, C.J., Blackshaw, R.E., Cathcart, R., & Christopher Hall, J. (2008). Physiological basis for reduced glyphosate efficacy on weeds grown under low soil nitrogen. Weed Science, 56, 12-17.
  19. Moradi-Telavat, M. R., Siadat, S.A., Fathi, Gh., Zand, E., & Alamisaeid, Kh. (2010). Effect of itrogen and herbicide application on competition between wheat and wild oat. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 12(4), 364-376. (In Persian)
  20. Mosavi, K., Nasiri Mahallati, M., Rahimian, H., Ghanbari, A., Banaian, M., & Rashed Mohasel, M.H. (2002). Seed rate and nitrogen fertilizer effects on wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) competition. Iranian Jornal of Crop Science, 11, 218-224. (In Persian with English abstract)
  21. Moosavi, , Moradi-Telavat, M.R., Fathi, G., & Alamisaeid, K. (2008). Rice and barnyard grass responses to herbicide and planting density in direct seeding in Ahwaz region. 10 th Iranian Crop Science Congress, 24-26 Aug. Karaj. Iran. (In Persian)
  22. Nayyar, M., Shafi, M., & Mahmood, T. (2014). Weed Eradication Studies in Wheat, Abstract, 4th Pakistan Weed Science Conference, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 26-27 March.
  23. Ryan, M.R., Smith, R.G., Mortensen, D.A., Teasdale, G.R., Curran, W.S., Seidel, R., & Shumway, D.L. (2009). Weed–crop competition relationships differ between organic and conventional cropping systems. Weed Research, 49, 572–575.
  24. Shad, R.A. (2016). Status of weed science activities in Pakistan. Progressive Farming, 7(1), 10-16.
  25. Sheibani, , & Ghadiri, H. (2012). Integration effects of split nitrogen fertilization and herbicide application on weed management and wheat yield. Journal of Agronomy Science and Technology, 14, 77-86.
  26. Shekhawat, K., Rathore, S.S., & Dass, A. (2017). Weed menace and management strategies for enhancing oilseed brassicas production in the Indian sub-continent: a review. Crop Protectection, 96, 245-257. https://doi.org/1016/j.cropro.2017.02.017
  27. Supasilapa, , Steer, B.T., & Milroy, S.P. (1992). Competition between lupin (Lupinus angustifolia L.) and great brome (Bromus diandrus Roth.) development of leaf area, light interaction and yields. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 32, 475-479.
  28. Vance, R.R., & Nevai, A.L. (2007). Plant population growth and competition in a light gradient a mathematical model of canopy partitioning. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 245, 210–219.
  29. Wang, L., Muhling, K.H., & Schulte auf’m Erley, G. (2016). Nitrogen efficiency and leaf nitrogen remobilization of oilseed rape lines and hybrids. Annals of Applied Biology, 169, 125- https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12286
  30. Yaghobi, S., Agha Ali Khani, M., Ghalavand, A., & Zand, A. (2011). Investigation of Herbicide-Nitrogen interaction on wheat yield and yield components in competition with Lepyrodiclis holosteoides Iranian Society of Weed Science, 7(1), 13-31.

 

ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار