رقابت بین ماش و تاج‌خروس ریشه ‌قرمز تحت شرایط گرد و خاک

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران

2 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی ، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام ، ایران

3 مدرس مدعو گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران

چکیده

به‌منظور ارزیابی شبیه‌سازی اثرات گرد و خاک بر قدرت رقابتی ماش در برابر تاج‌خروس ریشه‌ قرمز، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه ایلام در بهار و تابستان سال 1401 اجرا شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل پنج الگوی کاشت جایگزینی ماش و تاج‌خروس (الگوی کاشت 75 درصد ماش+ 25 درصد تاج‌خروس؛ 50 درصد ماش+ 50 درصد تاج‌خروس؛ 25 درصد ماش+ 75 درصد تاج‌خروس، کشت خالص ماش و تاج‌خروس) و گرد و خاک در دو سطح (صفر و 60 گرم بر متر مکعب ریزگرد) بودند. نتایج نشان داد جریان گرد و خاک باعث علائم نکروز و سوختگی برگ ماش و تاج‌خروس می‌گردد. گرد و خاک میزان کلروفیل، مقدار رطوبت نسبی برگ، ارتفاع بوته و طول گل‌آذین در گیاه تاج‌خروس را به‌ترتیب به‌میزان 4/23، 12، 7/14 و 12 درصد کاهش داد. گرد و خاک باعث کاهش سطح برگ تاج‌خروس در الگوهای مختلف کاشت گردید. سرعت فتوسنتز، سرعت تعرق، سطح برگ، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد غلاف در بوته و تعداد دانه در بوته ماش با اعمال گرد و خاک به‌ترتیب به‌میزان 2/31، 9/24، 8/28، 7/17، 6/29 و 7/36 درصد کاهش یافتند. رقابت تاج‌خروس با ماش باعث کاهش سرعت فتوسنتز، سطح برگ و تعداد دانه در بوته ماش گردید. عملکرد بیولوژیک ماش و تاج‌خروس به‌ترتیب 6/42 و 8/16 و عملکرد دانه ماش و عملکرد گل‌آذین تاج‌خروس به‌ترتیب 8/32 و 6/42 درصد با اعمال گرد و خاک کمتر از شرایط بدون گرد و خاک بودند. در حضور تراکم‌های مختلف تاج‌خروس عملکرد واقعی ماش کمتر از عملکرد پیش‌بینی شده بود و منحنی تغییرات عملکرد ماش به‌صورت مقعر بود که این نشان از برتری رقابتی تاج‌خروس نسبت به ماش دارد. تحت شرایط بدون و گرد و خاک در همه الگوهای کاشت مجموع عملکرد واقعی بیشتر از عملکرد پیش‌بینی شده بود که نشان‌دهنده روابط زیان‌بری یک‌جانبه برای ماش و سودبری یک‌جانبه برای تاج‌خروس است. عملکرد نسبی کل در اکثر الگوهای کاشت بیشتر از یک بود که ناشی از افزایش عملکرد نسبی جزئی تاج‌خروس و کاهش رقابت درون ‌گونه‌ای تاج‌خروس است. با افزایش تراکم تاج‌خروس اثرات منفی این علف‌هرز بر ماش نمایان­تر گردید و دارای شاخص غالبیت مثبت و بیشتری بود. محاسبه نسبت رقابت نشان داد که ضریب آن برای تاج‌خروس بیشتر از یک بود که معرف قدرت رقابتی بیشتر این علف‌هرز در مقایسه با ماش است. تحت هر دو شرایط با و بدون گرد و خاک علف‌هرز تاج‌خروس در همه الگوهای کاشت به‌عنوان گیاه غالب دارای بیشترین ضریب تراکم نسبی بود و ماش با ضریب تراکم نسبی کمتر از یک به‌عنوان گیاه مغلوب بود. شاخص رقابت نیز در همه الگوهای کاشت برای ماش پایین‌تر از یک به‌دست آمد، که نشان می‌دهد ماش نسبت به تاج‌خروس قدرت رقابت کمتری دارد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که علف‌هرز تاج‌خروس ریشه‌ قرمز از قدرت رقابتی بالاتر نسبت به ماش برخوردار بود که با افزایش بهره‌برداری از منابع محیطی باعث کاهش عملکرد ماش می‌گردد. علی‌رغم قدرت رقابت زیاد این علف‌هرز، تحت شرایط گرد و خاک رشد و زیست‌توده آن کاهش می‌یابد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Competition between Mungbean (Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek) and Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) under Dust Conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • M.S. Mousavi 1
  • A. Taab 2
  • S. Hajinia 3
1 Department of Ecology of Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
2 Dept. Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
3 Visiting Teacher, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
The dust storm has become a regional phenomenon due to occurrence of severe droughts. Dust storms, recognized as significant atmospheric phenomena and associated with climate change, exert detrimental effects on plant growth and crop yield. This study aimed to assess the impact of soil dust on the competition between mung bean and red-root pigweed.
 
