بررسی زنده‌مانی بذور فرفیون خوابیده (Euphorbia maculata) در شرایط محیطی مختلف

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• ریحانه عسگرپور
• رضا قربانی
• محمد خواجه حسینی

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

10.22067/jpp.v28i4.21002

چکیده

در بررسی احتمال گسترش علف هرز تازه وارد فرفیون خوابیده (Euphorbia maculata) و مشکل ساز مزارع سویای استان گلستان، زنده‌مانی بذور این علف هرز در خاک، آب و تحت شرایط دمای بالا تحت آزمایش هایی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با هشت تکرار مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. سطوح تیمارهای ارزیابی پایداری بذور در خاک و آب به ترتیب شامل 1 تا 11 ماه دفن بذور در عمق 15-10 سانتی متری خاک و 1 تا 9 هفته غوطه ور سازی بذور در آب بود. آزمایش برای ارزیابی تأثیر دمای بالا به صورت فاکتوریل سه عاملی اجرا شد که عوامل آن دما در پنج سطح (دمای محیط (25 درجه سانتی گراد به عنوان شاهد)، 80، 100، 120 و 140 درجه سانتی گراد)، مدت اعمال دما (1 و 5 دقیقه) و وضعیت رطوبتی بذر در دو سطح (خشک و مرطوب) بود. نتایج نشان داد که جوانه زنی بذور فرفیون خوابیده طی 11 ماه در خاک، بالای 95 درصد بود. بذور در شرایط غوطه-وری در آب قادر به جوانه زنی نبودند. بذور خارج شده از آب پس از 2 هفته، بالای 90 درصد جوانه زدند، اما با افزایش زمان غوطه وری درصد جوانه زنی آن‌ها کاهش یافت، به طوری که پس از 9 هفته، بذور زنده مانی خود را از دست دادند. درجه حرارت بالا تأثیر معنی داری بر درصد و سرعت جوانه-زنی داشت. جوانه زنی با افزایش دما کاهش یافت، به طوری که بالاترین و پایین ترین جوانه زنی به ترتیب در شاهد و دمای 140 سانتی گراد مشاهده شد. دمای بالا، مدت زمان و میزان رطوبت بذر، اثر متقابل داشتند. دمای 140 درجه سانتی گراد به مدت 5 دقیقه مانع جوانه زنی بذور مرطوب شد. براساس این نتایج، بذور فرفیون خوابیده از پایداری بالایی در خاک برخوردار هستند. حفظ زنده مانی بذور در آب به مدت چند هفته، امکان پراکنش آن توسط آب آبیاری را فراهم می کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• بانک بذر
• بقای بذر
• جوانه زنی، دمای بالا
• غرقاب

20.1001.1.20084749.1393.28.4.8.0

---

عنوان مقاله [English]

Seed Viability of Spotted Spurge (Euphorbia maculata) in Various Environmental Conditions

نویسندگان [English]

• Rayhaneh Asgarpour
• reza ghorbani
• mohammad khajeh hosseini

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

چکیده [English]

To investigate the spreading possibility of spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculata) as a new-introduced and troublesome weed species of soybean field in Golestan province, viability of this weed seed in soil, water and elevated temperature conditions were examined. Experiments were conducted as completely randomized design with eight replications. Treatment levels of seed viability in soil and water included 1-11 months of seed burial at 10-15 cm depth, and 1-9 weeks of seed soaked in water, respectively. Evaluation of high temperature effect were carried out as three-factor factorial experiment that consisted of 5 temperature levels (ambient temperature (25 ˚C as control), 80, 100, 120 and 140 ˚C), two exposure times (1 and 5 min), and seed moisture status in two levels (dry and wet). The results indicated that buried seed in soil after 11 months showed germination above 95%. Seeds were not able to germinate under submergence. Removed seed of water after 2 weeks germinated above 90%, but it reduced with increasing immersion time, as after 9 weeks lost their viability. Elevated temperature had significant effect on germination. Germination was significantly reduced by increasing temperature, as the maximum and minimum of germination was observed at control and 140 ˚C, respectively. Elevated temperature, exposure times and seed moisture content had interaction effect. Germination of wet seeds completely inhibited at 140 ˚C for 5 min. Based on these results, spotted spurge seeds had high persistence in the soil. Seed viability in water for a few weeks will provide the chance of dispersal by water irrigation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Flooding
• Germination
• High temperature
• Seed bank
• Seed viability

مراجع

1- ساوری نژاد ع.ر. 1389. بررسی بیولوژی وکنترل شیمیایی فرفیون خوابیده (Euphorbia maculata L.) درمزارع سویای استان گلستان. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات.

2- مین باشی معینی م.، زند ا. و میقانی ف. 1390. مدیریت غیرشیمیایی علف های هرز. انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی مشهد.

3- نجفی ح.، زند ا.، دیانت م. و نصرتی ا. 1390. اکولوژی علف های هرز و گیاهان مهاجم. انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی مشهد.

4-Anonymous. 2012. Spotted spurge - Utah State University Extension. Available at extension. usu.edu/weedguides/files/uploads/Euphorbiaceae.pdf. Accessed December 25 2012.

5- Bailey-Serres J., and Voesenek L.A.C.J. 2008. Flooding stress: acclimations and genetic diversity. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59: 313–339.

6- Benech-Arnold R.L., Sanchez R.A., Forcella F., Kruck B.C., and Ghersa C.M. 2000. Environmental control of dormancy in weed seed banks in soil. Field Crops Research, 67:105–122.

7- Bolfrey-Arku G.E-K., Chauhan B.S., and Johnson D.E. 2011. Seed germination ecology of itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis). Weed Science, 59: 182-187. 2011.

8- Boyd N., and Van Acker R. 2004. Seed germination of common weed species as affected by oxygen concentration, light, and osmotic potential. Weed Science, 52: 589–596.

9- Buhler D.D., and Hartzler R.G. 2001. Emergence and persistence of seed of velvetleaf, common waterhemp, wooly cupgrass, and giant foxtail. Weed Science, 49:230–235.

10- Carrington M.E. 2010. Effects of soil temperature during fire on seed survival in Florida Sand Pine Scrub. International Journal of Forestry Research, 2010: 1-10.

11- Caswell H., Lensink R., and Neubert M.G. 2003. Demography and dispersal: life table response experiments for invasion speed. Ecology, 84: 1968-1978.

12- Certini G. 2005. Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: areview. Oecologia, 143: 1-10.

13- Chauhan B.S., Gill G., and Preston C. 2006. Factors affecting seed germination of annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) in southern Australia. Weed Science, 54: 854-860.

14- Comes R.D., Bruns V.F., Kelley A.D. 1978. Longevity of certain weed and crop seeds in fresh water. Weed Science, 26: 336-344.

15- Conn J.S., Beattie K.L., and Blanchard A. 2006. Seed viability and dormancy of 17 weed species after 19.7 years of burial in Alaska. Weed Science, 54:464–470.

16- Davis A.S., Cardina J., Forcella F., Johnson G.A., Kegode G., Lindquist J.L., Luschei E.C., Renner K.A., Sprague C.L., and Williams II. M.M. 2005. Environmental factors affecting seed persistence of annual weeds across the U.S. corn belt. Weed Science, 53:860–868.

17- Davis A.S., Renner K.A., and Gross K.L. 2005. Weed seedbank and community shifts in a long-term cropping systems experiment. Weed Science, 53: 296–306.

18- Davis A.S., Schutte B.J., Iannuzzi J., and Renne K.A. 2008. Chemical and physical defense of weed seeds in relation to soil seedbank persistence. Weed Science, 56: 676–684.

19- Ditomaso J.M., Brooks M.L., Allen E.B., Minnich R., Rice P.M., and Kyser G.B. 2006. Control of invasive weeds with prescribed burning. Weed Technology, 20: 535-548.

20- Geissler K., and Gzik A. 2008. The impact of flooding and drought on seeds of seeds of Cnidium dubium, Gratiola officinalis, and Juncus atratus, three endangered perennial river corridor plants of Central European lowlands. Aquatic Botany, 89: 283–291.

21- Grundy A.C., and Jones N.E. 2002. Seedbanks. In: Naylor, R. E. L. (ed.). Weed Management Handbook, 9th edn. Blackwell Science for the BCPC.

22- Koger C.H., Reddy K.N., and Poston D.H. 2004. Factors affecting seed germination, seedling emergence, and survival of texasweed (Caperonia palustris). Weed Science, 52: 989-995.

23- Kolb R.M., and Joly C.A. 2010. Germination and anaerobic metabolisms of seeds of Tabebuia cassinoides (Lam.) DC subjected to flooding and anoxia. Flora, 205:112–117.

24- Maguire J.D. 1962. Speed of germination-aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science, 2: 176-177.

25- Narbona E., Arista M., and Ortiz P.L. 2007. Seed germination ecology of the perennial Euphorbia boetica, an endemic spurge of the southern Iberian Peninsula. Annales Botanici Fennici, 44: 276-282.

26- Narbona E., Ortiz P.L., and Arista M. 2006. Germination viability and the effect of various pre-treatment on germination in the perennial spurge Euphorbia nicaeensis All. Flora, 201: 633–641.

27- Ohnishi Y., and Suzuki N. 2008. Seasonally different modes of seed dispersal in the prostrate annual, Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Euphorbiaceae), with multiple overlapping generations. Ecological Research, 23: 299-305.

28- Oliveira M.J., and Norsworthy J.K. 2006. Pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) germination and emergence as affected by environmental factors and seeding depth. Weed Science, 54: 910-916.

29- Pena-Fronteras J.T., Villalobos M.C., Baltazar A.M., Merca F.E., Ismail A.M., and Johnson D.E. 2009.Adaptation to flooding in upland and lowland ecotypes of Cyperus rotundus, a troublesome sedge weed of rice: tuber morphology and carbohydrate metabolism. Annals of Botany, 103: 295-302.

30- Pysek P., and Prach K. 1993. Plant invasions and the role of riparian habitats - a comparison of 4 species alien to central Europe. Journal of Biogeography, 20: 413-420.

31- Reddy N.K., and Singh M. 1992. Germination and emergence of Hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa). Weed Science, 40: 195-199.

32- Singh M., Ramirez A.H.M., Sharma S.D., and Jhala A.J. 2012. Factors affecting the germination of tall morningglory (Ipomoea purpurea). Weed Science, 60: 64-68.

33- Stanton R., Wu H., and Lemerle, D. 2012. Factors affecting silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) germination. Weed Science, 60:42–47.

34- Thebaud C., and Debussche M. 1991. Rapid invasion of Fraxinus ornus L along the Herault river system in southern France - the importance of seed dispersal by water. Journal of Biogeography, 18: 7-12.

35- Ullrich S.D., Buyer J.S., Cavigelli M.A., Seidel R., and Teasdale J.R. 2011. Weed Seed Persistence and Microbial Abundance in Long-Term Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems. Weed Science, 59: 202–209.

36- Unger I.M., Muzika R.M., and Motavalli P.P. 2010. The effect of flooding and residue incorporation on soil chemistry, germination and seedling growth. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 69: 113–120.

37- Zhou J., Tao B., Deckard E.L., and Messersmith C.G. 2006. Garden huckleberry (Solanum melanocerasium) germination, seed survival, and response to herbicides. Weed Science, 54: 478–483.