نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشگاه بیرجند
2 دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد مشهد
3 دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction: Plants communicate and influence the growth of other plants (or even microorganisms) through excretion of certain chemical compounds (allelochemicals) which is known as allelopathy. A number of allelochemicals has been reported from different plant species. Allelochemicals include phenolic compounds, benzoxazinoids, sorgoleone, glucosinolates, terpenes, alkaloids, momilactones, and etc. Knowledge of the composition of allelopathic materials and weeds with allelopathic properties not only can reduce the negative impacts on crop yield production but also can be used to produce bio-herbicide by allelochemicals as active ingredient. Giradol (Chrozophora tinctoria L.) is an annual summer plant that belongs to Ephorbiaceae family. Giradol contains phenolic components including tannins, saponins (8), cumarins, phenylpropanoid glycosides (5) and flavonoids. Einhelling (2) reported that phenolic compounds are the most active compounds involved in allelopathy. Therefore, giradol has allelopathic characteristic. Giradol can be found in the wide range of fields in Khorasan Razavi. The abundant presence of phenolic compounds and giradol makes the study of giradol allelopathic effects on crops necessary in this region.
Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate allelopathic potential of giradol (Chrozophora tinctoria L.) organs on growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.), a study was conducted by using a completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial arrangement with four replications. This experiment was carried out in pots and consisted of organs at 4 levels (root, stem, leaf and total plant without inflorescence) and decay durations at 8 levels (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days decay and control). Samples of different organ plant of giradol were mixed separately with 3-liter pots with 1% m/m ratio. In order to apply decay period treatments, plant samples were added to the soil for 90 days of decay treatment. 15 days later, plant samples of 75 days of treatment were added to the required soil. The remaining treatments were applied at intervals of 15 days. Therefore, after 90 days, the soil was prepared for treatments of decay period (samples under the greenhouse condition at 28 °C / day and 20 °C per night during decay period). Then, the number of 10 Tomato seeds of falat cultivar were cultivated at the surface of soil in each pot. After 75 days (before flowering), the plants were harvested from the soil surface. The plant samples were oven-dried at 75 °C for 24 hours and weighed accurately by weight measuring tools with a precision of 0.0001 g. SAS 9.1 software was used for statistical analysis and Excel software for preparing graphs. Mean comparisons were performed with a protected LSD test at the level of 1%.
Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance of decay duration of giradol on dry weight of tomato showed the significant effects (p < 0.01). The response of tomato seedling depended on decay duration. Increasing decay duration to 45 days decreased the tomato seedling dry weight. However, decay duration increase from 60 to 90 days gradually enhanced dry weight as compared to 45 days decay duration. Others works showed allelopathic effects of decay and fresh residue on dry weight of treated plants. Increasing decay duration can decline negative effect of allelopathic materials by decomposition and evaporation. The results of interaction effects indicated that leaf residual decade had the most significant decreasing effect on the dry weight of tomato plant. At the first concentration of leaf residual, the weight decreased significantly, while this condition was not observed for the first day of decay in other plant organs. In the case of root and stem decay residues, there was no significant decrease in tomato dry weight during 15 days of decay. The results of Seyyedi et al. (11) showed that the periods of castor oil decay up to 45 days resulted in 100% reduction in the dry weight of the dodder. Giradol organs have phenolic compounds such as tannin and saponin, coumarin, phenylpropanoid glideozide. Einhelling (2) and Bloom (1) pointed out that phenolic compounds are the main components having allelopathic effects by membrane degradation and disturbance in the activity of certain enzymes. Therefore, it seems that the volatility and degradation of the combining compounds can explain the reduced allelopathic effects of giradol residue after 45 days of decay. In general, accurate understanding of decay duration residue of allelopathic plants can applied as an ecological method for weed management.
Conclusions: The results revealed that decay duration and interactions between periods of decay and body type had a significant effect on tomato seedling dry matter. Our findings also demonstrated that selection of proper plant date can decrease allelopathic effects of residue giradol on tomato growth.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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