ارزیابی تراکم جمعیت و پارازیتیسم، (Hubner) Helicoverpa armigera و Spodoptera exigua (Hubner)، روی دوازده رقم گوجه‌فرنگی در شرایط مزرعه

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه رازی

2 رازی کرمانشاه

چکیده

کرم میوه‌ی گوجه‌فرنگی Helicoverpa armigera و کرم برگ‌خوار چغندرقند Spodoptera exigua از آفات مهم گوجه فرنگی هستند. تراکم جمعیت این آفات و میزان پارازیتیسم آن‌ها توسط زنبور پارازیتوئید Habrobracon hebetor رهاسازی شده، روی ارقام گوجه‌فرنگی، در شرایط مزرعه، طی سال زراعی 93-1392 بررسی شد. شروع نمونه‌برداری از هفته‌ی پنجم پس از کشت نشا آغاز و تراکم جمعیت آفات مورد بررسی و میزان پارازیتیسم لارو آن‌ها محاسبه شد. ارقام مورد آزمایش شامل، اطمینان، ارس، AB2، Rio fojiu، Mariana، Gempride، King ston، Super queen، 9704، 9706، 9553 و 6515 PS بودند. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد، با وجود اختلاف معنی‌دار تراکم جمعیت این دو آفت، در تاریخ‌های مختلف نمونه‌برداری، میانگین تراکم آفات در ارقام مختلف، معنی‌دار نبود. بیش‌ترین تراکم لارو کرم‌ میوه‌ی گوجه‌فرنگی در اواخر تیرماه، مصادف با هفته‌ی نهم و دهم کشت گوجه فرنگی و بیش‌ترین میزان پارازیتیسم لارو آن در اواخر تیر و اوایل مرداد ماه در مزرعه مشاهده شد. بالاترین تراکم جمعیت کرم برگ‌خوار چغندرقند در دهه‌ی اول تیرماه هم‌زمان با هفته‌ی ششم و هفتم رشد گوجه‌فرنگی و بیش‌ترین میزان پارازیتیسم لاروهای آن در اواخر تیرماه در هفته‌ی سوم پس از رهاسازی اتفاق افتاد. نتایج کلی این مطالعه نشان داد، استفاده از زنبور پارازیتوئید H. hebetor به منظور کنترل لارو آفات مورد بررسی در برنامه مدیریت تلفیقی حایز اهمیت می‌باشد. ارقام AB2 و Kingstone به ترتیب بیش‌ترین میانگین تراکم لارو کرم میوه‌ی گوجه‌فرنگی و کرم برگ‌خوار چغندرقند را داشته و کم‌ترین میانگین تراکم لارو آفات به ترتیب روی رقم Kingstone و 6515 مشاهده شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Population Density and Parasitism Evaluation of Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner) and Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) on Twelve Varieties of Tomato in the Field

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hoda Salehipour 1
  • Hassanali Vahedi 2
  • Naser MoeiniNaghadeh 1
  • Abbas Ali Zamani 1
1 Razi University
2 Razi University
چکیده [English]

Introduction Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Miller has a special place among agricultural products. A wide range of pests and diseases are causing damage to tomato. Tomato fruit worm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) 1809 and beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) 1808 are two important pests of the Lepidoptera order, which aggress to the tomato. Biological control by predators and other natural enemies is an important components of a comprehensive pest management program (IPM). Among the natural enemies, parasitoids has special significance and can be used in biological control of pest plants. Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera braconidae) is a cosmopolitan, gregarious, ectoparasitoid that attacks the larval stage of several species of Lepidoptera and is considered one of the best potential biological control agent. Study of pest density on different cultivars has an important role in choosing appropriate method and time control, and is basis of plant restance. Therefore in this study mentioned pest density and efficiency of h. hebetor was assessed.
Materials and Methods Population density and larval parasitism by H. hebetor was examined on twelve tomato varieties including, Rio fujio, AB2, Mariana, Gem pride, King ston, Super queen, 9704, 9706, 9553 and PS 6515 in field conditions during 2014. All experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design. Five weeks after transplanting, sampling performed randomly. At three-days intervals, egg, larvae and parasitized larvae of each moth were collected on different cultivars of tomato. The whole of each tomato plant were checked for the presence of pests and the number of eggs. 400 and 570 wasps were released in two steps in june 24th and july 23th during 2014, respectively. Number of healthy and parasitized larvae of each pest were counted and recorded to calculate the parasitism percentage. The trichomes density of defferent varieties of tomato was assessed by a stereo microscope with a magnification of 70. The density of trichomes in the leaves after the terminal bud per plant (per square millimeter) were counted and recorded at three points around the midrib. Statistical analysis of data was carried out using Exel 2013 and SPSS 18.0 software.
Results and Discussion The results of the study showed that the pest density had no significant differences among different cultivars of tomatoes, while there were significant differences in different dates of sampling. The highest density of tomato fruit worm and beet armyworm larvae was observed on AB2 and Kingstone, respectively, while the lowest density of these larvae was obtained on the Kingstone and 6515 respectively. Also, the highest density of h. armigera was in 17 and 22 july 2014 that coincided with the ninth and tenth weeks after transplanting in the field. Parasitism percentage of tomato fruit worm and beet armyworm was significant among different dates of sampling but no significant differences were observed among different cultivars. The highest parasitism percentage of tomato fruit worm larvae was obtained in 22 and 27 july 2014. The highest density of pest was occured in 24 and 27 June and 3 July 2014 coincides with the sixth and seventh tomato growth. The highest larval parasitism of beet armyworm was observed in 17 July 2014, three weeks after bracon release. Study on tomato leaf trichomes density in different varieties with highest and lowest population of tomato fruit worm larvae indicated that, the highest density was observed in Kingston variety. Biological and behavioral differences of tomato fruit worm and beet armyworm are could be effective on host preference by these pests, in addition chemical compounds produced by different varieties of tomato (repellents and attractants) are effective on host selection for oviposition and influence pest population.
Conclusions Release of parasitoid wasp, H. hebetor to control the larvae of the tomato fruit worm and beet armyworm, plays an effective role as a biological agent and can be used in a management program of theses pest. According to the text, due to the compatibility of resistant cultivars with other control methods and environment, more study on the role of trichomes in plant resistance is recommended to introduce a resistant cultivars of tomato to mentioned pests.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Beet armyworm
  • Kermanshah
  • Parasitism
  • Tomato fruit worm
  • Tomato varieties

مراجع

1- Afshari A., Yazdanian M., Shabanipour M., and Ghadiri-Rad S. 2014 (a). Density and spatial distribution of egg and larvae population of tomato fruitworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner) in tomato fields of Gorgan county. 3rd Integrated Pest Management Conference (IPMC) , 108-114. Kerman, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract).
2- Afshari A., Yazdanian M., Shabanipour M., and Ghadiri-Rad S. 2014 (b). Natural parasitism of tomato fruitworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner) in tomato fields of Golestan province, northern Iran. 3rd Integrated Pest Management Conference (IPMC), P 503. (in Persian with English abstract).
3- Ahmadi K., Gholi Zadeh H. A., Ebad Zadeh H. R., Hatami F., Fazli Estabragh M., Hoseinpour R., Kazemian A., and Rafiee M. 2016. Agricultural Statistics, agricultural crops. Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Economic Planning, Information and Communication Technology Center. 163pp. (in Persian).
4- Azidah A. A., and Sofian- Azirum M. 2006. Life history of Spodoptera exigua‌(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on various host plants. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 96, 613-618.
5- Azimi A., Avalin Charsoqi K., Mohamadkhan Mozafari M., Latifian M., and Hassani M. 2010. Assesment combined using of bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis and wasp Bracon hebetor aginst tomato worm, Helicoverpa armigera in the tomato fields of winter-spring in Khouzestan province. Proceeding of the 19th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, P. 59. Tehran, Iran. . (in Persian with English abstract).
6- Behdad E. 1983. Important pests of Iran, Neshat Press. 825pp.
7- Bonet A. 2009. Parasitoid wasp, natural enemy of insects. Tropical Biology and Conservation Management, vol 7, Phytopathology and Entomology , 185.pp.
8- Capinera J. L. 1999. Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Insecta:Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). EENY-105, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department. Available at URL http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu.
9- Cherry A., Cock M., Van den Berg H., and Kfir R. 2003. Biological control of Helicoverpa armigera in Africa. Biological Control in IPM systems in Africa. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 329-346.
10- Ghimire M. 2008. Reproductive performance of the parasitoid Bracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) on various host species of Lepidoptera.Ph.D. Dissertation, Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahama State University: 117pp.
11- Ghimire M. N., and Phillips T. W. 2010. Suitability of different lepidopteran host species for development of Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Journal of Enviromental Entomology , 39 (2): 449-458.
12- Hoang L. K., and Takasu K. 2005. Helicoverpa armigera as an alternative host of the larval parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).Applied entomology and zoology, 40(4), 679-686.
13- Johns C.V., and Whitehouse M.E. 2004. Mass rearing of two larval parasitoids of Helicoverpa spp.(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Netelia producta (Brulle) and Heteropelma scaposum (Morley) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) for field release.Australian Journal of Entomology,43(1), 83-87.
14- Jones J. S. 1999. Tomato plant culture in field greenhouse and home garden. CRC Press.199 pp.
15- Kennedy G. G. 2003. Tomato, pest, parasitoids, and predators: tritrophic intractions involving the genus lycopersicon. Annual Review of Entomology, 48: 51–72.
16- Kim J. 2013. Oviposition- mediated intractions of tomato friutworm moth Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) with its host plant tomato Solanum lycopersicum and egg parasitoid Trichograma pretiosom (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Ph.D. Dissertation in Entomology of Pennsylvania State University. 164pp.
17- Mazid M., Khan T. A., and Mohmmd F. 2011. Role of secondary metabolites in deffense mechanisms of plants. Biology and Medicine, 3(2): 232-249.
18- Munakata K. 1977. Insect antifeedants of Spodoptera litura in plants. Host Plant Resistance to Pest, 185-196.
19- Nazarpour L., Yarahmadi F., and Rajabpour A. 2015. Efficacy of augmentative release of Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hym. Braconidae) for biological control of Helicoverpa armygera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Tropentage Berlin . International reaserch on food security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development.
20- Rude P. A. 1998. Integrated pest management for tomatoes forth edition .The Regents of the University of California, Division of Agriculture and National Resources . 118pp.
21- Ruberson J. R., and Whitfield J. B. 1996. Facultative egg-larval parasitism of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) by Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Florida Entomologist , 79 (3), 296-302.
22- Saeidi Z. 2006. Nature of resistance to two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Lycopersicon species. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Agriculture Entomology, University of Agriculture Sciences, Bangalore, 159 pp.
23- Saxena H., and Ponnusamy D. 2009. Record of Bracon hebetor say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in chickpea. Journal of Biological control, 23 (2): 191-192.
24- Saxena H., Ponnusamya D., and Iquebal M. A. 2012. Seasonal parasitism and biological characteristics of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) a potential larval ectoparasitoid of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a chickpea ecosystem. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 22 (3): 305-318.
25- Sertkaya E., Bayram A., and Kornosor S. 2004. Egg and larval parasitoids of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua on maize in Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 32(3):305-312.
26- Singh K. 2013. Seasonal abundance of friut borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and its impact on marketable friut production in tomato Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill). Agriculture Science Digest, 33(4):247-252.
27- SPSS. 2010. Introduction to SPSS (version 18) for Windows. Retrieved from University of Bristol
28- Selvanarayanan V., and Narayanasamy P. 2004. Antixenosis resistance in tomato to the fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). International journal of Tropical Insect Science. 24 (3): 201-206.
29- Shelomi M.,E. Perkins L, Cribb B. W., and Zaluki M. P. 2010. Effects of leaf surfaces on first-instar Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) behaviour. Australian Journal of Entomology, 49, 289–295.
30- Simmons A. T., and Gurr G. M. 2005. Trichomes of Lycopersicon species and their hybrids: effects on pests and natural enemies. Agricultural and Forest Entomology , 7, 265–276.
31- Srinivasan R., Uthamasamy S., and Talekar N. S. 2005. Characterization of oviposition attractants of Helicoverpa armigera in two solanaceous plants, Solanum viarum and Lycopersicon esculentum. Current Science , 90 (6): 864-850.
32- Sullivan M., and Molet T. 2007. Helicoverpa armigera - APHIS - USDA. Retrieved from https://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/owb/downloads/owb-factsheet.pdf.
33- Talekar N. S., Opena R. T., and Hanson P. 2006. Helicoverpa armigera management: A review of AVRDCs research on host plant resistance in tomato . Crop Protection, 25, 461-467.
34- Walker G. P., Herman T. J. B., Qureshi M. S., Winkler S., and Wallace A. R. 2005. Parasitism of tomato friut worm larvae in process tomatoes at Pukekohe. New Zealand Plant Protection, 58: 224-228.
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار