بررسی تأثیر تنش‌های محیطی بر رشد و توسعه گیاه نی قمیش (Arundo donax) در شرایط آب و هوایی شهر مشهد

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 گروه اگروتکنولوژی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی اثر تیمار خشکی و شوری بر رشد و استقرار ریزوم گیاه قمیش Arundo donax آزمایشی در سال 1400 با استفاده از ریزوم‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده از اکوتیپ شهر گرگان و به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در 3 تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل سطوح مختلف تنش خشکی {100%، 75% و 50% ظرفیت زراعی} و سطوح مختلف تنش شوری {0 (آب مقطر)، 4، 8 و 12 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر} بود. نتایج کلی آزمایش نشان داد که وجود تنش‌های شوری و خشکی هر دو باعث کاهش شاخص‌های رشد و توسعه‌ای این گیاه می‌شوند و وجود این دو تنش محیطی می‌تواند شاخص‌های زیست‌توده اندام هوایی، زیست‌توده اندام زیرزمینی، ارتفاع گیاه، قطر ساقه و شاخص سطح برگ را کاهش دهد. تأثیر تنش شوری بر کاهش شاخص‌های اندازه‌گیری شده کمتر از تنش خشکی بود به‌نحوی که اختلاف بین سطوح تنش شوری در سطوح مختلف تنش خشکی در همه شاخص‌های اندازه‌گیری شده به جز زیست‌توده اندام هوایی اختلاف ناچیزی با یکدیگر داشتند ولی در مقایسه اثر تنش خشکی در سطوح مختلف سطح با یکدیگر به این نتیجه می‌رسیم که تنش خشکی به تنهایی منجر به کاهش معنی‌دار شاخص‌های رشد نسبت به تیمار شاهد می‌گردد. حداکثر میزان زیست‌توده اندام هوایی در شرایط بدون تنش (شاهد) به میزان 2840 گرم ایجاد شد و با افزایش سطوح تنش شوری و خشکی این مقدار کاهش پیدا می‌کند به‌نحوی که کمترین مقدار زیست توده در شرایط تنش خشکی و شوری حداکثری به میزان 988 گرم حاصل شد. زیست توده اندام هوایی نی قمیش در طول زمان در سطوح مختلف تنش شوری و خشکی افزایش پیدا کرد و مقدار آن از کمتر از 300 گرم در ابتدای فصل رشد در همه سطوح تنش به بیش از 1000 تا 2500 گرم در پایان فصل رشد در سطوح مختلف تنش رسید؛ همچنین پارامترهای حاصل از اثر تنش‌های شوری و خشکی بر قطر ساقه، ارتفاع گیاه و سطح برگ نی قمیش نشان داد که این گیاه در تنش‌های جزئی خشکی تا حدی مقاومت نشان داده و این شاخص‌ها کمتر در آن کاهش پیدا می‌کند، اما در تنش شدید خشکی این مقدار کاهش شدید پیدا کرد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس این آزمایش نیز نشان داد تیمار شوری و خشکی و اثر متقابل آن دو منجر به ایجاد اختلاف معنی‌دار با تیمار شاهد گردید. اثر ساده تیمار شوری به جز در شاخص سطح برگ و قطر ساقه در سایر شاخص‌ها نسبت به تیمار شاهد اختلاف معنی‌دار نشان داد با این وجود اثر ساده تیمار خشکی در تمامی شاخص‌های اندازه‌گیری شده معنی‌داری را نشان داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Effect of Environmental Stresses on the Growth and Development of Giant Reed (Arundo donax) under the Climatic Conditions of Mashhad City

نویسندگان [English]

  • M. Elahinejad 1
  • Gh. Asadi 1
  • R. Tavakolafshari 2
1 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Drought stress is one of the main environmental factors affecting the growth and productivity of plants around the world. Periods of severe drought are predicted to increase significantly in the near future, particularly as a result of extreme heat waves. Salinity is also one of the most important challenges facing the food supply for the world's population in the future, and the degree and time of exposure to stress can make this challenge stronger or weaker.
Environmental limitations affecting plant growth, development and performance of physiological processes during plant response to stress provide important information about the plant mechanism, which is useful for eliminating or reducing the harmful effects of stress in plant tissues. The negative effects of climate change (such as drought, sea level rise, and global warming), as well as the salinization of agricultural land, and have been cited as one of the most important problems of the World Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Understanding the relationship between changes in environmental conditions and climate change and Arundo donax with regard to the growth of coastal native species and also understanding the water wastage by this plant compared to coastal native plants is vital to remove this plant in the current situation where there is drought in most areas.
In this situation, it is necessary to know how different environmental factors such as salinity levels, dryness, temperature, nutrients, light and fire affect the growth and invasion of Arundo donax for long-term and large-scale control. The purpose of this research is to obtain valuable information about the growth and development of existing ecotypes of the Arundo donax plant in Iran and the effect of various environmental factors on the germination, growth and fertility of this plant in order to plan for the long-term restoration of river ecosystems and how to control and The fight or its optimal use should be determined.
 
Materials and Methods
In order to investigate the effect of drought and salinity treatment on the growth and establishment of the rhizome of Arundo donax, an experiment was conducted in 2021 using rhizomes collected from the ecotype of Gorgan city and factorially in the form of a randomized complete block design in 3 replications in the research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The experimental treatments included different levels of drought stress {100%, 75% and 50% of crop capacity} and different levels of salinity stress {0 (distilled water), 4, 8 and 12 dS/m}.
 
Results and Discussion
The general results of the experiment showed that the presence of salinity and drought stresses both decrease the growth and development indicators of this plant, and the presence of these two environmental stresses can increase the indicators of biomass of aerial organs, biomass of underground organs, plant height, and stem diameter. The effect of salinity stress on the reduction of the measured indices was less than that of drought stress, so that the difference between the levels of salinity stress at different levels of drought stress in all the measured indices, except the shoot biomass, had insignificant differences with each other, but in the comparison of the effect of drought stress at different levels of the surface together we come to the conclusion that drought stress alone leads to a significant decrease in growth indicators compared to the control treatment. The maximum amount of shoot biomass in non-stress conditions (control) was 2840 (gr), and with the increase of salinity and drought stress levels, this value decreases, so that the lowest amount of biomass in drought stress and maximum salinity conditions was 988 (gr). The biomass of the shoots of Arundo donax increased over time in different levels of salinity and drought stress, and its value was from less than 300 grams at the beginning of the growing season in all stress levels to more than 1000 to 2500 (gr) at the end of the growing season in different stress levels.
 
Conclusion
The parameters obtained from the effect of salinity and drought stress on the stem diameter, plant height and leaf surface of Arundo donax showed that this plant showed some resistance under minor drought stress and these indicators decrease less in it, but in severe drought stress this amount decreased sharply. The results of analysis of variance of this experiment also showed that salinity and drought treatment and their interaction led to a significant difference with the control treatment. The simple effect of salinity treatment showed a significant difference in other indices compared to the control treatment, except for the index of leaf area and stem diameter, however, the simple effect of drought treatment showed significance in all the measured indices.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Arundo donax
  • Drought
  • Environmental stress
  • Growth
  • Invasive plant

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