تأثیر دماهای ثابت و نوساندار، هنگام نگهداری لارو زنبور پارازیتوئید Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hym., Braconidae) در دمای پایین

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

چکیده

نگهداری در سرما یک عامل استرسی بوده و روی پارامترهای مختلف شایستگی حشرات اثر منفی میگذارد. طراحی و تکمیل روشهای نگهداری در سرما برای بیمه کردن مهارکنندههای زیستی تولید شده از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است. در این مطالعه جمعیت همسنی از لاروهای سن آخر جمعیت جنسی زنبور Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall)، پارازیتوئید شتههای سیاه باقلا (Aphis fabae Scopoli)، در دو رژیم دمایی نوساندار (انتقال روزانه به مدت دو ساعت به دمای ºC 1±21) و یا ثابت (بدون انتقال به دمای بالاتر)، در دمای شش درجه سانتیگراد نگهداری و این شتههای پارازیته در هر رژیم بعد از یک، دو و یا سه هفته از سرما خارج و به اتاق رشد منتقل شدند. با ظهور حشرات کامل، فاصله زمانی تا ظهور، نرخ ظهور، نسبت جنسی، طول ساق پا، بار تخم و اندازه تخمک آنها تعیین شد. مطابق با نتایج، پس از سه هفته نگهداری در سرما، رژیم دمایی ثابت مناسبتر از نوساندار بود، چرا که علاوه بر افزایش مدت زمان ظهور (هر دو جنس نر و ماده)، نسبت جنسی، طول ساق پا (حشرات نر و ماده) و بار تخم بالاتری را نسبت به رژیم دمایی نوساندار موجب شد. در هفته سوم نگهداری فقط اندازه تخمک حشرات نگهداری شده در رژیم ثابت کمتر از رژیم نوساندار بود. اما در لاروهایی که به مدت دو هفته در سرما نگهداری شدند، صرف نظر از مدت زمان ظهور، رژیم دمایی نوساندار مناسبتر بود چرا که حشرات در این رژیم دمایی نرخ ظهور، نسبت جنسی، طول ساق پا و اندازه تخمک بیشتری نسبت به رژیم دمایی ثابت داشتند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effects of Constant and Fluctuating Thermal Regimes for Reducing Chill Injuries During Cold Storage of Late-Instar Larva of Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hym., Braconidae)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Mahi
  • arash rasekh
  • Parviz Shishehbor
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Mass production of natural enemies has been considered a necessity for biological control programs. Most beneficial insects have a relatively short shelf-life, so suppliers do not have a sufficient number of biocontrol agents. The development of storage techniques for biocontrol agents provides flexibility and efficiency in mass production. Cold storage by prolonging insect development times provides a steady and sufficient supply of insects and synchronizes a desired developmental stage of biocontrol agents with times of pest outbreaks; so it reduces the cost of biocontrol programs by enlarging the production period over several months. Cold storage is usually associated with major fitness costs. Even if the insects remain alive after cold storage, a reduction of fitness may be observed, so the production of high quality natural enemies must be ensured. Developing effective methods is necessary in mass-producing. It has been reported that using fluctuating thermal regimes (FTR) (i.e. cold exposure interrupted by periodic short pulses of high temperature) versus constant thermal regimes (CTR) can progress the quality of biological control agents and significantly reduce rates of mortality. In this study, the impact of fluctuating thermal regimes versus constant low temperatures on the emergence rate, sex ratio, post-storage development time, adult size, egg load and egg size of the parasitoid wasp, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) was studied. The test was examined in three cold storage periods (1, 2, or 3 weeks). Lysiphlebus fabarum is an aphidiine parasitoid which attacks more than 70 species of aphids. Although both sexual (arrhenotokous) and asexual (thelytokous) populations of L. fabarum have been reported in Iran, the former population has been studied in this research.
Materials and Methods: A stock colony of black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemi., Aphididae) was established from material collected in bean fields in Khuzestan province, Iran, in spring 2012. A sexual population of the parasitoid wasp, L. fabarum was collected from black bean aphids feeding on broad bean, Vicia fabae L. The synchronous cohort of L. fabarum was produced on the 2nd instar of aphid (at 21±1 ºC, 50–60% r.h., and L14:D10 photoperiod), then 30 two-day-old mated females were introduced into aphid colony consisting of 200 2nd instar individuals. The females were removed after 10 hours and parasitized aphids were reared for 54 hours (±6) to complete development to the late-instar larvae. These parasitized aphids, which were harboring late-instar larvae of wasp, were subjected to 6 ºC (as constant temperature regime) or were stored at 6 ºC with 2 hours daily exposure to 21±1 ºC (as the fluctuating temperature regime). The experiment was replicated with three cold storage periods (1, 2, or 3 weeks) with a control (direct development at 21±1 ºC). After completion of each storage temperature treatment, insects were transferred back to 21 °C until the emergence of adult wasps. Accordingly, the survival rate and the sex ratio (% females) were determined. The emerged wasps were then exposed to alcohol vapor for 2 minutes. The hind tibia of both gender was measured. Subsequently, the ovaries of each female were dissected to determine the egg load and egg size.
Results and Discussion: According to results in CTR, survival of larvae was significantly reduced after one week of storage, and there was a gradual decrease in the second week, but there was no difference between survival of wasps that were stored after one and two weeks of storage. In FTR, emergence rate was decreased after one and two weeks of storage in comparison to the control, and the least survival was observed in the third week. When the survival was compared between different thermal regimes, FTR increased the survival in the first and second weeks, whereas after three weeks of storage there was no significant difference between two thermal regimes. In CTR, the least sex ratio of wasps was observed in those stored for two weeks, although there was no significant variation in sex ratios for control, one week and three week of storage. In FTR, cold storage did not affect on sex ratios of treatments. When the sex ratio was compared between different thermal regimes, for two and three weeks of storage, it was significantly higher in FTR and CTR, respectively. In females and males, larval storage increased development time relative to controls, in CTR. While in FTR, developmental time was decreased after two and three weeks of storage, in FTR. When developmental time was compared between two thermal regimes, post-storage development was slower in CTR after two and three weeks of storage in comparison to FTR, in both genders. In both thermal regimes, cold storage of wasps as larvae resulted in smaller male and female wasps relative to controls over all the storage periods. Egg load and egg size at emergence were progressively diminished as a function of the storage period, regardless of the thermal regimes. Egg load of wasps stored in CTR compared with FTR, was significantly higher for three weeks of storage. For all storage periods, egg size was significantly higher in FTR than CTR.
Conclusion: Collectively, our results confirmed the beneficial effect of FTR relative to CTR, when larvae of L. fabarum were stored for two weeks at 6 °C. Although FTR reduced the development time, which could be a problem during delivery for mass release of natural enemies in the field, but the emergence rate, the sex ratio, the body size and the egg size were significantly higher in FTR than those in CTR. For three weeks of storage, FTR was more stressful than the CTR, as the wasps that were stored in CTR had significantly more post-storage development, sex ratio, body size and egg load than the fluctuating ones.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Aphis fabae
  • Cold storage
  • Mass production
  • Sex ratio

مراجع

1- Ali M.F., Abdel-Reheem E.F.M. and Abdel-Rahman H.A. 1997. Effect of temperature extremes on the survival and biology of the carpet beetle, Attagenus fasciatus (Thunberg) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Journal of Stored Product Research, 33: 147-156.
2- Ameri M., Rasekh A., Michaud J.P., and Allahyari H. 2013. Morphometric indicators for quality assessment in the aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Braconidae: Aphidiinae). European Journal of Entomology, 110: 519-525.
3- Amice G., Vernon P., Outreman Y., Van Alphen J.J.M., and Van Baaren J. 2008. Variability in responses to thermal stress in parasitoids. Ecological Entomology, 33: 701-708.
4- Andersson M. 1994. Sexual selection. Princeton Univ. Press. 624 pp.
5- Angilletta M.J., and Dunham A.E. 2003. The temperature size rule in ectotherms: simple evolutionary explanations may not be general. American Naturalist, 162: 332-342.
6- Archer T.L., and Eikenbary R.D. 1973. Cold storage of Aphelinus asychis, a parasitoid of the greenbug. Environmental Entomology, 2: 489-490.
7- Archer T.L., Murray C.L., Eikenbary R.D., Starks K.J., and Morrison R.D. 1973. Cold storage of Lysiphlebus testaceipes mummies. Environmental Entomology, 2: 1104-1108.
8- Bernardo U., Iodice L., Sasso R., and Pedata P.A. 2008. Effects of cold storage on Thripobius javae (=T. semiluteus) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18: 921-933.
9- Bigler F. 1994. Quality control in Trichogramma production. In: Wajnberg, E., Hassan, S.A. (Eds.), Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 93-111.
10- Bourdais D., Vernon P., Krespi L., Le Lannic J., and Van Baaren J. 2006. Antennal structure of male and female Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani-Peres (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): description and morphological alterations after cold storage or heat exposure. Microscopy Research and Technique, 69: 1005-1013.
11- Bourdais D., Vernon P., Krespi L., and Van Baaren J. 2012. Behavioural consequences of cold exposure on males and females of Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Stephani Perez (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bio Control, 57: 349–360.
12- Chen C.P., and Denlinger D.L. 1992. Reduction of cold injury in flies using an intermittent pulse of high temperature. Cryobiology, 29: 138-143.
13- Chown S.L., and Gaston K. J. 2010. Body size variation in insects: a macroecological perspective. Biological Reviews, 85: 139-169.
14- Clarke G.M., Brand G.W., and Whitten M.J. 1986. Fluctuating asymmetry: a technique for measuring developmental stress caused by inbreeding. Australian Journal of Biological Science, 39: 145-154.
15- Colinet H., and Boivin G. 2011. Insect parasitoids cold storage: A comparative review of factors of variability and consequences. Biological Control. 58: 83-95.
16- Colinet H., and Hance T. 2009. Male reproductive potential of Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae) exposed to constant or fluctuating thermal regimens. Environmental Entomology, 38: 242-249.
17- Colinet H., and Hance T. 2010. Interspecific variation in the response to low temperature storage in different aphid parasitoids. Annals of Applied Biology, 156: 147-156.
18- Colinet H., Hance T., and Vernon P. 2006a. Water relations, fat reserves, survival, and longevity of a cold-exposed parasitic wasp Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae). Environmental Entomology, 35: 228-236.
19- Colinet H., Renault D., Hance T., and Vernon P. 2006b. The impact of fluctuating thermal regimes on the survival of a cold exposed parasitic wasp, Aphidius colemani. Physiological Entomology, 31: 234-240.
20- Colinet H., Hance T., Vernon P., Bouchereau A., and Renault D. 2007a. Does fluctuating thermal regime trigger free amino acid production in the parasitic wasp Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae)? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 147:484-492.
21- Colinet H., Nguyen T.T.A., Cloutier C., Michaud D., and Hance T. 2007b. Proteomic profiling of a parasitic wasp exposed to constant and fluctuating cold exposure. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 37: 1177-1188.
22- David J.F., and Vannier G. 1996. Changes in the supercooling with body size, sex and season in the long-lived millipede Polyzonium germanicum (Diplopoda: Polyzoniidae). Journal of Zoology, 240: 599-608.
23- Doyon J., and Boivin G. 2005. The effect of development time on the fitness of female Trichogramma evanescens. Journal of Insect Science. 5:4.
24- Ellers J. 1996. Fat and eggs: An alternative method to measure the trade off between survival and reproduction in insect parasitoids. Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 46: 227-235.
25- Ellers J., and van Alphen J.J.M. 1997. Life history evolution in Asobara tabida: plasticity in allocation of fat reserves to survival and reproduction. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 10: 771-785.
26- Ferguson J. 1990. Better good bugs. Agricultural Consultant, 46: 3-4.
27- Giron D., and Casas J. 2003. Mothers reduce egg provisioning with age. Ecology Letters, 6: 273-277.
28- Godfray H.C.J. 1994. Parasitoids, Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 473 pp.
29- Hance T., van Baaren J., Vernon P., and Boivin G. 2007. Impact of extreme temperatures on parasitoids in a climate change perspective. Annual Review of Entomology, 52: 107-126.
30- Ismail M., Vernon P., Hance T., and Van Baaren J. 2010. Physiological costs of cold exposure on the parasitoid Aphidius ervi, without selection pressure and under constant or fluctuating temperatures. Bio Control, 55: 729-740.
31- Ismail M., Vernon P., Hance T., Pierre J.S., and Van Baaren J. 2012. What are the possible benefits of small size for energy-constrained ectotherms in cold stress conditions? Oikos, 121(12): 2072-2080.
32- Ismail M., Van Baaren J., Hance T., Pierre J.S., and Vernon P. 2013. Stress intensity and fitness in the parasitoid Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): temperature below the development threshold combined with a fluctuating thermal regime is a must. Ecological Entomology, 38: 355–363.
33- Kostal V., Renault D., Mehrabianova A., and Bastl J. 2007. Insect cold tolerance and repair of chill-injury at fluctuating thermal regimes: role of ion homeostasis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 147: 231-238.
34- Kostal V., Yanagimoto M., and Bastl J. 2006. Chilling-injury and disturbance of ion homeostasis in the coxal muscle of the tropical cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 143: 171-179.
35- Krishnamoorthy A. 1989. Effect of cold-storage on the emergence and survival of the adult exotic parasitoid, Leptomastix dactylopii Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Entomon, 14: 313-318.
36- Lacoume S., Bressac C., and Chevrier C. 2007. Sperm production and mating potential of males after a cold shock on pupae of the parasitoid wasp Dinarmus basalis (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 53: 1008-1015.
37- Langer A., and Hance T. 2000. Overwintering strategies and cold hardiness of two aphid parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 46: 671-676.
38- Leopold R.A. 1998. Cold storage of insects for integrated pest management. In temperature sensitivity in insects and application in integrated pest management, pp. 235–267. Eds G.J. Hallman and D.L. Denlinger. Boulder, CO, USA: Westview Press.Levitt J. 1980. Responses of plants to environmental stresses, 2nd end. New York: Academic Press, Inc.
39- Levie A., Vernon P., and Hance T. 2005. Consequences of acclimation on survival and reproductive capacities of cold stored mummies of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 98: 704-708.
40- Luczynski A., Nyrop J.P., and Shi A. 2007. Influence of cold storage on pupal development and mortality during storage and on post-storage performance of Encarsia formosa and Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Biological Control, 40: 107-117.
41- Mahi H. 2014. Cold storage feasibility of Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hym., Aphidiidae) for mass rearing usage. M.Sc. dissertation. Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. (in Persian with English abstract).
42- Mohammadi Z. 2014. Impact of host developmental stage on offspring fitness and investigation of foraging behavior in Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). M.Sc. dissertation. Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. (in Persian with English abstract).
43- Mohammadi Z., Rasekh A., Kocheli F., and Habibpour B. 1393. Determining the best morphometric indices for quality control in a sexual population of Lysiphlebus fabarum (Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Plant Pests Research, (in Press).
44- Nedved O., Lavy D., and Verhoef H.A. 1998. Modelling the time-temperature relationship in cold injury and effect of high-temperature interruptions on survival in a chill-sensitive collembolan. Functional Ecology, 12: 816-824.
45- Okine J.S., Mitchell E.R., and Hu G.Y. 1996. Low temperature effect on viability of Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) pupae and effect on this parasitoid on feeding rate of Diamondback moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). The Florida Entomologist, 79: 503-509.
46- Pitcher S.A., Hoffmann M.P., Gardner J., Wright M.G., and Kuhar T.P. 2002. Cold storage of Trichogramma ostriniae reared on Sitotroga cerealella eggs. BioControl, 47: 525-535.
47- Polgar L. 1986. Effect of cold storage on the emergence, sex-ratio and fecundity of Aphidius matricariae, pp. 255-260. In I. Hodek (ed.), Ecology of Aphidophaga. Academia, Prague & Dr. Junk, Dordrecht, Germany.
48- Polgar L.A., and Hardie J. 2000. Diapause induction in aphid parasitoids. Entomologica Expermentalis et Applicata, 97: 21-27.
49- Rakhshani E., Talebi A.A., Manzari S., Rezwani, A., and Rakhshani H. 2006. An investigation on alfalfa aphids and their parasitoids in different parts of Iran, with a key to the parasitoids (Hemiptera: Aphididae; Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 25(2): 1-14.
50- Rasekh A., Michaud J.P., Kharazi-Pakdel A., and Allahyari H. 2010. Ant mimicry by an aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Journal of Insect Science, 10: 126.
51- Ravensberg W.J. 1992. Production and utilization of natural enemies in western European glasshouse crops. In: Anderson, T.E., Leppla, N.C. (Eds.), Advances in Insect Rearing for Research and Pest Management. Westview, Boulder, CO, pp. 465-487.
52- Renault D., Hance T., Vannier G., and Vernon P. 2003. Is body size an influential parameter in determining the duration of survival at low temperatures in Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)? Journal of Zoology, 259:381-388.
53- Renault D., Nedved O., Hervannty F., and Vernon P. 2004. The importance of fluctuating thermal regimes for repairing chill injuries in the tropical beetle Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) during exposure to low temperature. Physiological Entomology, 29: 139-145.
54- Renault D., Salin C., Vannier G., and Vernon P. 2002. Survival at low temperatures in insects: what is the ecological significance of the supercooling point? Cryo-Lett 23: 217-228.
55- Rigaux M., Vernon P., and Hance T. 2000. Relationship between acclimation of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (De Stefani-Peres) in autumn and its cold tolerance (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Med. Fac. Landbouww. Univ. Gent. 65: 253-263.
56- Rivero A., and West S.A. 2002. The physiological costs of being small in a parasitic wasp. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 4: 407-420.
57- Roitberg B.D., Boivin G., and Vet L. 2001. Fitness, parasitoids, and biological control: An opinion. The Canadian Entomologist, 133: 429-438.
58- Rundle B.J., Thomson L.J., and Hoffmann A.A. 2004. Effects of cold storage on field and laboratory performance of Trichogramma carverae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and the response of three Trichogramma spp. (T. carverae, T. nr. brassicae, and T. funiculatum) to cold. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97: 213-221.
59- Scopes N.E.A., Biggerstaff S.M., and Goodall D. E. 1973. Cold storage of some parasites used for pest control in glasshouse. Plant Pathology, 22: 189-193.
60- Sehnal F. 1991. Effects of cold on morphogenesis. In: Lee RE Jr, Denlinger DL (eds) Insects at low temperature. Chapman and Hall, London and New York, pp 149-171.
61- Sequeira R., and Mackauer M. 1993. Seasonal variation in body size and offspring sex ratio in field populations of the parasitoid wasp, Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Oikos, 68: 340-346.
62- Shalaby F.F., and Rabasse J.M. 1979. Effect of conservation of the aphid parasite Aphidius matricariae Hald. (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) on adult longevity, mortality and emergence. Annals of Agriculture Science, 2: 59-71.
63- Sigsgaard L. 2000. The temperature-dependent duration of development and parasitism of three cereal aphid parasitoids, Aphidius ervi, A. rhopalosiphi, and Praon volucre. Entomologica Expermentalis et Applicata, 95:173-184.
64- Singh R., and Srivastava M. 1988. Effect of cold storage of mummies of Aphis craccivora Koch subjected to different pre-storage temperature on percent emergence of Trioxys indicus Subba Rao and Sharma. Insect Science and its Application, 9: 655-657.
65- Stary P. 1970. Methods of mass rearing, collection and release of Aphidius smithi in Czechoslovakia. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 67: 339-346.
66- Stary P. 1986. Creeping thistle, Cersium arvense, as a reservoir of aphid parasitoid (Aphidiidae) in agroecosystem. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 97: 339-346.
67- Van Lenteren J.C. 2003. Need for quality control of mass-produced biological control agents. Quality control and production of biological control agents: Theory and Testing Procedures (ed. by J. C. van Lenteren), pp. 1-18. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, U.K.
68- Visser B., Le Lann C., Den Blanken F.J., Harvey J.A., Van Alphen J.J.M., and Ellers J. 2010. Loss of lipid synthesis as an evolutionary consequence of a parasitic lifestyle. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107: 8677-8682.
69- Volkl W. 1992. Aphids or their parasitoids: who actually benefits from ant attendance? Journal of Animal Ecology, 61: 273-281.
70- West A., Flanagan K.E., and Godfray H.C.J. 1996. The relationship between parasitoid size and fitness in the field, a study of Achrysocharoides zwoelferi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Journal of Animal Ecology, 65: 631-639.
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار