بررسی اثر سطوح کود فسفر و تراکم خردل وحشی (Sinapis arvensis L.) بر صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیک گلرنگ (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• مجتبی خسروی
• مجید جامی الاحمدی
• سید وحید اسلامی
• محمد حسن سیاری زهان

گروه ژنتیک و تولید گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران

10.22067/jpp.2024.84836.1162

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر تراکم علف‌هرز و میزان کود فسفر بر ویژگی‌های رشدی و نحوه تخصیص ماده خشک در گیاه زراعی گلرنگ و علف‌هرز خردل وحشی، آزمایشی بصورت کرت­های خرد شده درقالب طرح پایه بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه بیرجند در سال زراعی 99-98 اجرا شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل سطوح کود فسفر (چهار سطح صفر، 25، 50 و 75 کیلوگرم فسفر خالص در هکتار) به‌عنوان عامل اصلی و تراکم خردل وحشی (چهار سطح صفر، 14، 28 و 56 بوته در متر مربع) به‌عنوان عامل فرعی در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج مقایسات میانگین نشان داد بیشترین میزان وزن خشک برگ گلرنگ با 48/35 گرم در متر مربع در 165 روز بعد از سبز شدن در تیمار شاهد (عدم وجود خردل وحشی) بدست آمد و کمترین میزان وزن خشک برگ نیز با 23/28 گرم از تیمار تراکم 28 بوته خردل وحشی حاصل گردید. بیشترین مقدار شاخص سطح برگ کل گیاه گلرنگ معادل 67/1 در 210 روز پس از سبز شدن از تیمار 25 کیلوگرم در هکتار مصرف فسفر حاصل گردید و کمترین میزان این شاخص نیز برابر با 19/1 از تیمار 50 کیلوگرم مصرف فسفر به­دست آمد. همچنین بیشترین شاخص سطح برگ بوته خردل وحشی در 165 روز بعد از کشت (63/0) در تراکم 56 بوته خردل وحشی در متر مربع بوده و کمترین میزان این شاخص در این مرحله (26/0) از تراکم 14 بوته حاصل شده است. به‌صورت کلی مشاهده شد که ارتفاع گیاه و شاخص سطح برگ در گیاه خردل وحشی در شرایط تراکم بالاتر در همه­ی مراحل رشد بیشترین مقدار بوده که نشان دهنده­ی رقابت‌پذیری علف‌هرز می­باشد. هرچه تراکم علف‌هرز بالاتر رفته ارتفاع گیاه زراعی بیشتر شده است، اما این افزایش تراکم علف‌هرز منجر به کاهش شاخص سطح برگ گیاه زراعی گردیده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آنالیز رشد
• ارتفاع
• تراکم علف هرز
• تسهیم
• رقابت علف هرز

موضوعات

• علف های هرز

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عنوان مقاله [English]

vInvestigating the Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer Levels and Density of Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) on Morphophysiological Traits of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

نویسندگان [English]

• Mojtaba Khosravi
• Majid Jami Al-Ahmadi
• Seyed Vahid Eslami
• Mohammad Hassan Sayyari Zahan

Department of Plant Production and Genetics, College of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Oilseeds are very important as the raw material for the production of vegetable oil (one of the basic needs of the society in the food field). Therefore, achieving any success in increasing the amount of production and supplying as many of these products as possible to meet the domestic needs of the country is considered a valuable and great success. Safflower, with the scientific name Carthamus tinctorius L., is an annual long-day plant from the chicory family. Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), which is also called Brassica kaber in some literatures, is one of the most important weeds belonging to the Brassicaceae family. Competition can perhaps be considered the most important biological interference factor effective in determining crops productivity.Effective management of weeds in agricultural systems is very decisive. Extensive and repeated use of herbicides has led to the emergence of resistant weed biotypes, which has often increased the cost of control. It has also caused some concerns about the negative environmental effects of herbicides. When the competition is for light, the competitive ability of the species is first determined by the morphological traits. The response of crop height to weed competition is related to the density and intensity of competition and the type of weeds and can be positive or negative.
Materials and Methods
An split plots experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replication was carried out in the Research Farm of University of Birjand during the 2018-2019 cropping year. The treatments include four level of phosphorus fertilizer (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg P­­₂O₅ ha^-1) as the main plot and the four wild mustard densities (0, 7, 14 and 28 pl m^-2) as subplots. Plant growth characteristics were measured from 150 to 210 days after planting (DAP) in five stages at 15-day intervals. Also, at the harvest maturity, the yield and yield components of the crop were determined.
Results and Discussion
According to the results, the highest (35.48 g m^-2) and lowest (28.23 g m^-2) safflower leaf dry weights were obtained from control (no-mustard) and 28 pl m^-2 mustard densities at 165 DAP, respectively. The highest (1.67) and lowest (1.19) leaf area index of safflower were achieved at 210 DAP using 25 and 50 kg P­­₂O₅ ha^-1, respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the most effective level of phosphorus on the improvement of safflower growth traits (e.g. leaf area and dry weight and stem dry weight) and its competitive ability was 25 kg P2O5 ha^-1, although the its effects were not significant for many traits, and as phosphorus levels increased, the competition shifted more in favor of wild mustard. In accordance with these results, and probably due to luxury consumption by weeds, it has been observed that when weed density is high, adding fertilizer leads to superiority of weed growth over crop (Blackshaw et al., 2008). Also, the highest leaf area index of mustard (0.63) was obtained at a density of 56 mustard pl m^-2 at 165 DAP and the lowest one of (0.26) was observed at a density of 14 pl m^-2 at the same time. It was also observed that the height and leaf area index of wild mustard were the highest in all measuring stages at higher weed densities, indicating the competitiveness of the weed. The increase in weed density had a negative impact on the safflower, although insignificant in many cases, which could be the result of the competitive effect of mustard for resources such as radiation and nutrients (Wright et al., 1999).
 
Conclusion
In general, the increase in weed density had a positive effect on the yield and its components in wild mustard and a negative effect on the safflower, and under these condition, the application of more than 25 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 does not have a positive effect on the crop. Thus, it seems that the revision in weed management and the use of fertilizer as an agronomic strategy can be effective in reducing the crop losses caused by the presence of high densities of weeds (Clements et al., 2014).

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• distribution
• growth analysis
• height
• weed density
• weed competition

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

https://doi.org/10.22067/jpp.2024.84836.1162

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