بررسی تنوع و فلور علف‌های هرز و پراکنش گونه ماشک خرزی (Vicia hyrcanica ) در مقایسه با سایر علف‌های هرز مورد بررسی در مزارع گندم و نخود کرمانشاه

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه

2 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه کردستان

چکیده

بررسی و شناسایی تنوع و ترکیب علف­های هرز در مناطق مختلف کشاورزی، می‌تواند در تعیین راهکارهای بهینه برای مدیریت علف­های هرز و شناخت نوع علف­های هرز مهاجم در مزارع آن منطقه مفید واقع گردد. ماشک خرزی Vicia hyrcanica یکی از مهمترین گیاهان هرز مشکل‌ساز به‌ویژه در مزارع گندم زمستانه و نخود به شمار می­رود. از این رو وضعیت پراکنش این گیاه هرز به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی در سال زراعی 98- 1399 در 300 مزرعه از مزارع گندم آبی و دیم (250 مزرعه) و نخود دیم (50 مزرعه) در شهرستان کوزران استان کرمانشاه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. مولفه­های مربوط به فراوانی نسبی، غنای گونه‌ای، تراکم و یکنواختی نسبی و نیز شاخص­های تنوع و غالبیت اندازه‌گیری شد. بیشترین میانگین تراکم گونه‌ای با 2/35 بوته در متر مربع و بیشترین فراوانی نسبی 3/36 درصد مربوط به ماشک خرزی و کمترین میانگین تراکم گونه‌ای (27/0) و فراوانی نسبی (26/0) به‌ترتیب متعلق به گونه Tragopogon major و Melilotus albus Medic بود. همچنین غالب ترین گونه‌های پهن برگ شامل شیرپنیر (Galium tricornutum Dandy.)، ماشک خرزی، خردل وحشی (Sinapis arvensis L.) و سرشکافته (Cephalaria syriaca (L) Roemer & Schultes) بودند. شاخص یکنواختی در گندم‌زارهای آبی و دیم شهرستان کوزران استان کرمانشاه نشان می‌دهد که اختلاف بین گونه‌ها از نظر یکنواختی بسیار به هم نزدیک و در دامنه 53/0 خردل وحشی تا 95%  خار مریم (Silybum marianum) متغیر بود. علاوه بر آن نتایج پهنه بندی از 1300 تا 1600 متر نشان داد که ارتفاع از سطح دریا تأثیر چندانی در تراکم اکوتیپ‌های ماشک خرزی و سایر گیاهان هرز گندمیان نداشته است. مقدار تنوع شانون- وِینر، به میزان 09/4، و شاخص تنوع سیمپسون 99/0 و شاخص غالبیت سیمپسون 87/0 محاسبه شد. تفاوت در شاخص‌های تنوع گونه‌ای و غالبیت با میزان و نوع عملیات مدیریتی از جمله استفاده بیش از حد از نهاده‌های کشاورزی و مشکلات مدیریتی علف‌کش­ها در مزارع ارتباط داشت. از این رو ماشک خزری و شیر پنیر به عنوان گونه غالب در مزارع کرمانشاه و عمده‌ترین گونه مهاجم تشخیص داده شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Diversity and Flora of Weeds and the Distribution of Caspian Vetch (Vicia hyrcanica) in Comparison to other Weeds in Kermanshah Wheat and Chickpea Fields

نویسندگان [English]

  • A. Karami 1
  • I. Nosrati 1
  • Gh. Mohammadi 1
  • A. Bagheri 1
  • S. Babaei 2
1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University
2 Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Vicia hyrcanica grows in crop fields and field margins, pastures, meadows, orchards, vineyards, uncultivated areas, and other open areas in western parts of Iran. This is an annual, cool-season weed, which can reduce crop yield substantially. The population of this weedy species during last yeard has been increased and it is now considered as an invasive weed in the cuktivated areas of west of Iran. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the diversity, density and dominance of Vicia hyrcanica compared with other weed species infesting wheat and chickpea fields in Kuzaran city in Kermanshah province, Iran. Furthermore, another aim of this experiment was to prepare the map of contaminated areas with V. hyrcanica as well as the endanger fields for being invaded by this weedy species.
 
Materials and Methods
 For conducting this study, a list of important areas for growing wheat, chickpea, rainfed and irrigated in Kuzran city was prepared, then the distribution of this weed was evaluated during growing season of 2020. 300 farms of both irrigated and rainfed wheat and chickpea farms of Kuzaran city, Kermanshah province, Iran were selected for sampling. The selected fields were monitored in such a way as to cover all important areas of wheat and chickpea production areas in Kuzran city. The selection of farms at a distance of approximately 3-5 km before the emergence of wheat spike gradually began in late April from different parts of the city and continued until late May. Sampling time in different parts of the province was from the beginning of stem emergence to the end of wheat clustering. In order to identify seedlings, they were labeled in the field and seedling identification keys were used to identify them. Parameters related to relative abundance, species richness, density and relative uniformity as well as diversity and dominance indices were measured to determine the importance of the mentioned weed species at the farm level. Through using GIS technique, the distribution map of yellow flower vetch in these areas was drawn.
 
Results
 In addition to yellow vetch, another 21 species of geraminae weeds were observed. The highest average species density with 35.2 plants per square meter and the highest relative abundance of 36.3% is related to Vicia hyrcanica and two species Tragopogon major and Melilotus officinalis both with 0.27 and 0.26, respectively, had the lowest mean species density and relative abundance. In adition, the most common broadleaf species included Catchweed bedstraw (Galium tricornutum Dandy), yellow vetch (V. hyrcanica), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and Makhobeli (Cephalaria syriaca (L.) Roemer & Schultes). Uniformity index in irrigated and rainfed wheat fields of Kuzran city of Kermanshah province shows that the differences between species were very close in terms of uniformity and ranged from 0.53 (Sinapis arvensis) to 95% (related to Silybum marianum).
 
Conclusion
 The highest prevalence index was related to species (V. hyrcanica) and all other weed species had a dominance index of less than 100. Based on the results obtained, among the species identified in wheat and chickpea fields of Kuzran city, five species with the highest prevalence of Simpson species were introduced as the species with the highest relative importance. Differences in species diversity and dominance indices were related to the amount and type of management operations on farms. Caspian vetch and Catchweed bedstraw were identified as the main invasive species. The predominance of these weeds, especially the Caspian vetch, as a weed, creates problems for farmers in the production of important crops, such as peas, because these crops are similar to vetch, and they separate it from the seeds of the crop. It is difficult and somewhat impossible by Bojari devices. Therefore, presence of this weed in these fields is critical and their spread should be prevented. In addition to seed contamination, endrils of vetchs allow V. hyrcanica to attach to crop plants, which results in hindering crop harvest and reducing its yield. Finally, totally, these attributes help to increase the infestation area by this weedy species and my explain its invasion status in the region.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Diversity
  • Dominance
  • Invasive weed
  • Weed density
  • Vetch

