میزان تلفات تریپس غربی گل Frankliniella occidentalis در غلظت توصیه شده چند حشره‌کش و میزان جلب شوندگی به تله چسبنده رنگی در باغ سیب

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه ایلام

2 مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس

چکیده

تریپس غربی گل Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) یکی از مهم‌ترین آفات درختان میوه در فصل گل‌دهی در دنیا به‌شمار می‌آید. استفاده از تله‌های رنگی و حشره‌کش‌ها در مدیریت کنترل این حشره بسیار متداول است. در این پژوهش میزان جلب حشرات کامل توسط سه نوع تله رنگی (زرد، آبی و سفید) و کارآیی پنج ترکیب آفت‌کش (دلتامترین + ایمیداکلوپراید، استامی‌پراید، آنتی‌فیدنت، آزادیراختین و اکسی‌دیمتون‌متیل) علیه این آفت در قالب دو طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی مجزا در یک باغ سیب در حومه شهر شیراز بررسی شد. نتایج به‌صورت میانگین تراکم تریپس غربی گل در 25 سانتی‌متر سرشاخه و درصد کاهش جمعیت بر اساس فرمول هندرسون-تیلتون برآورد شد. نتایج مربوط به تله‌های رنگی نشان داد در همه تاریخ‌های نمونه‌برداری تله‌های آبی رنگ نسبت به دیگر تله‌ها به طور معنی‌داری تعداد بیشتری تریپس گل را جلب کردند. به طور میانگین تله‌های آبی رنگ 85/13 ± 31/34، تله‌های زرد 78/4 ± 56/12 و تله‌های سفید 83/1 ± 87/4 تریپس غربی گل جلب کردند. نتایج تجزیه واریانس داده‌های مربوط به 14 روز پس از کاربرد آفت‌کش‌ها حاکی از تأثیر معنی‌دار تیمارها بر تراکم جمعیت تریپس غربی گل بود و مقایسه میانگین‌ها نشان داد تیمار دلتامترین+ایمیداکلوپراید، استامی‌پراید و آنتی‌فیدنت با شاهد اختلاف معنی‌داری دارند. میانگین درصد تلفات آفت در تیمارهای دلتامترین + ایمیداکلوپراید، استامی‌پراید، آنتی‌فیدنت، آزادیراختین و اکسی‌دیمتون‌متیل 14 روز پس از کاربرد آفتکش‌ها به ترتیب 7/77، 3/83، 1/70، 6/25 و 9/29 درصد تعیین شد. در مجموع، کاربرد تله‌های چسبی آبی رنگ و مخلوط حشره‌کش دلتامترین+ ایمیداکلوپراید، استامی‌پراید و آنتی‌فیدنت در برنامه مدیریت کنترل تریپس غربی گل مناسب به نظر می‌رسد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Mortality Rate of Frankliniella occidentalis Under Recommended Concentration of Some Insecticides and the Amount of Its Attraction to Colored Sticky Traps in Apple Orchard

نویسندگان [English]

  • Majid Mahmoudi 1
  • Hossein Pezhman 2
  • Majid Mirab-balou 1
1 Ilam University
2 Fars Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resource, Shiraz
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is a serious pest of fruit crops in flowering stage worldwide. Many researches have been studied different methods of western flower thrips control. Two control methods including pesticide application and the use of colored sticky traps are commonly used by farmers due to the ease of use and low running costs. Chemical control is known as the main tool in controlling of this pest. In recent decades, mixing several kinds of pesticides by farmers has been become common strategy which seems to be due to their synergistic effects and decreasing of pest resistance one. The current study was done to detect the best color sticky trap in monitoring and to determine the most effective pesticide in controlling western flower thrips.
Materials and Methods: In the current study, the pest attraction rate by 3 sticky color traps (Blue, Yellow, White) and efficacy of five pesticides were investigated against western flower thrips in two separately randomized complete block design in the apple orchard around Shiraz city. The treatments included: deltametrin + imidacloprid, acetamiprid, antifeedant, azadirachtin and oxydemeton methyl. Mortality percent of insects in different treatments was calculated using the Henderson-Tilton formula. Before conducting the experiment, trees was not treated by any pesticides for one year. Each trap was hung in the middle of the trees´ canopy at about 1.5 meter height from the ground. Sticky cards (10 x 25 cm) were visited weekly to record the number of the captured western flower thrips. Each trap was replaced with new one weekly. Number of western flower thrips was analyzed through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the SPSS version 9. The significant differences among means were compared using the Duncan's multiple range test at 95% confidence interval whenever treatment effects were significant.
Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among treatments after 14 days post-treatment (F5, 10 = 6.51, P = 0.006). Mean comparisons showed that treatments deltametrin + imidacloprid, acetamiprid and antifeedant had significant difference with control. Pesticide efficacies based on Henderson-Tilton formula at 14 days post-treatment showed that acetamiprid provided the best control (83.3%) of F. occidentalis, followed by deltametrin + imidacloprid (77.7%) and antifeedant (70.1%). Effectiveness of acetamiprid, which is a systemic pesticide and belongs to neonicotinoids, against a wide range of insect pests has been reported by many researchers. The treatment oxydemeton methyl caused low mortality (less than 30%) in F. occidentalis. The reason of that may be related to resistance of this insect to oxydemeton methyl. This pesticide is older than other tested compounds and has been used by farmers against fruit pests from long time ago. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings like bioassay of this pesticide. In addition, some researchers have shown that inappropriate application of chemical compounds resulted in high level and widespread resistance of thrips to chemicals. Results of color traps showed that blue traps attracted significantly more thrips than other colors in the all sampling dates. On average, the blue, yellow and white traps captured 34.31 ± 13.85, 12.56 ± 4.78 and 4.87 ± 1.83 thrips respectively. In general, there are many studies have been conducted to determine the effect of color traps on thrips. Some studies have reported that thrips are attracted to blue, while the others have reported that yellow is more attractive for them. There are evidences that F. schultzei is also caught by red color. With regard to color preference of western flower thrips, there are many disagreements among researchers. Different researchers have stated different reasons for these contradictions that the most important are the availability of food sources, thrips density, environmental conditions and the duration time of the experiment carrying out.
Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that a remarkable ability of blue traps in catching of the western flower thrip. In addition, results showed that acetamiprid, deltametrin + imidacloprid and antifeedant could considerably reduce the population density of F. occidentalis. Although the pesticides acetamiprid, deltametrin and imidacloprid have been recommended in IPM programs, in organic farming, it is approved that application of pesticides are much more limited. It seems that antifeedant is environment-friendly and can be recommended in organic farming. However, more research is needed to explore the impact of this compound on other agricultural systems. In conclusion, blue sticky color and deltametrin + imidacloprid, acetamiprid and antifeedant could be useful in IPM planes against western flower thrips.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Blue sticky trap
  • Confidor
  • Deltametrin
  • Mospilan
  • Western flower thrip

مراجع

1- Allsopp E. 2010. Investigation into the apparent failure of chemical control for management of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, (Pergande) on plums inthe Western Cape Province of South Africa. Crop Protection, 29(8): 824–831.
2- Antignus Y. 2000. Manipulation of wavelength-dependent behaviour of insects: an IPM tool to impede insects and restrict epidemics of insect-borne viruses. Virus research, 71(1): 213–220.
3- Aslam M., Razaq M., Shah S.A., and Ahmad F. 2004. Comparative efficacy of different insecticides against sucking pests of cotton. Journal of Research and Science, 15(1): 53–58.
4- Awan D.A., and Saleem M.A. 2012. Comparative efficacy of different insecticides on sucking and chewing insect pests of cotton. Academic Research International, 3 (2): 210–217.
5- Blumthal M.R., Spomer L.A., Warnock D.F., and Cloyd R.A. 2005. Flower color preferences of western flower thrips. Hort Technology, 15(4): 846–853.
6- Broughton S., and Herron G.A. 2007 Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) chemical control: insecticide efficacy associated with the three consecutive spray strategy. Australian Journal of Entomology, 46: 140–145.
7- Broughton S., and Herron G.A. 2009. Potential new insecticides for the control of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on sweet pepper, tomato, and lettuce. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102(2):646-651.
8- Chen T.Y., Chu C.C., Fitzgerald G., Natwick E.T., and Henneberry T.J. 2004. Trap evaluations for thrips, (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and hoverflies, (Diptera: Syrphidae). Environmental Entomology, 33(5): 1416–142.
9- Chu C.C., Ciomperlik M.A., Chang N.T., Richards M., and Henneberry T.J. 2006. Developing and evaluating traps for monitoring Scirtothrips dorsalis, (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Florida Entomologist, 89(1): 47–55.
10- Chu C., Pinter P.J., Thomas J.U., Natwick E., Wei Y., and Shrepatis M. 2000. Use of CC traps with different trap base colors for silverleaf whiteflies, (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) thrips, (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and leafhoppers, (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Journal of economic entomology, 93(4): 1329–1337.
11- Chung B.K., Kang W., and Kwon J.H. 2000. Chemical control system of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in greenhouse eggplant. Journal of Asian-Pacific Entomology, 3(1): 1-9.
12- Darriet F., and Chandre F. 2013. Efficacy of six neonicotinoid insecticides alone and in combination with deltamethrin and piperonyl butoxide against pyrethroid‐resistant Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae, (Diptera: Culicidae).Pest Management Science, 69(8): 90–91.
13- Darriet F., Marcombe S., Etienne M., Yebakima A., Agnew P., Yp-Tcha M., and Corbel V. 2010. Field evaluation of pyriproxyfen and spinosad mixture for the control of insecticide resistant Aedes aegypti in Martinique, (French West Indies). Parasit Vectors, 3: 8.
14- Do Bae S., Kim H.J., Yoon Y.N., Lee Y.H., Hee P., and Mainali B. 2015. Yellow sticky card offers composite attractiveness to western flower thrips and greenhouse whitefly. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 3(4): 110–113.
15- Elbert A.H., Matthias S.B., Thielert W., and Nauen R. 2008. Applied aspects of neonicotinoid uses in crop protection. Pest Management Science, 64(11): 1099–110.
16- Elimem M., and Chermiti B. 2014. Color preference of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera; Thripidae) and Orius sp (Hemiptera; Anthocoridae) populations on two rose varieties. Plant Biotechnology, 7: 94–98.
17- Gao C.F., Ma S.Z., Shan C.H., and Wu S.F. 2014. Thiamethoxam resistance selected in the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): Cross-resistance patterns possible biochemical mechanisms and fitness costs analysis. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 114: 90–96.
18- German T.L., Ullman D.E., and Moyer J.W. 1992. Tospoviruses: diagnosis molecular biology phylogeny and vector relationships. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 30(1): 315–348.
19- Gholami Z., Sadeghi A., Sheikhi Garjan A., Nazemi Rafi J., and Gholami F. 2015. Susceptibility of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to some synthetic and botanical insecticides under laboratory conditions. Journal of Crop Protection, 4: 627-632.
20- Gillespie D.R., and Quiring D. 1987. Yellow sticky traps for detecting and monitoring greenhouse whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) adults on greenhouse tomato crops. Journal of Economic Entomology, 80(3): 675–679.
21- Harman J., Alex M., Chang X., and Morse J.G. 2007. Selection of colour of sticky trap for monitoring adult bean thrips Caliothrips fasciatus, (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Pest Management Science, 63(2): 210–216.
