بررسی اثرات فرمولاسیون های محلول و پودر ترکیب N’N-napthaloylhydroxyamine (NHA) بر روی تغذیه و مرگ و میر موریانه Microcerotermes diversus Silvestri (Isoptera: Termitidae) در شرایط آزمایشگاهی

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

چکیده

موریانهMicrocerotermes diversus Silvestri مهم‌ترین آفت اقتصادی محصولات چوبی در استان خوزستان می‌باشد. استفاده از موریانه کش‌های جدید و کند اثر راهکار مهمی است که در سال‌های اخیر در کنترل موریانه های زیرزمینی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در این تحقیق اثراتN’N-napthaloylhydroxyamine (NHA) در دامنة غلظتی 4 – 5/0درصد در فرمولاسیون محلول و 8 – 5/0 درصد در فرمولاسیون پودر روی بقا (ایجاد مرگ و میر) و بازدارندگی تغذیه‌ای علیه M. diversus بررسی گردید. نتایج آزمون خاک تیمار شده نیز نشان داد که در مدت 21 روز، مرگ و میر با افزایش غلظت به صورت تدریجی افزایش یافت. هم‌چنین نتایج آزمون کاغذهای صافی آغشته شده به محلول NHA نیز نشان داد که در مدت 14 روز، مرگ و میر با افزایش غلظت به صورت تدریجی افزایش یافت. نتایج حاصله سم NHA را به عنوان یک موریانه کش مؤثر برای کنترل این آفت پیشنهاد می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Aqueous and Powder Formulations of N’N-napthaloylhydroxyamine on Feeding and Mortality of Laboratory Groups of Microcerotermes diversus Silvestri (Isoptera: Termitidae)

نویسندگان [English]

  • B. Habibpour
  • R. Abolfarsi
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Microcerotermes diversus Silvestri is considered the most economically destructive pest of wood products in Khuzestan, Iran. This species lives in subterranean nests and gains access to buildings and vegetation by constructing underground galleries. Therefore, control or management of this termite is of serious public concern. Generally, design and implementation of effective management methods for subterranean termites have faced some limitations due to their cryptic life habits. Millions of dollars have been spent for controlling termites worldwide, and 80% of these expenses relate to structural damage repair and costs expended for termite management. In recent years, the use of new non-repellent and slow-acting termiticides has become an important approach for subterranean termite control and has been gaining popularity. In recent years, an extensive survey on the foraging behavior of the most damaging subterranean termites of Khuzestan province (Iran) has been undertaken with a view to the development of appropriate strategies for control of M. diversus as an extremely destructive structural wood pest, was considered to be the major species with a wide distribution throughout Iran. This species tends to form secondary nests (with reproductive and brood).When the water table is high, secondary nests are usually built in above-ground sites such as tree trunks (adjacent to houses) and wall voids. Termite management has primarily focused on the use of chemical methods such as insecticide applications to soil around and beneath wooden structures. Soil treatments with organophosphates such as Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) did not persist in the environment for long time and proved ineffective against aerial colonies. Therefore, it is important to evaluate new compounds that have potential application for termite management. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate possible delayed toxicity effects of N’N napthaloylhydroxyamine (NHA; A. Johnson Metthey Company, USA) on feeding and mortality on M. diversus.
Materials and Methods: Termites (M. diversus), which were collected from infested wooden blocks previously buried in soil, transferred to the laboratory and placed in plastic boxes in a dark incubator at 28±2˚C and 90±5% relative humidity. Only active and healthy termites were used for tests. Feeding inhibition and mortality of workers treated with NHA were evaluated using both ‘choice’ and ‘no-choice’ test. In no-choice tests, termites were provided by only NHA-treated soil, or NHA-treated filter paper alone. Therefore, they could not escape the treated soil, or had only treated filter paper for food. In choice tests, termites were provided both treated and non-treated soil or filter paper, and could escape or avoid the treated substractes concentration. Technical NHA (99% wt:wt) was used. Two formulations, which were powdery and aqueous, were evaluated to envistigate their efficacy for management of M. diversus. Termites were exposed to NHA at concentrations which included ranging from 0.5 to 4.0% (wt:wt) in aqueous formulation, and from 0.5 to 8.0% (wt:wt) in powdered formulation. Termites were exposed to sterilized soil or filter paper treated with mentioned concentrations of NHA. Termites’ behaviors monitored daily and their mortality recorded. Mortality data were corrected using Abbott’s formula. ANOVA was performed in conjunction with a least significant difference (LSD) test, and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at the 5% level using SAS software (ver. 9.1). A probit analysis was also conducted. The related diagrams were drawn using Microsoft Excel 2007. Noted that the tests were carried out with regard to the standards E1-06 (2006) of the USA and prEN117(2003) of the Europe.
Results and Discussion: NHA-treated-soil indicated that over 21 days, mortality rate gradually increased with increasing concentration levels. Trials with filter paper impregnated with the aqueous formulation showed that within 14 days mortality also gradually increased with increasing concentration. Probit analysis indicated that the level of mortality was dependent on concentration. There was an inverse relationship between time to 90% mortality (LT90) and concentration. LC50 and LC90 values when for compared between different tests showed that in no-choice tests where termites were forced to contact NHA, these values are lower compared with the choice tests. This indicates greater lethality in no-choice tests. Overall, at doses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0% aqueous formulation (treated-filter paper), within 7 to 14-days mortality was 63%. Powdered formulation at doses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0% (treated-soil) caused 67% mortality within 14 to 21 days, indicating that NHA is a slow-acting toxin once ingested.
Conclusion: With regard to our results, we suggest NHA as an effective non-repellent termiticide for controlling M. diversus, and perhaps other subterranean termites in soil. We suggest that application of NHA may be an effective strategyfor the control of M. diversus. Further, field testing is warranted to determine NHA efficacy in natural conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Microcerotermes diversus
  • N’N napthaloylhydroxyamine (NHA)
  • feeding inhibition
  • termiticide
1- American Wood Preservers Association. 2006. Standard method for laboratory evaluation to determine resistance to subterranean termites. E1-06. 1-3.
2- Al-Houty W. A and Abushama F. T. 1992. Durability of imported wood to desert subterranean termites in Kuwait and their control by Chlordane and Dursban. Journal of Kuwait University 19: 265-273.
3- Baker P. B. and Bellamy D. E. 2006. Field and laboratory evaluation of persistence and bioavailability of soil termiticides to desert subterranean termite Heterotermes aureus (Iso.: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 99(4): 1345-1353.
4- European Standard. 2003. Wood preservatives-determination of toxic values aginst European Reticulitermes species (laboratory method). PrEN 117: 1-17.
5- Green F., Crawford D., Lebow S. and Yoshimura T. 2000. Relative toxicity of N’ N-napthaloylhydroxamine (NHA) toxicity against eastern and Formosan subterranean termites in southern yellow pine. Forest Products Journal, 40(3): 235-239.
6- Green F., Arango R. A. and Esenther G. 2008. Transfer of termiticidal dust compounds and their effects on symbiotic protozoa of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). IRG/WP/ Doc 08-10661: 1-9.
7- Habibpour B. 1994. Termites (Isoptera) fauna, economic importance and their biology in Khuzestan province, Iran. M. Sc. Dissertation, College of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran, 143pp. (in Persian with English abstract).
8- Habibpour B. 2006. Laboratory and field evaluation of bait- toxicants for suppression of subterranean termite populations in Ahwaz (Iran). Ph. D. dissertation, College of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran, 150pp. (in Persian with English abstract).
9- Hu X. P., Song D. and Anderson C. 2007. Effect of Imidacloprid granules on subterranean termite foraging activity in ground-touching non-structural wood. Sociobiology, 50(3): 1-6.
10- Kard B. M. 2001. Detrimental effects of boric-acid-treated soil against foraging subterranean termites (Iso.: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology, 37(2): 363-378.
11- Parman V. and Vargo E. L. 2005. The impact of imidacloprid on subterranean termite (Reticulitermes spp.) colonies located inside and around residential structures. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Urban Pests, Malaysia, PP. 225-227.
12- Quarcoo E. Y., Appel A. G. and Hu X. P. 2010. Effects of indoxacarb concentration and exposure time on onset of abnormal behaviors, morbundity, and death in eastern subterranean termite (Iso.: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 103(3):762-769.
13- Rust M. K and Smith J. L. 1993. Toxicity and repellency of components in formulated termiticides against western subterranean termites (Iso.: Rhinotermitidae) . Journal of Economic Entomology, 86 (4): 1131-1135.
14- Rust M. K and Saran R. K. 2008. Toxicity, repellency, and effects of acetamiprid on western subterranean termite (Iso.: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 101(4): 1360-1366.
15- Soleymannejadian E.1992. Termite, Detection and Battle therewith. Translated of a book’s victor Harris, Iran University press of Tehran. 264. (in Persian).
16- Su N. Y., Tamashiro M. and Haverty M. 1987. Characterization of slow-acting insecticides for the remedial control of the Formosan subterranean termite (Iso.: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 80(1): 1-4.
CAPTCHA Image