اثر برخی باکتری‌ها و قارچ‌های میکوریزی دارسانه‌ای بر بیماری بوته‌میری ریزوکتونیایی و ویژگی‌های رویشی لوبیا

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشگاه رازی

چکیده

دانه‌های لوبیا (Phaseolus vulgaris) از مواد غذایی مهم در سراسر جهان محسوب می‌شوند. قارچ Rhizoctonia solani عامل بوته‌میری گیاه لوبیا و از مهم‌ترین بیمارگرهای خاک‌زاد در بیشتر مناطق کشت این گیاه در سراسر جهان است و نقش مهمی در کاهش عملکرد و کیفیت محصول دارد. کنترل زیستی راهکاری امیدبخش، مؤثر و پایدار برای مدیریت بیماری‌های قارچی خاک‌زاد است. در این پژوهش اثر ۱۴ سویه باکتریایی از جنس‌ها و گونه‌های مختلف بر رشد میسلیومی قارچ R. solani با آزمون کشت متقابل و تولید ترکیبات فرار در آزمایشگاه بررسی گردید. بر اساس دو آزمون هاله بازدارندگی و توانایی تولید ترکیبات فرار بازدارنده رشد، چهار سویه باکتریایی شامل Bacillus subtilis BS (B.s)، Bacillus velezensis JPS19 (B.vel)، Azotobacter vinelandii RUA1 (Azoto) و Alcaligenes faecalis 1624 (Alca) انتخاب شدند و اثر کاربرد جداگانه و دوگانه آن‌ها با دو گونه قارچ میکوریزی دارسانه‌ای  شامل Funneliformis mosseae  و Glomus claroideum  بر مهار بوته‌میری ناشی از R. solani و ویژگی‌های رویشی لوبیا در حضور بیمارگر در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با ۱۶ تیمار و ۵ تکرار در گلخانه بررسی گردید. بسیاری از تیمارها، شدت بیماری را به‌طور معنی‌داری نسبت به شاهد بیمار کاهش دادند و سبب افزایش وزنِ تر و وزنِ خشک اندام‌های هوایی، وزنِ تر ریشه و وزنِ خشک ریشه گردیدند. تیمارهای F.moss، B.s، Alca و Azoto سبب افزایش معنی‌دار طول ریشه و تیمارهای Alca و B.s و B.vel+G.cla و Alca+G.cla سبب افزایش طول اندام هوایی نیز گردیدند. از نظر اثر روی بیماری، سویه B.s بهترین تیمار بود که شاخص بیماری را 36٫۵ درصد کاهش داد و در مجموع بیشترین اثر را در بهبود ویژگی‌های رویشی گیاه نشان داد. با وجود این که سویه‌های باکتریایی و میکوریزی در بسیاری تیمارهای دوگانه سازگاری نشان دادند، فقط تیمار دوگانه G.cla+B.vel، نسبت به کاربرد جداگانه هر یک از عوامل، اثر افزایشی بر وزنِ تر و طول اندام هوایی نشان داد. دیگر تیمارهای دوگانه، اثر افزایشی و یا هم‌افزایی در کاهش بیماری و بهبود رشد گیاه نداشتند. حتی در برخی تیمارهای دوگانه از نظر کاهش بیماری و بهبود رشد گیاه اثر ضعیف‌تری نسبت به تیمارهای منفردشان دیده شد. در میان تیمارهای مختلف، Alca+G.cla و Alca+ F.moss بیشترین و B.s+G.cla کمترین میزان کلنیزاسیون میکوریزی را نشان دادند. اثر باکتری‌ها بر کلنیزاسیون میکوریزی ریشه، بسته به سویه باکتریایی و میکوریزی مورد استفاده، افزاینده، کاهنده یا فاقد اثر بود. در بسیاری از موارد، بین میزان کلنیزاسیون میکوریزی ریشه و مهار بیماری نیز رابطه مستقیمی دیده نشد. با توجه به نتایج حاصل می‌توان گفت استفاده از ترکیب عوامل کنترل زیستی نسبت به کاربرد جداگانه هر یک از این عوامل همیشه کارآمدتر نبوده و نتایج حاصل، با توجه به سویه یا گونه باکتریایی و میکوریزی ترکیب‌شونده، متفاوت است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Some Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Rhizoctonia Root rot and Growth Parameters of Common Bean Plants

نویسندگان [English]

  • N. Moarrefzadeh
  • H. Khateri
  • R. Sharifi
Department of Plant Protection, Razi University
چکیده [English]

Introduction
The seeds of common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) are among the most important food sources worldwide. The plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani causes seed rot and seedling damping-off of bean plants and is one of the most important soil-borne pathogens in most cultivation areas of this plant. R. solani plays an important role in reducing the yield and quality of this crop. Biological control is a promising, effective, and sustainable solution for managing soil-borne fungal diseases. The simultaneous use of biological control agents, especially agents with different mechanisms of action, might increases the chance of success in disease management. Indeed, two living agents can show different types of interactions based on their inherent characteristics and ecological conditions. In the current research, the potential of co-application of mycorrhizal fungi and bacterial strains from different taxonomic groups was evaluated on increasing the growth of beans and suppression of bean damping-off.
 
Materials and Methods
In this research, the effect of 14 different bacterial strains on the mycelial growth of R. solani was investigated by dual culture and by the volatile compound production tests in the laboratory. The list of bacterial strains included: Bacillus megaterium B15, Bacillus thuringiensis B48Pet, Bacillus subtilis BS (B.s), B. subtilis AS, Lysinibacillus boronitolerans RUPB71 (Lysin), Pseudomonas putida RUP1, Arthrobacter citreus B27Pet, Alcaligenes faecalis 1624, Bacillus pumilus INR7, Bacillus thuringiensis 32B (B.thur), Azotobacter vinelandii RUA1 (Azoto), Delftia tsuruhatensis PIIR (Delft), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia S37 and Bacillus velezensis JPS19 (B.vel). In the dual culture test, B.s, B.vel, Alca, Azoto, Lysin, and Delft strains significantly reduced the mycelial growth of the pathogen. In volatile compounds production test, three strains, Alca, Azoto, and B.thur, significantly reduced the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Four bacterial strains, including B.s, B.vel, Alca, and Azoto, were selected for greenhouse experiment. The selected bacterial strains as separate and combined application with two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), including Funneliformis mosseae (F.moss) and Glomus claroideum (G.cla) were investigated for inhibiting the disease caused by R. solani, and for their effect on the growth parameters of bean plants in the presence of the pathogen. The greenhouse experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with 16 treatments and five replications.
 
Results and Discussion
Many of the greenhouse treatments that were applied in this study, significantly reduced the severity of the disease compared to the diseased control. They significantly increased the fresh and the dry weight of the shoots, root fresh weight and root dry weight. Four treatments (F.moss, B.s, Alca and Azoto) significantly enhanced the root length and four treatments (Alca, B.s, B.vel+G.cla and Alca+G.cla) increased the shoot length. In terms of the effect on the disease, the B.s strain was the best treatment, which reduced the disease severity by 36.5% and showed the greatest effect in promoting the vegetative characteristics of the plant. Although the bacterial and mycorrhizal strains showed compatibility in many combined treatments, G.cla+B.vel was the only double treatment that showed an increasing effect on the fresh weight and shoot length compared to the separate applications. The other double treatments did not have an additive or synergistic effect in reducing the disease and improving plant growth. Even in some double treatments, in terms of reducing disease and improving plant growth, a weaker effect was seen than their single treatments. Among different treatments, Alca+G.cla and Alca+F.moss showed the highest and B.s+G.cla showed the lowest mycorrhizal colonization.
 
Conclusion
The effect of bacteria on mycorrhizal colonization was increasing, decreasing, or null depending on the combination of bacterial and mycorrhizal strains used. In many cases, there was no direct relationship between the amount of mycorrhizal colonization and disease control. Overall, before the commercial use of the combination of biological agents, it is necessary to check their interactions in greenhouse and field experiments and ensure their compatibility and lack of antagonistic effect on each other. If the biological agents present in a consortium are compatible, its biocontrol effect will be more stable, efficient and reliable, and it will be possible to use it in a wider range of variable soil ecological conditions. Moreover, the interaction of individuals within a given consortium is strain-specific, and the results of an experiment on specific strains cannot be generalized to other strains of the same species.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biological control
  • Disease severity
  • Growth stimulation
  • Rhizoctonia solani

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