تغییرات فلور و تنوع گونه‌ای جوامع علف‌های‌هرز مزارع گندم (Triticum aestivum) استان گلستان پس از یک دهه

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان

2 دانشیار، بخش تحقیقات علف‌های هرز، موسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

به­منظور شناسایی فلور و بررسی تنوع گونه­ای، کارکردی و ساختار جوامع علف­های­هرز و همچنین بررسی تغییر فلور مزارع گندم استان گلستان طی یک دهه، جمعیت علف­های­هرز در شهرستان­های مختلف استان طی سال زراعی 94-1393 مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت و نتایج با بررسی‌های انجام شده طی دهه گذشته مقایسه گردید. نمونه­برداری­ها به­صورت تصادفی، و در ادامه به روش سیستماتیک و طبق الگوی W انجام شد. در این مطالعه 51 گونه علف­هرز متعلق به 20 خانواده­ی گیاهی شناسایی گردید. بیشترین تعداد گونه به ترتیب در خانواده­های Poaceae (14 گونه)، Fabaceae (7 گونه) و Asteraceae (6 گونه) مشاهده شد. نتایج نشان داد که 43/78 درصد علف­های­هرز یک­ساله، 60/19 درصد چندساله و 96/1 درصد نیز دو­ساله بودند. یولاف ­وحشی مهمترین علف­هرز از باریک­برگان و خردل­وحشی مهمترین علف­هرز از پهن­برگان بود. مقایسه نتایج با گذشته نشان داد که تراکم علف‌های هرز یولاف­وحشی، خردل­وحشی، علف­خونی، چچم، علف­ هفت­بند، شاهتره و سیزاب ایرانی با گذشت زمان افزایش یافته در حالیکه تراکم علف‌های هرز پیچک­بند و یونجه­وحشی به مرور زمان کاهش یافته است. بیشترین تعداد گونه در خان­ببین (26 گونه) و کمترین در کردکوی (8 گونه) مشاهده گردید. بیشترین شاخص تنوع شانون در گنبد (48/2) و خان­ببین (44/2) و کمترین آن در کردکوی (18/1) مشاهده شد. بیشترین شاخص تنوع سیمپسون متعلق به ­کلاله (43/0) و مینودشت (40/0) و کمترین آن متعلق به گنبد (11/0) و خان­ببین (11/0) بود. از نظر درصد یکنواختی و درصد فراوانی علف­های­هرز، شهرستان­های مختلف در 7 خوشه­­ی جداگانه قرار گرفتند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Changes of Weed Flora and Species Diversity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Field of Gloestan Province after One Decade

نویسندگان [English]

  • masoumeh Younesabadi 1
  • Mehdi Minbash Moeini 2
  • Leila habibian 1
  • Alireza Savarinejad 1
  • Abdolaziz Haghighi 1
1 Agricultural and natural resources research and education center of Golestan province
2 Associates Professor of Department of Weed Research, Plant Pest and Disease Research Institute, AREEO, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Wheat, as a strategic crop, has a special place in agricultural production of Iran and it has the highest cultivation area in the country. One of the most important limiting factors of wheat production in the world and in the country is weeds. Having comprehensive knowledge of the flora and species diversity of weeds is one of great importance for wheat management and it perceived as a primary need for production management and effective method of weed control in wheat farming program. In order to study of weed flora and evaluation of species, functional and structural diversity of weeds in wheat field of Golestan province, weeds population were surveyed at different cities during 2015 and the results were compared with the findings of last decade surveys.
Material and Methods: Randomized sampling method as W shape was conducted systematically using 0.5×0.5 m quadrate. All weeds in each quadrate were identified, counted and recorded for subsequent data entry and analysis. Mean density, frequency and uniformity percentage and relative abundance were calculated based on Thomas, 1985. Species Similarity index between different cities and Shannon and Simpson species diversity indices in each city were calculated based on available formula. Then cluster analysis based on average linkage method is carried out by SAS 9.2 for clustering different cities on basis of calculated traits that mentioned above.
Result and Discussion: In this study, 51 plant species from 20 families were recorded. The most number of weeds were recorded in Poaceae, Fabaceae and Asteraceae families with 14, 7 and 6 weed species, respectively, but Poaceae, Polygonaceae and Brassicaceae were the most important weed families in wheat fields of Golestan provice, based on their relative abundance, respectively. The results showed that 78.43 % of recorded weeds were annual and the rest were perennial, 29.41 % of weeds were monocotyledons and 70.48% were dicotyledones. Avena ludoviciana and Phlaris minor with 40.21 and 37.11% relative abundance were the most important weed from narrow-leaved weeds and Sinapis arvensis with 32.42% relative abundance was the most important weed from broad-leaved weeds. P. minor, A. ludoviciana، Veronica persica poir. and Stellaria media (L.) Vill. had the highest mean density in wheat fields of provice, respectively. The result of this study showed that the density of Avena ludoviciana, Sinapis arvensis, Phalaris minor, Lolium rigidum, Polygonum aviculare, Fumaria officinalis and Veronica persica has increased while the density of Polygonum convolvulus and Melilotus officinalis decreased over time gradually. Increase of narrow-leaved weeds than last decade may be related to continuous application of aryloxy phenoxy propionate herbicides for the years and resistance of weeds to this group of herbicides. Decrease of P. convolvulus density than last decade can be contributed to successful control of this weed by available herbicides such as tribenuron methyl, bromicid M.A. (bromoxinil+MCPA) and 2, 4, D. The most uniformity index was observed in A. ludoviciana (29.15), S. arvensis (26.57), P. minor (21.90) and V. persica (18.03), respectively. S. arvensis, A. ludoviciana, P. minor and V. persica with 42.55, 41.49, 41.49 and 30.85 % had the most frequency, respectively.
The highest richness (the number of species) was observed in Khan Bebin (26 species) and the lowest (8 species) was in Kord Koy. Low richness in Kord Koy may be contributed to poor drainage of soil in this city that many of weed species cannnot adapt with this condition. The highest and Shannon diversity index was observed in Gonbad (2.48) and Khan Bebin (2.44) and the lowest value was observed in Kord Koy (1.18). The highest Simpson diversity index was observed in Kalaleh (0.43) and Minoo Dasht (0.4) and the lowest value was observed in Gonbad (0.11) and Khan Bebin (0.11). Different cities of Golestan Provience were grouped in 7 clusters for weed uniformity and weed abundance but for weed density they were grouped in 8 clusters.
Conclusion: The most important weed in Aq qala, Bandargaz, Khan Bebin, Kord Koy, Kalaleh and Gorgan cities were Melilotus officinalis, P. minor, S. arvensis, Phalaris paradoxa, P.convolvulus, V. persica. A. ludoviciana was the most important weed in Ali Abad, Gonbad and Minoo Dasht cities. In general A. ludoviciana (40.21), P. minor (37.11), S. arvensis (32.42), and V. persica (27.96) had the most relative abundance in wheat fields and study of their control methods must be considered as research priorities in Golestan provice.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Density
  • Frequency
  • Simpson and Shanon index
  • Relative abundance
  • Uniformity
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