22- Held D.W., and Boyd J.D. W. 2008. Evaluation of sticky traps and insecticides to prevent gall induction by Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman, (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) on Ficus benjamina. Pest Management Science, 64(2): 133–140.
23- Helyer N.L., and Brobyn P.J. 1992. Chemical control of western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande) . Annals of Applied Biology, 121(2), 219-231.
24- Hoddle M., Robinson L., and Morgan D. 2002. Attraction of thrips, (Thysanoptera: Thripidae and Aeolothripidae) to colored sticky cards in a California avocado orchard. Crop Protection, 21(5): 383–38.
25- Hulshof J., Ketoja E., and Vanninen I. 2003. Life history characteristics of Frankliniella occidentalis on cucumber leaves with and without supplemental food. Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata, 108: 19-32.
26- Ishida H., Murai T., Sonoda S., Yoshida H., Izumi Y., and Tsumuki H. 2003. Effects of temperature and photoperiod on development and oviposition of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 38: 65-68.
27- Jalili Moghadam M., and Azmayesh Fard P. 2004. Thrips of ornamental plants in Tehran and Mahallat. Proceedings of the 16th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Tabriz.
28- Jensen S.E. 2000. Insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Integrated Pest. Management Reviews, 5: 131-146.
29- Jenser G., Szenasi A., and Zana J. 2001. Investigation on the colour preference of Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 36(1-2) 207–211.
30- Katayama H. 1997. Effect of temperature on development and oviposition of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 41: 225-231.
31- Kirk W.D.J. 1984. Pollen-feeding in thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Journal of Zoology, 204: 107–117.
32- Knight A.L., and Miliczky E. 2003. Influence of trap colour on the capture of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) honeybees and non-target flies. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 100: 65–7.
33- Lewis T. 1973. Thrips their biology ecology and economic importance.Academic Press London, 349 pp.
34- Lim U.T., and Mainali B.P. 2009. Optimum density of chrysanthemum flower model traps to reduce infestations of Frankliniella intonsa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on greenhouse strawberry. Crop Protection, 28(12): 1098–1100.
35- Lim U.T., Kim E., and Mainali B.P. 2013. Flower model traps reduced thrips infestations on a pepper crop in field. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 16(2): 143–145.
36- Liu T.X., and Chu C.C. 2005. Comparison of absolute estimates of Thrips tabaci, (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) with field visual counting and sticky traps in onion field in south Texas. Southwestern Entomologist, 29(2): 83–90.
37- Loomans A., Johannes M., Lenteren van J.C., Tommasini M.G., Maini S., and Riudavets J. 1995. Biological control of thrips pests. Wageningen Agricultural University papers, 95.
38- Mainali B.P., and Lim U.T. 2008. Evaluation of chrysanthemum flower model trap to attract two Frankliniella thrips, (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 11(3): 171–174.
39- Mainali B.P., and Lim U.T. 2010. Circular yellow sticky trap with black background enhances attraction of Frankliniella occidentalis, Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 45(1): 207–21.
40- Mainali B.P., and Lim U.T. 2011. Behavioral response of western flower thrips to visual and olfactory cues. Journal of Insect Behavior, 24(6): 436–446.
41- Mateus C., and Mexia A. 1995. Western flower thrips response to color pp 567–570 in B L Parker M Skinner and T Lewis, (eds) Thrips Biology and Management: Proceedings of the 1993 International Conference on Thysanoptera Plenum Press New York.
42- Mazaheri A., Khajehali J., Marzieh K., and Hatami B. 2015. Laboratory and field evaluation of insecticides for the control of Aeolesthes sarta Solsky, (Col: Cerambycidae). Journal of Crop Protection, 4(2): 257–266.
43- McDonald J.R., Bale J.S., and Walters K.F.A. 1998. Effect of temperature on development of the Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). European Journal of Entomology, 95: 301-306.
44- Mirab-balou M., and Chen X. 2010. A new method for preparing and mounting thrips for microscopic examination. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 32(1): 115–121.