مراجع

  • Aghabeigi, F., Termeh, F., & Amiri, N. (2003). Important weed seedlings of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces and their identification key. Pajouhesh-va-Sazandegi, 15(56–57 in Agronomy and Horticulture), 9–15.
  • Anderson, R.L., & Beck, DL. (2007). Characterizing weed communities among various rotations in central South Dakota. Weed Technology, 21, 76-79. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-06-020.1
  • Ardakani, M.R. (1998). Ecology. Tehran University Publication Limited, Iran. (In Persian)
  • Arun Kumar, S., Malay, B., Biswanath, S., & Arunachalam, V. (2007). Weed floristic composition in palm gardens in plains of Eastern Himalayan region if West Bengal. Curent Science, 92, 10-25.
  • Azizi, K.H., Daraeimofrad,, Nasiri, B., & Feizian, M. (2020). Weed species diversity indices in legume - cereal additive series intercropping. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 51(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijfcs.2018.235401.654336
  • Bazoobandi, M., Sadrabadi, R., & Beheshtiyan Mesgaran, M. (2007). Weeds ecology in agricultural and natural system. Sukhan Gostar publication and Research Department of Islamic Azad University. Mashhad. (In Persian with English abstract)
  • Chamani, A. (1996). Determination plant diversity and richness about vegetation in the Mirzabailoo plain and south of Alme Mountain. Thesis Master of Science. Gorgan Natural and Agriculture University. pp 92.
  • Hakim, M.A., Juraimi, A.S., Ismail, M.R., Hanafi, M.M., & Selamat A. (2013). A survey on weed diversity in Coastal rice fields of Sebarang Perak in Peninsular Malaysia. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 23(2), 534-542.
  • Hamaoui-Laguel, L., Vautard, R., Liu, L., Solmon, F., Viovy, N., & Khvorosthyanov, D. (2015). Effects of climate change and seed dispersal on airborne ragweed pollen loads in Europe. Nat. Change, 5, 766–771. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2652
  • Hulbert, S.H. (1971). The non-concept of species diversity: A critique and alternative parameters. Ecology, 52, 577-586.
  • Hyvonen, T., Ketoja, E., Salonen, J., Jalli, H., & Tiainen, J. (2003). Weed species diversity and community composition in organic and conventional cropping of spring cereals. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 97, 131-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00117-8
  • Izsak, I., & Papp, L. (2000). A link between ecological diversity indices and measures of Ecological Modeling, 130, 151-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00203-9
  • James, J.J., BS, Smith, EA, Vasquez, & Sheley, R.L. (2010). Principles for ecologically based invasive plant management. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 3, 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1614/IPSM-D-09-00027.1
  • Javanmard, A., Nikdel, H., & Amani, M. (2019). Evaluation of forage quantity and quality in domestic populations of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), Vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and Caspian Vetch (Vicia hyrcanica) under rainfed condition. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 29(1), 16-31.
  • Kanieski, M.R., Longhi, S.J., & Soares, P.H.R.C. (2018). Methods for biodiversity assessment: case study in an area of Atlantic forest in Southern Brazil. Chapter 3. Pp 45-58. Information website: intechopen.com
  • Koocheki, A., Nasiri Mahallati, M., Tabrizi, L., azizi, G., & Jahan, M. (2006). Assessment of species diversity, function and structure of weed communities. Wheat and sugar beet farms in different provinces in Iran. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 4(1), 105-129. (In Persian with English abstract)
  • Lair, K., & Redente, EF. (2004). Influence of auxin and sulfonylurea herbicides on seeded native communities. Journal of Range Management, 57, 211-218. https://doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0211:IOAASH]2.0.CO;2
  • Lavorel, S., Mcintyer, S., Landsberg, J., & Forbes, T.D.A. (1997). Plant functional classification: from general groups based on response to disturbance. Trend in Ecology and Evolution, 12, 474-478. https://doi.org/10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0211:IOAASH]2.0.CO;2
  • Legere, A., & Derksen, D.A. (2000). Weed community diversity and cropping systems: Concepts and applications. Third International Weed Science Congress, Foz do Iguassu.
  • Ludwig, J.A., & Reynolds, J.F. (1988). Statistical Ecology: A Primer on Methods and Computing. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 338pp.
  • Magurran, A.E. (1988). Ecological Diversity and its Measurements. New Jersey, NJ: Princeton University Press; 179 pp.
  • MacLaren, C., Storkey, J., Menegat, A., Metcalfe, H., & Dehnen-Schmutz, K. (2020). An ecological future for weed science to sustain crop production and the environment. A review. Agronomy Sustainable Deversion, 40(4), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00631-6
  • Makarian, H., & Rohani, A. (2014). Determination of weed spatial distribution based on damage threshold in two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum ) fields in Shahrood region. Journal Plant Production Research, 21(3), 51-73. (In Persian with English abstract). DOR:20.1001.1.23222050.1393.21.3.3.7
  • McCully, K.M., Simpson, G., & Watson, A.K. (1991). Weed survey of Nova Scotia Lowbush (Vaccinilum angustifolium) fields. Weed Science, 39, 180-185. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500071447
  • Menalled, F.D., Gross, K., & Hammond, M. (2001). Weed aboveground and seedbank community responses to agricultural management systems. Ecological Application, 11, 1586-1601. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1586:WAASCR]2.0.CO;2