Materials and Methods
An experiment was carried out at the research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture at Ilam University during spring and summer 2022. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications. The experimental treatments were included five replacement ratios of mung bean and redroot pigweed (planting patterns 75% mung bean + 25% pigweed; 50% mung bean + 50% pigweed; 25% mung bean + 75% pigweed; monoculture of mung bean and redroot pigweed) and dust were at two levels (0 and 60 gr m-3).
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the dust causes symptoms of necrosis and leaf burn in mung bean and pigweed. The highest amount of carotenoids (3.59 mg g-1 fresh weight of leaf) was observed in the planting pattern of 75% mung bean + 25% pigweed under no dust conditions. The monoculture of pigweed under dust conditions had the lowest amount of carotenoids. Dust reduced the amount of total chlorophyll, leaf relative water content, plant height and length of inflorescence in Pigweed plant by 23.4, 12, 14.7 and 12%, respectively. Dust caused a decrease in the leaf area in pigweed in different patterns of intercropping. Photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, leaf area, plant height, number of pods per plant and number of seed per plant in mung bean were respectively decreased by 31.2, 24.9, 28.8, 17.7, 29.7 and 36.7% due to dust application. The highest photosynthesis rate in mungbean (5.28 µmol of CO2 m-2 s-1), leaf area (129.1 cm2) and the number of seeds per plant (13 seed plant-1) were obtained from monoculture of mungbean. However, they were decreased under competition with pigweed. The biological yield in mungbean and pigweed under dust condition were, respectively, 42.6 and 16.8 % lower than that of no dust condition. Under dust conditions, the grain yield of mung bean and pigweed were, respectively, 32.8% and 42.6% lower than that of no dust condition. The actual yield of mung bean under competition with pigweed was lower than the predicted yield indicating the higher competitive effects of pigweed. In all planting patterns with and without dust, the total actual yields were higher than the predicted yield indicating a negative interference effects for mung bean. The relative total yield in most of the planting patterns was greater than one, suggesting increase in the partial relative yield and reduction of intra-species competition in pigweed. The negative effects of pigweed on mungbean were more visible in high densities of pigweed, which also showed a higher positive dominance index. The competition index showed a value greater than one for the pigweed indicating the greater competitive ability of this weed compared to mung bean. Under both conditions, with and without dust, pigweed exhibited the highest relative density coefficient in all planting patterns, establishing itself as the dominant plant compared to mung bean, which had a relative density coefficient less than one. The competition index for mung bean, across all intercropping patterns, was also less than one, indicating its lower competitive ability compared to pigweed. Interspecific competition with pigweed resulted in an actual yield loss for mung bean, highlighting that interspecific competition in mung bean surpasses intraspecific competition. Conversely, pigweed showed a greater susceptibility to intraspecific competition.
 
Conclusion
The results showed that pigweed has a higher competitive ability and by increased exploitation of environmental resources, cause a decrease in mung bean yield. Despite the high competition ability of pigweed, soil dust cause reduction in its growth and biomass.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Competition
  • Dust
  • Physiological traits
  • Mungbean
  • Yield

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