45- Mortazavi N., Aleosfoor M., and Minaei K. 2015. Comparison of seven methods for rearing western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Iran Agricultural Research, 34(2) 15-20.
46- Mungroo Y., and Abeeluck D. 1999. The citruspest Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton and its control in mauritius. Paper presented at the Third Annual Meeting of Agricultural Scientists Reduit Mauritius, pp 89-94.
47- Muvea A.M., Waignjo M.M., Kutima H.L., Osiemo Z., Nyasani J. O., and Subramanian S. 2014. Attraction of pest thrips, (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) infesting French beans to coloured sticky traps with Lurem-TR and its utility for monitoring thrips populations. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 34: 197–206.
48- Natwick E.T., Byers J., Chu C., Lopez M., and Henneberry T.J. 2007. Early Detection andMass Trapping of Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci in Vegetable Crops. Southwestern Entomologist, 32(4): 229–238.
49- Nikolov P., Bozukov H., and Dimitrov A. 2006. Study on the possibilities for combat with tobacco thripses. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, 20(1): 173–174.
50- Parrella M.P., and Jones V.P. 1985. Yellow traps as monitoring tools for Liriomyza trifolii, (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in chrysanthemum greenhouses. Journal of Economic Entomology, 78(1): 53–5.
51- Pearsall I.A. 2002. Daily flight activity of the western flower thrips, (Thysan., Thripidae) in nectarine orchards in British Columbia Canada. Journal of Applied Entomology, 126(6): 293–302.
52- Reitz S.R. 2008. Comparative bionomics of Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella tritici. Florida Entomologist, 91(3): 474-476.
53- Reitz S.R. 2009. Biology and ecology of the western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): the making of a pest. Florida Entomologist, 92(1):7-13.
54- Robb K.L., and Parrella M.P. 1991. Western flower thrips, a serious pest of floricultural crops, pp. 343–358 In Parker, B. L., Skinner, M. and Lewis, T. [eds.], Towards understanding the Thysanoptera. General technical report NE-147. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Radnor, PA.
55- Roditakis N.E., Lykouressis D.P., and Golfinopoulou N.G. 2001. Color preference sticky trap catches and distribution of western flower thrips in greenhouse cucumber sweet pepper and eggplant crops. Southwestern Entomologist, 26(3): 227–237.
56- Solangi B.K., and Lohar M.K. 2007. Effect of some insecticides on the population of insect pests and predators on okra. Asian Journal of Plant Science, 6(6): 920–926.
57- SPSS. 1999. SPSS 9 for Windows user’s guide SPSS Inc Chicago.
58- Talebi-Jahromi, Kh. 2007. Pesticide toxicology. University of Tehran Publication, Tehran, 492 pages.
59- Teulon D.A.J., and Penman D.R. 1992. Colour preferences of New Zealand thrips, (Terebrantia: Thysanoptera). New Zealand Entomologist, 15(1): 8–13.
60- Vernon R.S., and Gillespie D.R. 1995. Influence of Trap Shape Size and Background Color on Captures of Frankliniella occidentalls, (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in a Cucwnber Greenhouse. Journal of Economic Entomology, 88(2): 288–29.
61- Yaku A., Walter G.H., and Najar‐rodriguez A.J. 2007. Thrips see red–flower colour and the host relationships of a polyphagous anthophilic thrips. Ecological Entomology, 5(2): 527–53.
62- Young L.C. 2002. The efficacy of micro-injected imidacloprid and oxydemeton-methyl on red gum eucalyptus trees, (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) infested with red gum lerp psyllid, (Glycaspis brimblecombei). Journal of Arboriculture, 28(3): 144–147.
63- Yudin L.S., Mitchell W.C., and Cho J.J. 1987. Color preference of thrips, (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) with reference to aphids, (Homoptera: Aphididae) and leafminers in Hawaiian lettuce farms. Journal of Economic Entomology, 8(1): 51–55.
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار