نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
گروه گیاه پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Introduction
Cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Aphididae: Hemiptera) is one of the important pests of cruciferous plants, which causes a lot of damage to plants of this family by feeding on plant sap and transmitting disease. The use of plant derived chemicals such as Diabon and Persian lilac (Melia azedarach L.) extract as an alternative to synthetic insecticides in the integrated management of this pest has been studied and considered. On the other hand, the use of synthetic insecticides in order to control sucking pests is common, and the high percentage of mortalities by acetamiprid and clothianidin against sucking pests was investigated and it was proved that the insecticidal properties of these pesticides are based on the systemic property of them. Potassium element is also important because it plays an important role in the general balance of phosphorus and nitrogen inside the plant, and if potassium is at the level required by the plant, it has an inhibitory effect on the growth and reproduction of insects. In this research, the effect of mineral compounds, plant derived chemicals and synthetic insecticides on the cabbage aphid population was investigated in the conditions of the open space of the urban landscape.
Materials and Methods
This research was carried out in the green space of Zarand city, Kerman province on ready-to-plant ornamental cabbages that are contaminated with cabbage aphids. For each experimental treatment, sixteen infected cabbage plants with aphids were randomly planted in plots with an area of one square meter (1×1) at a distance of 20 cm from each other. In order to evaluate the effect of mineral, plant and chemical compounds to control the population of cabbage aphid on ornamental cabbage, experiments were carried out in the form of 9 treatments as follows: (P-N): Potassium nitrate at a concentration of 3000 (ppm) - (P-S): Potassium sulfate at a concentration of 2000 (ppm) - (P-Si): Potassium silicate at a concentration of 2000 (ppm) - (MI): Water-ethanol extract of Melia azedarach (fruit) at a concentration of 3000 (ppm) - (CT): commercial form of a concentrated suspension (SC-20) of clothianidin at a recommended rate of 500 (ppm) - (AT): commercial form of water-soluble powder (SP-20) acetamiprid at a recommended concentration of 500 (ppm) - (AM): commercial form of emulsion concentration (EC-1.8) abamectin at a recommended rate of 500 (ppm) - (DB): Diabon 10% to the recommended concentration of 8000 (ppm) - (C): water as control. The foliar spraying with each of the treatments was carried out in one turn by a 20-liter backpack sprayer with a certain volume on the ornamental cabbages of each treatment. Sampling of the aphid population was done on three occasions at 7, 14 and 21 days after foliar spraying at 8 am. The population of aphids on the leaf was counted by a stereomicroscope and in the area of the template of 1.5×1.5 cm, which was placed on a specific area of the leaf. In this study, the population of living aphids, including: nymphs, wingless and winged insects, were counted and used for statistical analysis.
Results and Discussion
In the first record, the population of nymphs, wingless and total insect in MI, CT, AT, AM and DB treatments have significant differences with the control treatment. But the treatments containing potassium element (P-N, P-S and P-Si) have no significant difference with the control treatment. Comparison of the results 14 days after foliar spraying showed that AT and CT treatments have a significant difference with the control treatment in the stages of nymph, wingless and the total population. Also, in the other research, it was found that fourteen days after the use of acetamiprid, this insecticide was still successfsul in controlling the rose aphid population, which is also consistent with the results of this experiment. Fourteen days after foliar spraying, the treatments that contain potassium element have reduced the population compared to the control only at the stage of wingless insects. Past research showed that potassium element is effective in the reproduction of this aphid. In other biological stages in three recording times, the population density of the treatments that had mineral compounds are not significantly different from the control treatment. This suggests that these compounds may not have an effect on the control of cabbage aphid. Investigations showed that twenty-one days after foliar spraying, in the nymph stage, P-N, CT, AT and AM treatments have significant differences with the control treatment. Other treatments have no significant differences with the control treatment. In the stage of wingless insects, it was found that there is a significant difference between the CT, AT and AM treatments with the control treatment, while the other treatments do not have a significant difference with the control treatment. In the total population of aphids twenty one days after treatment, it was found that CT, AT and AM treatments have significant differences with the control treatment.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the present research, acetamiprid and clothianidin have more effects in controlling the population of this aphid than other insecticides. But in the third record, in clothianidin treatment, the beauty of the appearance of ornamental cabbages was reduced. Therefore, it is suggested to test lower concentrations of this insecticide in the next research. The short-term effect of M. azedarach extract on the population of this aphid may be related to insufficient persistence, low concentration or slow penetration of this extract in the plant tissue. But due to the importance of this botanical compound, it is suggested to conduct new research in relation to increasing the effect of this compound by increasing the concentration, changing the formulation and increasing the number of times of foliar spraying. Mineral compounds containing potassium element did not have much effect in controlling the population of this aphid, which can be related to the activity of cabbage aphid under the leaves. It is obvious that the lack of contact of recent mineral compounds with aphids is effective in the failure of these compounds.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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