Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.
Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research
2980-8170
23
1
2009
09
23
A survey of sclerogenic fungal pathogens of rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) in Guilan Province
A survey of sclerogenic fungal pathogens of rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) in Guilan Province
26662
10.22067/jpp.v23i1.1874
FA
S
J.
Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Guilan
A.
Khodaparast
Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Guilan
S
E
Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Guilan
F.
Padasht Dehkaei
Journal Article
2009
10
11
Abstract
Sclerogenic fungal pathogens, are among the most important diseases of rice plant. Sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the economically important diseases that attack a wide range of hosts. Stem rot (Magnaporthe salvinii) has also been found with different severity in most fields of Guilan province. To determine sclerogenic fungal pathogens of rice plant, 141 isolates around Guilan province were collected and taxonomically studied. Four species viz R. solani Kuehn, R. oryzae- sativae (Mordue) Sawada, Sclerotium hydrophilum Saccardo and Magnaporthe salvinii (Catt.) Krause and Webster (Sclerotium oryzae Catt.) were identified. Sclerotium hydrophilum Saccardo and R. oryzae- sativae (Mordue) Sawada are new for Iran and Guilan province mycoflora, respectively. Although S. hydrophilum was reported as a pathogen on rice, we could not be able to verify pathogencity of this species in laboratory conditions according to Kokh's postulate. Pathogenecity tests showed that the other three species are pathogen on rice plant.
Key words: Fungi, Sclerotium, Rice, Pathogen, Rhizoctonia
Abstract
Sclerogenic fungal pathogens, are among the most important diseases of rice plant. Sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the economically important diseases that attack a wide range of hosts. Stem rot (Magnaporthe salvinii) has also been found with different severity in most fields of Guilan province. To determine sclerogenic fungal pathogens of rice plant, 141 isolates around Guilan province were collected and taxonomically studied. Four species viz R. solani Kuehn, R. oryzae- sativae (Mordue) Sawada, Sclerotium hydrophilum Saccardo and Magnaporthe salvinii (Catt.) Krause and Webster (Sclerotium oryzae Catt.) were identified. Sclerotium hydrophilum Saccardo and R. oryzae- sativae (Mordue) Sawada are new for Iran and Guilan province mycoflora, respectively. Although S. hydrophilum was reported as a pathogen on rice, we could not be able to verify pathogencity of this species in laboratory conditions according to Kokh's postulate. Pathogenecity tests showed that the other three species are pathogen on rice plant.
Key words: Fungi, Sclerotium, Rice, Pathogen, Rhizoctonia
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.
Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research
2980-8170
23
1
2009
09
23
Identification and determination of distribution of potato virus A in Northern and Razavi Khorasan provinces using serological and molecular methods
Identification and determination of distribution of potato virus A in Northern and Razavi Khorasan provinces using serological and molecular methods
26699
10.22067/jpp.v23i1.1875
FA
M
Naghibzadeh
B
J
M.
Falahati Rastegar
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Journal Article
2009
10
11
Abstract
Potato virus A (PVA) is one of the members of genus potyvirus. PVA particles are straight to slightly flexuous rods and contain of single stranded RNA. In the spring and summer of 2005, sampling accomplished to determine potato virus A from potato fields in Northern and Razavi Khorasan provinces. Samples with mosaic, shining and rolling of leaves carried in ice chamber to Laboratory for identification and further studies. Some tubers were also collected. After tubers passed dormancy period at 4ºC they were transferred to laboratory to germinate. To detect PVA in collected samples, bioassays, serological and molecular methods such as ELISA and RT-PCR were used. Total RNA was extracted from infected samples by using PEG6000 precipitation method and cDNA was constructed. PCR was performed with specific primers from coat protein region. After electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose, the band of 1100 bp was detected. This amplified region was specific for CP PVA. Host range study of the virus was investigated in greenhouse on three species of host plant. To investigate distribution of the virus, the samples were collected randomly from potato fields located at Mashhad, Chenaran, Shirvan, Ghoochan, Faroodje, Bojnourd, Fariman, Kashmar, Esfarayen, Neishabour, Torbat Jam and Torbat-e- Heydariyeh and tested by DAS-ELISA method. Fields of Kashmar were infected with PVA in different proportions but no infections were observed in other tested fields of the region. This is the first report from existence of PVA in Northern and Razavi Khorasan provinces
Key words : Potato virus A, Identification, Host rang, DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR
Abstract
Potato virus A (PVA) is one of the members of genus potyvirus. PVA particles are straight to slightly flexuous rods and contain of single stranded RNA. In the spring and summer of 2005, sampling accomplished to determine potato virus A from potato fields in Northern and Razavi Khorasan provinces. Samples with mosaic, shining and rolling of leaves carried in ice chamber to Laboratory for identification and further studies. Some tubers were also collected. After tubers passed dormancy period at 4ºC they were transferred to laboratory to germinate. To detect PVA in collected samples, bioassays, serological and molecular methods such as ELISA and RT-PCR were used. Total RNA was extracted from infected samples by using PEG6000 precipitation method and cDNA was constructed. PCR was performed with specific primers from coat protein region. After electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose, the band of 1100 bp was detected. This amplified region was specific for CP PVA. Host range study of the virus was investigated in greenhouse on three species of host plant. To investigate distribution of the virus, the samples were collected randomly from potato fields located at Mashhad, Chenaran, Shirvan, Ghoochan, Faroodje, Bojnourd, Fariman, Kashmar, Esfarayen, Neishabour, Torbat Jam and Torbat-e- Heydariyeh and tested by DAS-ELISA method. Fields of Kashmar were infected with PVA in different proportions but no infections were observed in other tested fields of the region. This is the first report from existence of PVA in Northern and Razavi Khorasan provinces
Key words : Potato virus A, Identification, Host rang, DAS-ELISA, RT-PCR
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.
Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research
2980-8170
23
1
2009
09
23
Detection of Polymyxa betae in sugar beet roots using RT-PCR method in Razavi Khorasan province
Detection of Polymyxa betae in sugar beet roots using RT-PCR method in Razavi Khorasan province
26730
10.22067/jpp.v23i1.1876
FA
S.
Gharouni
Ph. D. Student, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
0000-0002-2040-1691
B
J
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
M.
Falahati Rastegar
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
F
Tabasinezhad
M. SC Student, Department of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Journal Article
2009
10
11
Abstract
Polymyxa betae is an obligate parasite and has a worldwide distribution. This fungus is a soil-borne root endoparasite in some plant families such as Portulaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae. This fungus is the vector of many plant viruses such as Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) which causes the disease known as rhizomania. BNYVV is the most economical important viral diseases of sugar beet. Resting spores of P.betae can survive in soil for many years. For detection of this fungus in Razavi Khorasan province, in summer of 2005, soil samples and plants with rhizomania symptoms were collected from the sugar beet fields. Infection of samples with BNYVV was confirmed by DAS-ELISA. Baiting technique was used for isolation of the fungus. Six-week old plant roots were taken from soil, washed and stained with KOH 10% for 30 minutes and roots were examined for the presence of resting spores under light microscope. Due to difficulty in observing the immature resting spores of the fungus and distinction between zoosporangium and resting spores of other fungi by light microscope, PCR technique was used to the detection of the fungus. Total RNA was extracted from roots of infected samples using PEG6000 precipitation method and cDNA was made using fungus specific forward primer. PCR was performed with the specific forward and reverse primers. After electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gel and 5% polyacrylamid gel, the band of 170 bp was detected. This amplified region is specific for P.betae.
Key words: Polymyxa betae, Beet necrotic yellow vein virus, DAS-ELISA, Polymerase Chain Reaction
Abstract
Polymyxa betae is an obligate parasite and has a worldwide distribution. This fungus is a soil-borne root endoparasite in some plant families such as Portulaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae. This fungus is the vector of many plant viruses such as Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) which causes the disease known as rhizomania. BNYVV is the most economical important viral diseases of sugar beet. Resting spores of P.betae can survive in soil for many years. For detection of this fungus in Razavi Khorasan province, in summer of 2005, soil samples and plants with rhizomania symptoms were collected from the sugar beet fields. Infection of samples with BNYVV was confirmed by DAS-ELISA. Baiting technique was used for isolation of the fungus. Six-week old plant roots were taken from soil, washed and stained with KOH 10% for 30 minutes and roots were examined for the presence of resting spores under light microscope. Due to difficulty in observing the immature resting spores of the fungus and distinction between zoosporangium and resting spores of other fungi by light microscope, PCR technique was used to the detection of the fungus. Total RNA was extracted from roots of infected samples using PEG6000 precipitation method and cDNA was made using fungus specific forward primer. PCR was performed with the specific forward and reverse primers. After electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gel and 5% polyacrylamid gel, the band of 170 bp was detected. This amplified region is specific for P.betae.
Key words: Polymyxa betae, Beet necrotic yellow vein virus, DAS-ELISA, Polymerase Chain Reaction
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.
Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research
2980-8170
23
1
2009
09
23
Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Damage Caused by Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae
Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Damage Caused by Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae
26759
10.22067/jpp.v23i1.1877
FA
Mehrdad
Amooughlitabari
Hassan
Ghahari
Behrouz
Arabzadeh
Journal Article
2009
10
11
Abstract
Water is a main factor in production of crops. Optimizing the usage of water is essential especially in Iran which is a dry and semi-dry country. Investigation on the effect of different irrigation treatments on Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lep.: Crambidae), as the most destructive rice pest, can be an efficient strategy in optimizing usage of water in Integrated Crop Management (ICM). In order to investigate on the influence of deficit irrigation on the performance of C. suppressalis, several factors including tiller number, leaf sheath infection, dead hearts and white heads were evaluated on Fajr variety. All the experiments were conducted in spring and summer of 2004 and 2005 in the Rice Research Institute of Amol base of deficit irrigation in two methods including dry seeded and transplanting. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with 7 treatments (various irrigation regimes) and 3 replications. After preparing of the nursery and paddy fields in mid May, 4 seedlings were sown in each hill with 30x30 cm interval and also for the plots 3x5 m2. The randomized samplings were conducted at three stages including three weeks after transplanting, eight weeks after transplanting and ten days before harvesting. In each stage, 5 hills were randomly selected from each plot and then infected and healthy tillers were counted. Data analysis indicated that different irrigation regimes had not significance effect on the mentioned characters in both methods, dry seeded and transplanting. Therefore, changing on the volume of used water in rice fields has not any effect on population density of C. suppressalis.
Key words: Deficit irrigation, Dry seeded, Transplanting, Chilo suppressalis, Fajr cultivar
Abstract
Water is a main factor in production of crops. Optimizing the usage of water is essential especially in Iran which is a dry and semi-dry country. Investigation on the effect of different irrigation treatments on Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lep.: Crambidae), as the most destructive rice pest, can be an efficient strategy in optimizing usage of water in Integrated Crop Management (ICM). In order to investigate on the influence of deficit irrigation on the performance of C. suppressalis, several factors including tiller number, leaf sheath infection, dead hearts and white heads were evaluated on Fajr variety. All the experiments were conducted in spring and summer of 2004 and 2005 in the Rice Research Institute of Amol base of deficit irrigation in two methods including dry seeded and transplanting. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with 7 treatments (various irrigation regimes) and 3 replications. After preparing of the nursery and paddy fields in mid May, 4 seedlings were sown in each hill with 30x30 cm interval and also for the plots 3x5 m2. The randomized samplings were conducted at three stages including three weeks after transplanting, eight weeks after transplanting and ten days before harvesting. In each stage, 5 hills were randomly selected from each plot and then infected and healthy tillers were counted. Data analysis indicated that different irrigation regimes had not significance effect on the mentioned characters in both methods, dry seeded and transplanting. Therefore, changing on the volume of used water in rice fields has not any effect on population density of C. suppressalis.
Key words: Deficit irrigation, Dry seeded, Transplanting, Chilo suppressalis, Fajr cultivar
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.
Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research
2980-8170
23
1
2009
09
23
Indentification of tolerance threshold of Agaricus bisporous to Cr3+
Indentification of tolerance threshold of Agaricus bisporous to Cr3+
26781
10.22067/jpp.v23i1.1883
FA
Hilda
Besharat
Mahmoud
Zokaei
Journal Article
2009
10
12
Abstract
In the present research the effect of different concentrations of Cr3+ on growth and uptake of chromium by mycelium of Agaricus bisporus was investigated. Chromium playes an important role in improvment of insulin action in diabetic patients. The aim of this research was to investingate tolerance threshold of the fungus to Cr3+ concentrations. Mycelium of A. bisporus was cultured in solid media (PDA) and liquid media (MEB). Cr3+ concentrations in the rang of 0 – 400 ppm were added to the culture media at 25C and pH=6. Increasing of Cr3+ concentration more than 150 ppm decreased growth parameters including growth of colony diameter of the fungus and mycelium dry weight. Accumulation of chromium in mycelium was increased and at highest concentration (300 ppm Cr3+) chromium content of the mycelium was determined to be 12.73 ppm. Increasing Cr3+ concentration more than 150 ppm caused significant reduction of k+ uptake. Alghough no significant effect on Na+ absorption by mycelium was observed. On the base of the results, tolerance threshold of mycelium of A. bisporus to Cr3+ appeared to be 150.
Key words: Tolerance, Cr3+ , Agaricus bisporous
Abstract
In the present research the effect of different concentrations of Cr3+ on growth and uptake of chromium by mycelium of Agaricus bisporus was investigated. Chromium playes an important role in improvment of insulin action in diabetic patients. The aim of this research was to investingate tolerance threshold of the fungus to Cr3+ concentrations. Mycelium of A. bisporus was cultured in solid media (PDA) and liquid media (MEB). Cr3+ concentrations in the rang of 0 – 400 ppm were added to the culture media at 25C and pH=6. Increasing of Cr3+ concentration more than 150 ppm decreased growth parameters including growth of colony diameter of the fungus and mycelium dry weight. Accumulation of chromium in mycelium was increased and at highest concentration (300 ppm Cr3+) chromium content of the mycelium was determined to be 12.73 ppm. Increasing Cr3+ concentration more than 150 ppm caused significant reduction of k+ uptake. Alghough no significant effect on Na+ absorption by mycelium was observed. On the base of the results, tolerance threshold of mycelium of A. bisporus to Cr3+ appeared to be 150.
Key words: Tolerance, Cr3+ , Agaricus bisporous
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.
Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research
2980-8170
23
1
2009
09
23
Population fluctuation of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in paddy fields of northern Amol in Mazandaran province
Population fluctuation of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in paddy fields of northern Amol in Mazandaran province
26809
10.22067/jpp.v23i1.1886
FA
Hassan
Ghahari
Mehrdad
Amooughlitabari
M
Haji-Amiri
Mazandaran Agriculture and Natural Resources University
Hamid
Sakenin
Hadi
Ostovan
Department of Entomology-Shiraz Branch-Islamic Azad University
0000-0002-5564-8029
Journal Article
2009
10
12
Abstract
The population fluctuation of overwintering larvae of Rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied on the three rice varieties including, Fajr, Khazar and Nemat in paddy fields of northern Amol in Mazandaran province. The results indicated that the population fluctuation was significantly different on the three rice varieties at statistical level 5%; the highest density was obtained on variety Khazar and the lowest one on Nemat. The results of several samplings in different dates of autumn indicated that there was not any significant difference between the sampling dates. The mean comparison of reciprocal effect "sampling date × variety" on the population density of overwintering larvae indicated that there was no significant different. In attention to the results of this project, firstly the variety Nemat can be a resistant variety because of low density of overwintering larvae on it. Second, overwintering larvae have little replacement to other hosts after finding the suitable and pleasant overwintering shelters, because of any vacillation on population density in different sampling dates. In addition to the population fluctuation of rice stem borer, many natural enemies of overwintering larvae were studied in Amol region. Several predator beetles of the families Carabidae and Staphylinidae, and also many dipteran and hymenopteran parasitoids of the families Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Sarcophagidae and Phoridae were identified as the efficient factors on decreasing of population density of overwintering larvae.
Key words: Population fluctuation, Overwintering larvae, Chilo suppressalis, Paddy field, Mazandaran, Predators, Parasitoids
Abstract
The population fluctuation of overwintering larvae of Rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied on the three rice varieties including, Fajr, Khazar and Nemat in paddy fields of northern Amol in Mazandaran province. The results indicated that the population fluctuation was significantly different on the three rice varieties at statistical level 5%; the highest density was obtained on variety Khazar and the lowest one on Nemat. The results of several samplings in different dates of autumn indicated that there was not any significant difference between the sampling dates. The mean comparison of reciprocal effect "sampling date × variety" on the population density of overwintering larvae indicated that there was no significant different. In attention to the results of this project, firstly the variety Nemat can be a resistant variety because of low density of overwintering larvae on it. Second, overwintering larvae have little replacement to other hosts after finding the suitable and pleasant overwintering shelters, because of any vacillation on population density in different sampling dates. In addition to the population fluctuation of rice stem borer, many natural enemies of overwintering larvae were studied in Amol region. Several predator beetles of the families Carabidae and Staphylinidae, and also many dipteran and hymenopteran parasitoids of the families Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, Sarcophagidae and Phoridae were identified as the efficient factors on decreasing of population density of overwintering larvae.
Key words: Population fluctuation, Overwintering larvae, Chilo suppressalis, Paddy field, Mazandaran, Predators, Parasitoids
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.
Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research
2980-8170
23
1
2009
09
23
Identification of causal agent of bacterial bight of rice in the fields of Guilan province
Identification of causal agent of bacterial bight of rice in the fields of Guilan province
26844
10.22067/jpp.v23i1.1887
FA
M.
Mkhoshkdaman
M
N
A
A
H.
Pedramfar
Journal Article
2009
10
12
Abstract
Bacterial blight of rice, causes by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae , is one of the most devastating disease of rice after blast disease. During the spring and summer of 2005-2006 different paddy fields in Guilan province (Roodsar, Langrud, Lahijan, Rasht, Anzali, Fooman, Soomeesara and Roodbar) were surveyed and samples were collected from rices showing blight and yellowing in leaves. The extract from tissues were cultured on NA and YDC media containing cyclohexamide (50 µg/ml). After 48 to 72 hours, bacterial colonies were selected and purified. Bacterial colonies were yellow mucoid and produced xanthomonadin pigment on YDC medium. Strains were gram, pectinase and oxidase negative, aerobic and abel to do hypersensitivity reaction on tobacco leaves. According to morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, pathogenicity test, antibiotic sensitivity and PCR method with specific primer pair the isolates were identified as Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. This is the first report of existence of X. o. pv. oryzae on paddy fields in the Guilan provinc
Key words: Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Rice, Leaf blight, Guilan
Abstract
Bacterial blight of rice, causes by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae , is one of the most devastating disease of rice after blast disease. During the spring and summer of 2005-2006 different paddy fields in Guilan province (Roodsar, Langrud, Lahijan, Rasht, Anzali, Fooman, Soomeesara and Roodbar) were surveyed and samples were collected from rices showing blight and yellowing in leaves. The extract from tissues were cultured on NA and YDC media containing cyclohexamide (50 µg/ml). After 48 to 72 hours, bacterial colonies were selected and purified. Bacterial colonies were yellow mucoid and produced xanthomonadin pigment on YDC medium. Strains were gram, pectinase and oxidase negative, aerobic and abel to do hypersensitivity reaction on tobacco leaves. According to morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, pathogenicity test, antibiotic sensitivity and PCR method with specific primer pair the isolates were identified as Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. This is the first report of existence of X. o. pv. oryzae on paddy fields in the Guilan provinc
Key words: Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Rice, Leaf blight, Guilan
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.
Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research
2980-8170
23
1
2009
09
23
Preparation of AFLP Mediated-Molecular Certificate for 12 Bred Strains of the Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus
Preparation of AFLP Mediated-Molecular Certificate for 12 Bred Strains of the Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus
26882
10.22067/jpp.v23i1.1888
FA
Parisa
Ghorbani Faal
Mohammad
Farsi
H
P
Mohsen
Mahmoudnia
Jafar
Zolali
Journal Article
2009
10
12
Abstract
As hybrid spawn is propagated asexually in edible mushrooms, producers may propagate it without the permission of the owner. For the protection of the owner right, there is a great need for a molecular certificate for each commercial line. The high-resolution genotyping method of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to prepare molecular certifications and fingerprinting of 12 lines of Agaricus bisporus. AFLP templates were prepared by digestion of Agaricus DNA with EcoRI and Tru9I restriction endonucleases and subsequent ligation of corresponding site specific adaptors. A total of 54 polymorphic bands were obtained using eight primer combinations. The largest polymorphic bands (12) were produced by using (E-CT/t-TC) primer combination. Molecular certificates were adjusted through presence (1) and non-presence (0) of polymorphic bands. The 12 Button Mushroom lines were distinctly allocated into three clusters with UPGMA method. These results indicated that AFLP is a fast, highly discriminating and reproducible DNA fingerprinting method in distinguishing bred lines of white button mushroom.
Key words: Button Mushroom, Bred Lines, Primer Combinations, AFLP, Molecular Certificates
Abstract
As hybrid spawn is propagated asexually in edible mushrooms, producers may propagate it without the permission of the owner. For the protection of the owner right, there is a great need for a molecular certificate for each commercial line. The high-resolution genotyping method of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to prepare molecular certifications and fingerprinting of 12 lines of Agaricus bisporus. AFLP templates were prepared by digestion of Agaricus DNA with EcoRI and Tru9I restriction endonucleases and subsequent ligation of corresponding site specific adaptors. A total of 54 polymorphic bands were obtained using eight primer combinations. The largest polymorphic bands (12) were produced by using (E-CT/t-TC) primer combination. Molecular certificates were adjusted through presence (1) and non-presence (0) of polymorphic bands. The 12 Button Mushroom lines were distinctly allocated into three clusters with UPGMA method. These results indicated that AFLP is a fast, highly discriminating and reproducible DNA fingerprinting method in distinguishing bred lines of white button mushroom.
Key words: Button Mushroom, Bred Lines, Primer Combinations, AFLP, Molecular Certificates
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.
Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research
2980-8170
23
1
2009
09
23
A study on the effect of riboflavin as a defense activator in rice against Rhizoctonia diseases
A study on the effect of riboflavin as a defense activator in rice against Rhizoctonia diseases
26927
10.22067/jpp.v23i1.1889
FA
Parissa
Taheri
S
Tarighi
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
0000-0003-1021-9877
Journal Article
2009
10
12
Abstract
In this study, the role of riboflavin (vitamin B2) as a defense activator in rice plant against Rhizoctonia diseases was investigated. Following application of riboflavin, rice plants developed systemic resistance to the pathogen and riboflavin did not have any direct effect on the growth pathogens and did not cause phytotoxicity on plants. The necessity of the time interval between riboflavin application and inoculation of pathogen for reduction of disease progress clearly indicates that riboflavin protects rice against R. solani by inducing plant defense responses and induction of resistance. This case was further confirmed by investigating the expression of defense genes, including cationic rice perroxidase (PO-C1), phenylalaninr ammonia-lyase (PAL), and lipoxygenase (LOX). Results revealed elevated levels of LOX and PO-C1 expression in riboflavin-treated plants especially after inoculation with the pathogen. Induction of resistance in plant even after 20 days post-treatment with riboflavin reveales that the vitamin is effective for induction of more durable resistance compared to other activators of plant defense system. Our findings demonstrate that using riboflavin as a plant defense activator is a new, simple, and environmentally safe strategy that could be used to control Rhizoctonia sheath diseases of rice.
Key words: Rhizoctonia spp., Rice, Riboflavin, Induced Resistance, Expression of Defense-Related Genes
Abstract
In this study, the role of riboflavin (vitamin B2) as a defense activator in rice plant against Rhizoctonia diseases was investigated. Following application of riboflavin, rice plants developed systemic resistance to the pathogen and riboflavin did not have any direct effect on the growth pathogens and did not cause phytotoxicity on plants. The necessity of the time interval between riboflavin application and inoculation of pathogen for reduction of disease progress clearly indicates that riboflavin protects rice against R. solani by inducing plant defense responses and induction of resistance. This case was further confirmed by investigating the expression of defense genes, including cationic rice perroxidase (PO-C1), phenylalaninr ammonia-lyase (PAL), and lipoxygenase (LOX). Results revealed elevated levels of LOX and PO-C1 expression in riboflavin-treated plants especially after inoculation with the pathogen. Induction of resistance in plant even after 20 days post-treatment with riboflavin reveales that the vitamin is effective for induction of more durable resistance compared to other activators of plant defense system. Our findings demonstrate that using riboflavin as a plant defense activator is a new, simple, and environmentally safe strategy that could be used to control Rhizoctonia sheath diseases of rice.
Key words: Rhizoctonia spp., Rice, Riboflavin, Induced Resistance, Expression of Defense-Related Genes
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.
Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research
2980-8170
23
1
2009
09
23
Effect of soil texture and temperature on atrazine degradation and its half-life
Effect of soil texture and temperature on atrazine degradation and its half-life
26982
10.22067/jpp.v23i1.1890
FA
Ebrahim
Izadi
Mohammad Hasan
Rashed
Eskandar
Zand
Mahdi
Nasiri Mahalati
Amir
Lakzian
Journal Article
2009
10
12
Abstract
In order to study the effects of soil texture and temperature on atrazine degradation, an experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and 3 replications. Experimental factors included, soil texture (sandy loam and silty clay), temperature(10, 20 and 30 oC) and 4 incubation periods(0, 20, 40 and 60 days). Soil was spiked with atrazine at a rate of 50 mg/kg soil and atrazine residue was measured with HPLC. Results showed that soil texture and temperature had significant effects on atrazine degradation rate.The highest and lowest degradation rate observed in clay soil(30 oC) and sandy soil (10 oC) with degradation rate coefficient of 0.0077 and 0.001, respectively. Atrazine half-life in clay soil was lower than sandy soil. At 10, 20 and 30 oC atrazine half-life was 693, 364.5 and 138.6 days for sandy soil and 277.2, 157.5 and 90 days for clay soil, respectively. Based on these results it is expected that atrazine persistence would be lower in clay soils with higher temperature.
Key Words: Atrazine (Aaterax), Soil texture, Temperature, Half-life, Persistence
Abstract
In order to study the effects of soil texture and temperature on atrazine degradation, an experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and 3 replications. Experimental factors included, soil texture (sandy loam and silty clay), temperature(10, 20 and 30 oC) and 4 incubation periods(0, 20, 40 and 60 days). Soil was spiked with atrazine at a rate of 50 mg/kg soil and atrazine residue was measured with HPLC. Results showed that soil texture and temperature had significant effects on atrazine degradation rate.The highest and lowest degradation rate observed in clay soil(30 oC) and sandy soil (10 oC) with degradation rate coefficient of 0.0077 and 0.001, respectively. Atrazine half-life in clay soil was lower than sandy soil. At 10, 20 and 30 oC atrazine half-life was 693, 364.5 and 138.6 days for sandy soil and 277.2, 157.5 and 90 days for clay soil, respectively. Based on these results it is expected that atrazine persistence would be lower in clay soils with higher temperature.
Key Words: Atrazine (Aaterax), Soil texture, Temperature, Half-life, Persistence
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.
Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research
2980-8170
23
1
2009
09
23
Disease of Rhizoctonia and Fusarium root and rhizome rot of Valerian medicinal plant in Karaj
Disease of Rhizoctonia and Fusarium root and rhizome rot of Valerian medicinal plant in Karaj
27006
10.22067/jpp.v23i1.1891
FA
Mahdi
Ojiardibili
Masood
Ahmadzadeh
Abbas
Sharifi
Mohammad
Javan
؟
Journal Article
2009
10
12
Abstract
Valerian medicinal plant (Valeriana officinalis) is a perennial succulent plant that is natural lenitive and good ingrained of diazepam. This study was conducted in order to identify the fungal agents of rhizome and root rot of valerian. Infected plant samples that showed the symptoms of rotting and necrosis were collected from Karaj and used in order to isolate disease agents. Symptomatic samples were sterilized with sodium hypochlorite (1%) and cultured on PDA medium in Petri dishes. Two fungal colonies grown from tissue segments and single hyphal tip or monoconidial isolates were obtained on PDA medium followed by incubation in dark. The fungal isolate identified as Rhizoctonia solani based on the following test. Staining was done for hyphae of Rhizoctonia isolate, number of nuclei in each cellule and hyphal diameter was determined. The hyphae contained several nuclei. Single spore culture, were obtained from macroconidia of Fusarium isolate. After 24 hours of incubation, single spores were transferred to selective medium, CLA, for detection of Fusarium isolates and also, were transferred to PDA medium for sufficient mass production of spores and sporulation. After 7 days colonies appeared as white cream on top and cream at the bottom of Petri plate with abundant micro and macro conidia. Based on morphology and dimension of conidia and also, production of chlamydospore, the fungus was identified as Fusarium solani. This is the first report of these fungi on V. officinalis in Iran.
Key words: Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Rot, Valeriana officinalis, Karaj
Abstract
Valerian medicinal plant (Valeriana officinalis) is a perennial succulent plant that is natural lenitive and good ingrained of diazepam. This study was conducted in order to identify the fungal agents of rhizome and root rot of valerian. Infected plant samples that showed the symptoms of rotting and necrosis were collected from Karaj and used in order to isolate disease agents. Symptomatic samples were sterilized with sodium hypochlorite (1%) and cultured on PDA medium in Petri dishes. Two fungal colonies grown from tissue segments and single hyphal tip or monoconidial isolates were obtained on PDA medium followed by incubation in dark. The fungal isolate identified as Rhizoctonia solani based on the following test. Staining was done for hyphae of Rhizoctonia isolate, number of nuclei in each cellule and hyphal diameter was determined. The hyphae contained several nuclei. Single spore culture, were obtained from macroconidia of Fusarium isolate. After 24 hours of incubation, single spores were transferred to selective medium, CLA, for detection of Fusarium isolates and also, were transferred to PDA medium for sufficient mass production of spores and sporulation. After 7 days colonies appeared as white cream on top and cream at the bottom of Petri plate with abundant micro and macro conidia. Based on morphology and dimension of conidia and also, production of chlamydospore, the fungus was identified as Fusarium solani. This is the first report of these fungi on V. officinalis in Iran.
Key words: Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Rot, Valeriana officinalis, Karaj
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.
Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research
2980-8170
23
1
2009
09
23
The influence of nitrogen and weed interference periods on corn
The influence of nitrogen and weed interference periods on corn
27037
10.22067/jpp.v23i1.1892
FA
Ahmad
Hosseini
Mohammad Hasan
Rashed
Mahdi
Nasiri Mahalati
K
Hajmohammadnia Ghalibaf
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
0000-00020857-1874
Journal Article
2009
10
12
Abstract
In order to evaluate the influence of nitrogen application and duration of weed interference on corn (Zea mays L.) yield and yield components, a field study was conducted in 2004 at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Research Field. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a factorial treatment arrangement replicated three times. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at rates equivalent to 184 and 368 kg N ha-1. A quantitative series of treatments of both increasing duration of weed interference and length of weed-free period were included in each nitrogen level. Results of this study showed that duration of weed interference had a significant effect on corn yield and yield components, reducing corn yield as duration of weed interference increased. Increasing nitrogen rate had no significant effect on corn yield, but in two cases of weed interference (weed infested until 12 leaf stage and weed infestation throughout the season), increasing nitrogen resulted in decreased corn yield, likely due to the higher weed competition.
Key words: Maize, Nutrients, Weed competition, Yield loss
Abstract
In order to evaluate the influence of nitrogen application and duration of weed interference on corn (Zea mays L.) yield and yield components, a field study was conducted in 2004 at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Research Field. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a factorial treatment arrangement replicated three times. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at rates equivalent to 184 and 368 kg N ha-1. A quantitative series of treatments of both increasing duration of weed interference and length of weed-free period were included in each nitrogen level. Results of this study showed that duration of weed interference had a significant effect on corn yield and yield components, reducing corn yield as duration of weed interference increased. Increasing nitrogen rate had no significant effect on corn yield, but in two cases of weed interference (weed infested until 12 leaf stage and weed infestation throughout the season), increasing nitrogen resulted in decreased corn yield, likely due to the higher weed competition.
Key words: Maize, Nutrients, Weed competition, Yield loss