ارزیابی نماتدهای انگل گیاهی در سامانه باغداری ارگانیک و رایج

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه اگرواکولوژی، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران

3 گروه تنوع زیستی و مدیریت اکوسیستم‌ها، دانشیار، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

را‌هبردهای مدیریت کشاورزی شامل خاک‌ورزی، نهاده‌های کودی و دفاعی، اصلاح‌کنند‌های آلی بر زیست توده خاک اثر متفاوت دارند. در سامانه‌های مختلف کشت، در مدیریت آفات نماتدهای انگل گیاهی نقش و پاسخ‌های زیست‌توده برای حمایت از اقدامات پایدار باغداری ضروری است. نمونه‌برداری از دو سامانه کشاورزی ارگانیک، رایج و مرتع به منظور شناسایی نماتدهای خاکزی، ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک و تنفس میکروبی صورت گرفت. اثر نوع سامانه کشت بر فراوانی و تنوع نماتدهای انگل گیاهی در باغات رایج و ارگانیک سیب و هلو و مراتع با تحلیل واریانس چند متغیره مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. 20 جنس از 11 خانواده از نماتدهای انگل گیاهی شناسایی شد که بیشترین فراوانی جنس نماتدها در سامانه‌ی کشت ارگانیک هلو مربوط به Gracilacus و کمترین فراوانی مربوط به جنس Scutylenchus در کشت رایج سیب می‌باشد. فراوانی خانواده نماتدها در سامانه ارگانیک بیشتر از رایج و فراوانی خانواده نماتدها در سامانه ارگانیک هلو بیشتر از ارگانیک سیب است. گفتنی است که سامانه رایج سیب از نظر فراوانی به مرتع نزدیک است؛ فراوانی خانواده نماتدها در سامانه رایج هلو بیش از سامانه رایج سیب است. تفاوت نوع کشت سیب هلو بر فراوانی و تنوع نماتدها در تمامی شرایط اثر معنی‌دار داشته است. نوع سامانه کشت (کشاورزی ارگانیک، رایج) در مقایسه با مرتع به عنوان شاهد بر فراوانی و تنوع جنس‌های Pratylenchus، Helicotylenchus، Tylenchus، Rotylenchus اثر معنی‌دار داشته، درصورتی که بر جنس Gracilacus اثر معنی‌دار نداشته است. تفاوت نوع کشت سیب و هلو بر فراوانی و تنوع نماتدهای انگل گیاهی در تمامی شرایط اثر معنی‌دار داشته است. اثر نوع سامانه کشت بر فراوانی تمامی جنس‌های نماتدی به استثنای Tylenchus معنی‌دار بوده است و بر تنوع تمامی جنس‌ها به غیر از Tylenchus و Rotylenchus اثر معنی‌دار داشته است. از میان تمامی عوامل خاکی، تنفس میکروبی، EC، OC، K، P و بافت (درصد اندازه ذرات خاک شامل شن، سیلت و رس) بر تمامی جنس‌های نماتدها اثر معنی‌دار داشته است. تفاوت‌های قابل توجه در ساختار جامعه و ترکیب فراوانی جوامع نماتدهای انگلی گیاهی در سامانه‌های کشت دیده شد. بر اساس ساختار جامعه نماتدهای انگلی در این پژوهش، سیب برای تولید ارگانیک در دماوند بهتر از هلو می‌باشد. علاوه بر این، تولیدکنندگان به دلیل ملاحظات بازار و قیمت، هلو را بهتر از سیب در نظر می‌گیرند. سامانه رایج، با شیوه‌های مدیریت کشاورزی رایج از جمله خاک‌ورزی و نهاده‌های شیمیایی سبب به‌هم خوردگی و از بین رفتن تنوع زیستی در اکوسیستم خاک شده است. به نظر می‌رسد که نماتدها به شیوه‌های مدیریت خاک حساس می‌باشند. سامانه ارگانیک با فشار زیاد نماتدهای انگل گیاهی به دلیل گزینه‌های مدیریتی کمتر به توسعه راهبردهای مدیریت یکپارچه نماتدی نیاز دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Organic and Conventional Gardening Systems

نویسندگان [English]

  • Z. Akbari 1
  • F. Aghamir 2
  • F. Ahmadzadeh 3
  • H. Mahmoudi 1
1 Department of Agroecology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran
3 Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
One of the most effective ways to preserve biodiversity is to convert conventional systems into organic ones. The organic farming system reduces the negative effects of intensive management. The biomass of the soil ecosystem has different responses in management methods including tillage, fertilizer and defense inputs, and organic modifiers. Understanding the role and responses of biomass in different cropping systems is essential to support sustainable horticultural practices in managing plant-parasitic nematode.
Materials and Methods
Sampling has been done from two organic farming systems, conventional and pasture, in order to identify the morphology of soil plant parasitic nematodes, soil physicochemical characteristics, and microbial respiration. Plant parasitic nematodes were extracted, killed, fixed, and transferred to glycerin and permanent slides were prepared. The effect of the type of cultivation system on the abundance and diversity of plant parasitic nematodes in common and organic apple and peach orchards compared to pasture were investigated by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) in Xlastat 2020 software.
Results and Discussion
20 Genera belonging to 11 families of plant-parasitic nematodes were identified, which had different frequencies based on the type of cropping systems and crops. The comparison of the type of organic cultivation system with the common showed that it had a significant effect on the frequency and diversity of plant parasitic nematodes; the highest frequency of the nematode genus in organic peach cultivation system is Gracilacus and the lowest frequency is Scutylenchus genus in common apple cultivation. The abundance of nematode family in organic system is more than common and the abundance of nematode family in peach organic system is more than apple organic system. It should be mentioned that the common apple system is close to pasture in terms of abundance. The abundance of nematode family in the common system of peach is more than the common system of apple. The type of cultivation system had a significant effect on the frequency and diversity of Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Tylenchus, and Rotylenchus genera, while it did not have a significant effect on the  Gracilacus genus. Type of host plant had a significant effect on the frequency and diversity of plant parasitic nematodes definitely in all soil condition variables. The type of host plant was significant on the frequency of all plant nematodes except Tylenchus and a significant effect on the diversity of all except Tylenchus and Rotylenchus. Among all soil factors, microbial respiration, EC, OC, K, P, and texture (percentage of soil particles including sand, silt, and clay) showed a significant effect on all lineages of nematodes.
Conclusions
Significant differences in community structure in plant parasitic nematode communities in three systems were recorded. The results of the present study have shown that the frequency and diversity nematodes are different from the results of other researchers in apple and peach orchards, that plant types and cultivars, basic genotype, or soil management practices affect the composition of plant parasitic nematode community groups. In this study, the abundance and diversity of nematode in the organic system was more than in pasture, and conventional agriculture with more than 10 years of history, including tillage and chemical inputs, and organic matter loss, erosion, and low in the soil agroecosystem. The reduction of the plant parasitic nematode in the conventional system compared to the organic system is caused by the reduction of organic matter, tillage, or chemical inputs. The results showed that the type of product and management practices affect nematode communities. The composition of soil nematode communities is significantly different in organic, conventional, and pasture farming systems. The organic peach and apple system is facing an increase in nematodes more than conventional. It seems that plant parasitic nematodes are sensitive to soil management practices. Soil nematodes are useful indicators to evaluate the intensity of management and sustainable management of horticultural ecosystems on soil ecosystem performance; because they have several feeding habits in soil, and micronutrient networks and play an important role in the food cycle, pest suppression, and regulation of microbial communities. There were high pest pressure of nematodes in the organic peach farming system in comparison to the apple farming system. In this research, apple is better than the peach for organic production in Damavand orchards. In addition, growers consider peaches better than apples due to market and price considerations. With the increase in the demand and price of organic products, the organic system is facing high pest pressure due to fewer management options compared to the conventional system, which requires the development of integrated plant nematode management strategies.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Diversity
  • Fruit
  • Genus
  • Nematode
  • Production system

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