  • Minbashi, M., Rahimian, H., Zand, E., & Baghestani, M.A. (2010). Invasion weeds, a forgotten challenge. The 3rd Iranian Weed Science Congress, February, Babolsar, Iran, Key articles.30-39.
  • Minbashi Moeini, M., Baghestani, M.A., Rahimian, H., & Aleefard, M. (2008). Weed mapping for irrigated wheat fields Tehran province using geographic information system (GIS). Iranian Journal of Weed Science, 4, 97-118. (In Persian with English abstract)
  • Mousavi, S., Soori, N., Zaidali, E., Azadbakht, N., & Ghiasvand, M. (2011). Comparison of weed floristic composition in fruit gardens in Khorramabad. Iran Journal Field Crops Research, 8(2), 252-268. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v8i2.7523
  • Nosratti, I., Mohammadi, A.D., Amini, R., & SHakiba M.R. (2017). Evaluation of species diversity and population indices of weeds in chickpea fields under dry-land of Kermanshah province. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 11(1), 143-162.
  • Nosratti, I., Sabeti, P., Chaghamirzaee, G., & Heidari, H. (2020). Weed problems, challenges, and opportunities in Iran. Crop Protection, 134, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.10.007
  • Nunes, M.A., Novelli, V.M., da Cunha, B.A., Soares, A.J., de Mineiro, J.L., Freitas-Astúa, J., & Bastianel, M. (2020). Survey of the citrus leprosis vector (Brevipalpus yothersi) and phytoseiids in spontaneous plants of an organic citrus orchard. Appl. Acarol. 82(2), 199-209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-020-00543-w
  • Pielou, E.C. (1975). Ecological diversity. New York, NY: John Wiley; p. 165. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01867726
  • Poggio, S.L., Sattorre, E.H., & Fuente, EB. (2004). Structure of weed communities occurring in Pea and Wheat crops in the rolling pampa (Argentina). Agricalture, Ecosystems and Environment, 103, 225-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2003.09.015
  • Radosvich, S.R., Stubbs, M.M., & Gherssa, C.M. (2003). Plant invasions-process and patterns. Weed Science, 51, 254-259. https://doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0254:PIPAP]2.0.CO;2
  • Rahel, F.J. (2000). Homogenization of fish faunas across the United States. Science, 288, 854–856. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5467.85
  • Rahmanian, S., Ejtehadi, H., Farzam, M., & Memarian, F. (2019). The need to reconsider the use of the word invasive by plant ecology researchers in Iran. Journal of Rangeland, 4, 673-690.
  • Sabeti, P., Minbashi Moeini, M., & Rivand, M. (2013). Assess the damage weeds corn fields. The Fifth Scientific Conference Weed. University of Tehran- Karaj. 2-4 September 2013. (In Persian with English abstract)
  • Sage, R.F., Wedin, D.A., & Li, MR. (2011). The biogeography of C4 photosynthesis. P. 313-373. In Sage R.F., and Monson R.K. (eds.) C4 plant biology San Diego, California: Academic Press.
  • Setterfield, S.A., Rossiter-Rachor, N.A., Douglas, M.M., Wainger, L., Petty, A.M., & Barrow P. (2013). Adding fuel to the fire: the impacts of non-native grass invasion on fire management at a regional scale. PLoS ONE, 8, e59144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059144
  • SHadloo, A., Rastgoo, M., Ghorbani, R., & Bazoobandi, M. (2020). Evaluation the potential of geographical distribution of Dodartia orientalis in Iran and the world in current climatic conditions and future climate change. Iranian Journal of Weed Science, 16(1), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.22092/IJWS.2020.1601.1302
  • Shannon, C.E., & Wiener, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication Urbana University of Illinois Press, Chicago, USA, Pages: 117.
  • Sharifi Niarag, J. (1995). Assessment of grassland diversity in Ardebil. Research and Development, 33, 26-31. (In Persian with English abstract)
  • Simpson, G.G. (1964). Species diversity of North American recent mammals. Systematic Zoology, 13, 57-73. https://doi.org/10.2307/2411825
  • Sohrabi, S., & Gherekhloo, J. (2015). Investigating the status of invasive weeds of Iran. The 6th Iranian Weed Science Conference, 1-3 September, Birjand, Iran. 294-299. https://doi.org/10.22092/IJWS.2020.1601.1302
  • Taylor, S., Kumar, L., & Reid, N. (2012). Impacts of climate change and land‐use on the potential distribution of an invasive weed: a case study of Lantana camara in Australia. Weed Research, 52, 391–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2012.00930.x
  • Thomas, A.G., & Dale, M.R.T. (1991). Weed community structure in spring-seeded crops in Manitoba. Can. Journal Plant Science, 71(4), 1069-1080.
  • Thomas, A.G. (1985). Weed survey system used in Saskatchevan for cereal and oilseed crops. Weed Science, 33, 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500083892
  • Uddin, K.M., Juraimi, A.S., Begum, M., Ismail, MR., Rahim, A.A., & Othman, R. (2009). Floristic composition of weed community in turf grass area of west peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Agricultural Biology, 11, 13–20.
  • Vaisee, M., minbashi, M., & Sabeti, P. (2012). Weed community structure, species diversity and weed mapping in irrigated wheat fields of Kermanshah Province. Weed Research, 4(2), 77-96.
  • Zaidali, E., GHorbani, R., Parsa, M., & Asadi, G.H. (2014). Study of population characteristics and distribution of cheat grass (Bromus tectorum) with other grass weeds in wheat fields of Khorramabad. Weed Research, 6(1), 71-86.
  • Zeynivand, F., Ajorlo, M., & Ariapour, A. (2019). Effect of livestock grazing intensity on diversity of invasive plant species in Kabirkuh mountainous area, Darrehshar Town. Journal of Plant Research, 33(13).

 

ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار