دانشگاه فردوسی مشهدپژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران2980-817040220260622Study of the Effect of some Fungal and Bacterial Probiotics for Biological Control of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), on Six Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivars under Greenhouse Conditionsبررسی تأثیر برخی پروبیوتیک‌های قارچی و باکتریایی جهت مهار زیستی کنه‌تارتن دو لکه‌ای، Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)، روی شش رقم لوبیا (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) در شرایط گلخانه‌ای5275384828610.22067/jpp.2026.97029.1269FAعلی اصغرکاظمیگروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران0009-0002-8396-6566ناصرمعینی نقدهگروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران0000-0002-1033-6777اصغرحسینی نیاگروه فن آوری و مدیریت تولید، پژوهشکده گل و گیاهان زینتی، موسسه تحقیقات علوم باغبانی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ایران، محلات، ایران0000-0001-8288-1734روح اللهشریفیگروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران0000-0001-9013-3445Journal Article20251220IntroductionThe two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most damaging pests of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). As Iran's climate changes to warmer and drier conditions in most parts of Iran, the prevalence of small sucking pests, including spider mites, has increased. While the main method of controlling T. urticae is the use of chemical acaricides, the rapid growth and high reproductive rate of spider mites leads to the rapid development of resistance to most chemical pesticides. Also, chemical acaricides used to control spider mites can be harmful to human health and the environment. However, tolerant varieties and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can reduce mite populations by enhancing growth and the production of secondary metabolites. The effects of six bean varieties, along with the impact of three probiotics: Biofarm, Bioguard, ProBio96 (water as a control), and the interactions of these factors, were evaluated in the biological suppression of spider mite populations. Materials and MethodsThree probiotics (Bioguard at a 0.5% concentration containing (Propagule g-1 10^6) Trichoderma harzianum and (CFU g-1 10^7) Bacillus velezensis along with 5% humic acid; Biofarm at a 4% concentration containing (CFU ml-1 2×10^7) of each of the three bacteria Azotobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Azospirillum sp. in equal proportions; and Probio96 at a 2% concentration containing (CFU g-1 10^8) Bacillus velezensis from the Naturalist Biotechnology Company as PGPR and AMF, and (water as control), as well as two kidney bean varieties (local Khomein and Kousha), two white bean varieties (Shokufa and Dorsa), and two red bean varieties (Yaghoot and Ofogh), and the control treatment (local Khomein, Khoshderi kidney bean breeding bank) were tested. The experiments were conducted in a factorial split-plot design (variety as the main factor and probiotics as the sub-factor) within a completely randomized design with 24 treatments and three replications, totaling 360 pots. Inoculation was performed using Khoshderi bean leaves containing (15 female mites). Counting of the different mite stages continued for up to 6 weeks. Results and DiscussionAnalysis of variance of the data showed that bean varieties, three probiotic combinations, and sampling time, as well as the interaction effect of variety × probiotic combination, were significant at the 99% confidence level. Mean comparison showed that the varieties Ofogh, Yaghout, and Dorsa had fewer mite populations compared to the local varieties Khomain, Shokoufa, and Kousha. The Bioguard treatment on the Kousha and Ofogh varieties resulted in the lowest numbers of adult mites in Kousha (6.61 ± 0.91), nymphs in Ofogh (10.61 ± 1.65), and eggs in Ofogh (21 ± 3.64). Bioguard on the Yaghout variety had the lowest number of adult mites (6.72 ± 0.94) after Kousha. The Biofarm combination had the lowest adult mite population on the Ofogh cultivar (7.89 ± 1.32). ConclusionThe effect of cultivar on pest population indicates the existence of differences in tolerance or induced resistance of different cultivars to T. urticae mites. The effect of the biological agent on the mite population suggests that probiotic substances can play an effective role in reducing mite density. The interactions of probiotics varied among different bean cultivars; for instance, some bean cultivars such as Ofogh, Yaqut, and Dorsa had fewer mites compared to other cultivars. The interaction of Biogard on cultivars like Ofogh, Yaqut, and Dorsa caused the greatest reduction in population, while ProBio 95 and the local Khomein cultivar had the least effect on population reduction. Therefore, some beneficial soil bacteria and fungi, while stimulating plant growth, prevent the growth and reproduction of two-spotted spider mites. The presence of T. harzianum fungus, B. velezensis bacteria and humic acid by strengthening beans, induces resistance and reduces spider mite feeding pressure. And Biofarm, which contains resistance-inducing Bacillus, reduces the susceptibility of beans to spider mite feeding by increasing the activity of defense enzymes. The results show that the use of Bioguard and Biofarm can be used as part of an integrated pest management program to reduce spider mite damage in beans. The use of probiotics along with variety selection is an effective approach in sustainable pest management. According to the results of this study, the Koosha variety inoculated with Bioguard probiotic is recommended for biological control of spider mite populations. کنه‌تارتن دو‌لکه‌ای Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) یکی از خسارت‌زاترین آفات لوبیا (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) است. با تغییر اقلیم ایران به گرم و خشک و بیابانی شدن اغلب نقاط کشور، طغیان آفات مکنده از جمله کنه‌ها بیشتر از قبل شده است. با توجه به اینکه استفاده از ترکیبات شیمیایی کنه‌کش‌روش اصلی مهار کنه تارتن است و از طرفی، این کنه نرخ رشد و توانایی زادآوری بالایی دارد، لذا بروز پدیده مقاومت کنه به سموم شیمیایی نیز به‌سرعت اتفاق میافتد. همچنین کنه‌کش‌های شیمیایی مورد استفاده در مهار کنه تارتن میتواند برای سلامت انسان و محیط زیست زیانآور باشند. براساس شواهد موجود، ارقام متحمل و باکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاه (PGPR) و ریزقارچ‌های محرک رشد گیاه (AMF) با افزایش رشد و تولید مواد ثانویه، جمعیت کنه‌ها را کاهش می‌دهند. در مطالعه حاضر، اثرات شش رقم لوبیا شامل دو رقم چیتی (محلی خمین و کوشا)، دو رقم سفید (شکوفا و درسا) و دو رقم قرمز (یاقوت و افق) و سه پروبیوتیک شامل بیوفارم، بیوگارد و پروبیو96 بر مهار زیستی جمعیت کنه تارتن ارزیابی شد. آزمایش‌ها با طرح آماری فاکتوریل اسپلیت در زمان با 24 تیمار و سه تکرار اجرا گردید. تراکم جمعیت مراحل تخم، پوره و بالغ کنه تارتن بررسی گردید. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین جمعیت کنه تارتن روی شش رقم مذکور تغذیه‌شده با سه پروبیوتیک یادشده، به‌طور معنیداری در مقایسه با میانگین جمعیت کنه تارتن شاهد متفاوت بود. بر همین اساس، مقایسه میانگین‌ها و بررسی جدول اثرات متقابل ارقام بهعنوان عامل اصلی و ترکیبات پروبیوتیک بهعنوان عامل فرعی و اثرات متقابل آن‌ها با احتمال 99 درصد معنیدار بودند (p≤0.01). لذا میانگین شمارش کمترین جمعیت کنه بالغ پس از شش هفته در ارقام کوشا (91/0±61/6)، یاقوت (94/0± 72/6 ) و افق (17/1±78/6) مشاهده شد که با ترکیب بیوگارد تیمار شده بودند. طبق نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش، رقم کوشا با ترکیب بیوگارد برای مهار زیستی جمعیتی کنه بالغ توصیه می‌گردد.https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_48286_64aa548823e45103d2a5e741f62d02be.pdfدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدپژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران2980-817040220260622The Effects of Essential oils Extracted from Five Medicinal Plants on the Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)) under Laboratory Conditionsاثرات اسانس پنج گیاه دارویی روی سفیدبالک گلخانه (Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)) در شرایط آزمایشگاهی5395514775610.22067/jpp.2026.95864.1256FAنجمهکیانپورگروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایرانحسنعلیواحدیگروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران0000-0003-1682-1295محمد رضاباقریمرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران0000-0002-5819-7147محمد امینسمیعگروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ولی عصر رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران0000-0001-6510-8168زریرسعیدیمرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی چهارمحال و بختیاری، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ایران0000-0002-8949-3096زهرهامامی بیستگانیمرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران0000-0002-0325-4263Journal Article20251008IntroductionThe greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)) is causing significant damage to both field and greenhouse plants worldwide. This pest cause both direct and indirect damage by feeding on plant sap, transmitting plant viruses and secreting honeydew on the leaf surface. The honeydew stimulates the growth of sooty mold fungi that can cover the leaf surface, reducing photosynthesis and contaminating crop products. This polyphagous insect feed on more than 850 plant species, those reflects its significant adaptability to various conditions and represents a serious threat to sustainable agricultural products. Due to the adverse consequences and destructive impacts resulting from using chemical insecticides, the identification and introduction of safer alternatives, especially within the framework of integrated pest management (IPM) programs, is very important. The most suitable strategy for controlling this pest is the integrated use of both biological and essential plant oils methods. The present study was carried out with the aim of reducing reliance on chemical insecticides, preventing pest resistance, and minimizing environmental hazards. In this study, the repellency or antifeedant effects of plant essential oils and their influence on the populations of the T.vaporariorum were evaluated under laboratory conditions (27 ± 5 °C, 60 ± 10% RH and natural light). Materials and MethodsPlants Studied: Thymus daenensis (Celak), Matricaria chamomilla L., Achillea millefolium L., Menta piperita L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L., were obtained from the medicinal plant farms of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Isfahan Province in June 2023. T. daenensis identified by herbarium code 18122, M. chamomilla by 18123, A. millefolium by 18124, M. piperita by 18121, and R. officinalis by 18125.Host plant: In this study, the eggplant plant, Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae) (Commercial cultivar Lango) was used as the host plant for the greenhouse whitefly. The host plants, S. melongena, were planted and maintained under identical conditions with a temperature of 27±5 ℃, relative humidity of 60±10%, and exposure to natural light.The infested leaves containing nymphs and pupal stages were collected from commercial greenhouses and kept in growth chambers at a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C, relative humidity of 65 ± 5%, and a photoperiod of 8:16 (light:dark) until reaching the adult stage. Following the emergence of adults, both male and female insects were introduced onto host plants to initiate colonies. Extraction of essential oils from the studied plants: First, the plants were dried in shaded areas equipped with ventilation. Then, the dried plants were ground and the essential oils were extracted using a Clevenger machine. Essential oils extracted from five medicinal plants, including T. daenensis, at concentrations of 16, 31, 62.5, 125, and 250 ppm; M. chamomilla and M. piperita at concentrations of 81.25, 162.5, 325, 750, and 1500 ppm; A. millefolium at concentrations of 125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm; and R. officinalis at concentrations of 162.5, 325, 750, 1500, and 3000 ppm, were evaluated. When eggplants plants reached the 3–4 leaf stage, essential oils at five concentrations, already determined by preliminary tests, were applied via foliar spraying on the leaves of eggplants, including untreated control only sprayed by distilled water + 2% Tween 80. The treated pots were then transferred into an infested greenhouse where host plants contained at least 100 adult whiteflies. The pots were arranged in five treatments with four plants per treatment, replicated four times, in a completely randomized design, ensuring approximately equal distance from the sources of infestation. The number of insects attracted to each pot was counted after 24 and 48 hours. After 48 hours, the pots were transferred to a separate chamber isolated from any further whitefly infestation. Over a period of 30–40 days, the pots were examined weekly to monitor and record the development of different life stages of the whitefly. Data analysis of the impact of essential oils of five medicinal plants on feeding and population changes of greenhouse whiteflies. Initially, the collected data were transformed with √x+1, then variance analysis was performed using SPSS19.0.0 program, and comparisons and grouping of means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test at a probability level of five percent. Results and DiscussionYarrow (Achillea millefolium) at concentration of 125 ppm exhibited the lowest repellency with the highest attraction of the Whitefly population at 24 hours (126.25 ± 23.33) and 48 hours (133 ± 23.42) after essential oil treatment, while Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) showed the highest repellency with the lowest insect attraction at 24 hours (4.75 ± 2.05) and 48 hours (7.75 ± 2.09) at concentration of 1500 ppm. The repellency of essential oils were positively correlated with concentration, such that increasing concentrations in the most cases reduced the insect population and enhanced repellency. The whitefly population varied significantly during the first week (F = 2.983, df = 25, p = 0.0001) and the second week (F = 3.107, df = 25, p = 0.0001), whereas no significant differences were observed in the third (F = 0.986, df = 25, p = 0.493) and fourth weeks (F = 1.246, df = 25, p = 0.228). Based on the findings, Chamomile essential oil at concentrations of 750 ppm and higher, Thyme at 125 ppm and higher, Yarrow at 250 ppm and higher, Peppermint at concentration of 750 ppm and higher, and Rosemary at concentration of 1500 ppm and higher could effectively act as repellents to protect greenhouse eggplants against T. vaporariorum. Several studies have also evaluated the insecticidal activity of other plant essential oils against various pests, with the differences in results mainly attributable to pest species, type of extract, and experimental timing. Collectively, the previous studies indicated that the essential oils used in the present study could serve as potential alternatives for the development of natural insecticides. ConclusionFindings are promising in development of safe botanicals; however, it would require confirmation of their positive field result. سفیدبالک گلخانه (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) یکی از آفات مهم در گیاهان زراعی، زینتی و سبزیجات به شمار می‌رود و هر سال میتواند به‌صورت مستقیم و غیرمستقیم خسارت زیادی به این محصولات در دنیا وارد کند. در این پژوهش، اثرات دورکنندگی یا ضدتغذیهای اسانسهای گیاهی آویشن دنایی(Thymus daenensis Celak.) ، بابونه (Matricaria chamomilla L.)، نعناع فلفلی (Mentha piperita L.)، بومادران (Achillea millefolium L.) و رزماری(Rosmarinus officinalis L.) بر تغییرات جمعیت این آفت در شرایط کنترل‌شده با دمای 5±27 درجه سلسیوس، رطوبت نسبی 10±60 درصد و نور طبیعی بررسی شد. زمانیکه گیاه بادمجان کاشته‌شده به مرحله 4-3 برگی رسیدند، اسانسها در پنج غلظت مختلف که با آزمایش‌های مقدماتی تعیین شده بود، روی برگهای بادمجان محلولپاشی شدند. سپس گلدانها به یک گلخانه آلوده که بوته‌های آن دارای حداقل 100 حشره بالغ بودند، انتقال داده شد. گلدانها به‌صورت بلوکهایی از پنج تیمار مختلف با چهار گیاه در هر تیمار و در چهار تکرار در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی بهنحوی چیده شدند که فاصله آن‌ها از منابع آلودگی تقریباً یکسان بود. تعداد حشرات جلب‌شده روی هرکدام از گلدانها بعد از 24 و 48 ساعت شمارش شد. پس از 48 ساعت، گلدانها به اطاقک جداگانه به دور از هرگونه آلودگی مجدد به سفیدبالکها منتقل گردید. و رشدونمو مراحل مختلف زیستی سفیدبالک، مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. طبق نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، بومادران در غلظت 125 میلی‌گرم در لیتر کمترین دورکنندگی با بیشترین جذب حشره را در 24 (23/33 ± 25/126) و 48 ساعت (42/23 ± 133) بعد از تیمار با اسانسها داشت و بابونه بیشترین دورکنندگی با کمترین جذب حشره را در 24 (05/2 ± 75/4) و 48 ساعت ( 09/2 ± 75/7) بعد از تیمار با اسانس در غلظت 1500 میلی‌گرم در لیتر داشت. تغییرات جمعیت طی هفته اول و دوم دارای اختلاف معنیدار بود، ولی در هفتههای سوم و چهارم اختلاف معنیداری وجود نداشت. با توجه به عدم وجود باقیمانده سمی و همچنین امکان تولید این اسانس در کشور، این ترکیبات میتوانند در تولید محصولات ارگانیک و کاهش مصرف سموم شیمیایی کاربرد داشته باشند.https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_47756_8984d0645b79e241203e9ec9f0a62ca4.pdfدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدپژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران2980-817040220260622Calculating the Economic Injury Level (EIL) of the Cabbage Aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hem.: Aphididae) on Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cv. Hydromelمحاسبه سطح زیان اقتصادی شته مومی کلم Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hem.: Aphididae) روی کلزا (Brassica napus L.) رقم هیدرومل5535634861610.22067/jpp.2026.95905.1257FAحسیننوریمؤسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران0000-0002-1190-6372مریمفروزانمرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان غربی، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ارومیه، ایران0000-0002-5440-3329Journal Article20251011IntroductionThe increasing of the population of the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in the rapeseed fields of West Azerbaijan province is attributed to various factors, including recent droughts. Determining the Economic Injury Level (EIL) is essential to prevent excessive pesticide use in the rapeseed fields. This research was conducted to estimate the Economic Injury Level (EIL) using a randomized complete block design with four replications on the Hydromel cultivar under eight treatments during the 2017–2018 years in West Azerbaijan province. The treatments were applied to achieve different levels of natural infestation by the cabbage aphid population and consisted of: Treatment 1 (seven weekly sprays from the beginning of stem elongation, to ensure pest absence); Treatment 2 (six sprays after beginning of stem elongation); Treatment 3 (five sprays after beginning of stem elongation); Treatment 4 (four sprays after beginning og stem elongation); Treatment 5 (three sprays after brining of stem elongation); Treatment 6 (two sprays after beginning of stem elongation); Treatment 7 (one spray after beginning of stem elongation); and Treatment 8 (full pest presence, no insecticide, water spray only). In these treatments, imidacloprid SC35% was applied at a rate of 2 per 1000.The mean aphid count per 10 cm of flowering stem, rapeseed yield, and thousand-seed weight were categorized using Duncan's test across the treatments, and the relationship between the mean aphid count and yield per square meter was calculated. The thousand-seed weight per square meter of rapeseed and the damage per aphid were also determined. The results indicated that the mean Economic Injury Level (EIL) of the cabbage aphid in West Azerbaijan province for the Hydromel cultivar during 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 was 19.4 and 25.2 aphids per 10 centimeters of flowering stem, respectively. The Economic Threshold (ET) of the pest was calculated as 14.5 and 18.9 aphids per 10 centimeters of flowering stem, respectively. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted in Boukan, West Azerbaijan province, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight treatments and four replications on autumn-sown rapeseed, cultivar Hydromel, during the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 years. The dimensions of the experimental plots were2 × 10 m, distances between plots and replicates were planted at least 5 and 10 m, respectively. The amount of fertilizer application was based on soil test and the number of irrigation times on the basis of custom The treatments were applied to achieve different levels of natural infestation by the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) population and consisted of: Treatment 1 (seven weekly sprays from the beginning of stem elongation, to ensure pest absence); Treatment 2 (six sprays starting one week after stem elongation); Treatment 3 (five sprays starting two weeks after stem elongation); Treatment 4 (four sprays starting three weeks after stem elongation); Treatment 5 (three sprays starting four weeks after stem elongation); Treatment 6 (two sprays starting five weeks after stem elongation); Treatment 7 (one spray six weeks after stem elongation); and Treatment 8 (full pest presence, no insecticide, water spray only (Obopile, 2006). Five plants were randomly selected from each plot. On each plant, a 10 cm section of the flowering stem was considered, and the number of adult aphids and nymphs on them was counted and recorded one day before the first spray in each treatment (Aslam et al., 2005). Seed yield value and thousand-seed weight were measured for all treatments after harvesting the entire crop of each plot. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SAS software version 9.1 (SAS Institute, 2003) and grouped using Duncan's test. Regression equations were derived for the relationships between crop yield (Y) and the number of aphids per plant (X), and between the number of aphids per plant (X) and percentage of damage (%Y). The Economic Injury Level (EIL), defined as the number of aphids per plant that causes economic damage, was calculated using the formula (Pedigo et al., 1986): EIL = C / (V × I × D × K). Since separating injury (I) and damage (D) for sucking insects like aphids is difficult, the slope of the regression line (b) was considered to represent the damage per insect, i.e., b = I × D (Pedigo and Rice, 2009). Results and DiscussionThe Economic Injury Level (EIL) of cabbage aphid in West Azerbaijan during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 years was 19.38 and 25.23 aphids per 10 centimeters of flowering stem respectively. The variation in the EIL between two years can be attributed to differences in pest control costs (Filho et al., 2024), the marketing value of the crop (Vayssières et al., 2009) and damage potential of the aphid in each respective year. The findings of this study align with the results reported by Khajehzadeh and Hasanimoghaddam (2009), where the EIL for the mustard aphid in the Behbahan region was 7.53 and 2.49 centimeters of infested flowering stem per square meter during the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 years, respectively. As noted by these researchers, fluctuations in the EIL can result from several factors, including the pest type and species, climate, crop type and cultivar, growth stage, agronomic practices (such as planting date), and particularly the market value of the product and management costs. Conclussion The estimated Economic Injury Levels (EIL) of 19.4 and 25.2 aphids per 10 cm of flowering stem for the Hydromel cultivar in West Azerbaijan province provide a critical quantitative basis for integrated pest management (IPM) in rapeseed. The corresponding Economic Thresholds (ET) of 14.5 and 18.9 aphids offer a practical intervention point to prevent yield loss while minimizing unnecessary insecticide applications. Given the dynamic nature of EIL, which is influenced by market prices, control costs, and environmental conditions, region-specific and cultivar-specific calculations are essential for sustainable pest management. These findings support national policies aimed at reducing pesticide use and promote more economically and ecologically sound decision-making in rapeseed production systems.افزایش جمعیت شته مومی کلم (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) در مزارع کلزای استان آذربایجان غربی به عوامل مختلفی از جمله خشکسالیهای اخیر مرتبط است. تعیین و کاربرد سطح زیان اقتصادی (EIL) آفات کلیدی برای جلوگیری از مصرف بی‌رویه سموم آفت‌کش در زراعت کلزا ضروری است. این تحقیق به‌منظور محاسبه EIL، در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار روی رقم هیدرومل (Hydromel) کلزا در هشت تیمار، طی سال‌های زراعی 97-1396 در استان آذربایجان غربی انجام شد. تیمارها به‌منظوردستیابی به سطوح آلودگی طبیعی مختلف جمعیت آفت شته مومی کلم، عبارت بودند از: تیمار 1 (هفت مرتبه سم‌پاشی طی هفت هفته متوالی از ابتدای ساقه رفتن کلزا، برای اطمینان از عدم حضور آفت)، تیمار 2 (شش مرتبه سم‌پاشی بهفاصله یک هفته پس از ساقه رفتن کلزا)، تیمار 3 (پنج مرتبه سم‌پاشی بهفاصله یک هفته پس از ساقه رفتن کلزا)، تیمار 4 (چهار مرتبه سم‌پاشی بهفاصله یک هفته پس از ساقه رفتن کلزا)، تیمار 5 (سه مرتبه سم‌پاشی بهفاصله یک هفته پس از ساقه رفتن کلزا)، تیمار 6 (دو مرتبه سم‌پاشی بهفاصله یک هفته پس از ساقه رفتن کلزا)، تیمار 7 (یک مرتبه سم‌پاشی به فاصله یک هفته پس از ساقه رفتن کلزا) و تیمار 8 (حضور کامل آفت، بدون کاربرد آفت‌کش و انجام آبپاشی). حشرهکش ایمیداکلوپراید SC35% به‌میزان دو در هزار در این تیمارها مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. میانگین تعداد شته در 10 سانتی‌متر طولی ساقه گلدهنده، عملکرد کلزا و وزن هزار دانه در تیمارهای مختلف با استفاده از آزمون دانکن گروه‌بندی و رابطه بین میانگین تعداد شته و عملکرد در مترمربع مزرعه محاسبه شد. وزن هزار دانه در مترمربع کلزا و میزان خسارت به‌ازای هر شته نیز محاسبه گردید. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین سطح زیان اقتصادی(EIL) شته مومی در سال‌های 97-1396 در استان آذربایجان غربی روی رقم هیدرومل 4/19 و 2/25 شته به‌ازای هر سانتی‌متر ساقه گلدهنده بود. آستانه اقتصادیET) ( آفت نیز بهترتیب 5/14 و 9/18 شته به‌ازای ده سانتی‌متر ساقه گلدهنده محاسبه شد. https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_48616_df22702ab8f59eac4fa981a5ae651a6b.pdfدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدپژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران2980-817040220260622Comparison of Efficiency of the Predatory Mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Reared on Several Plant Pollensمقایسه کارآیی کنه شکارگر Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) پرورش‌یافته روی چند گرده گیاهی5655784775710.22067/jpp.2026.96230.1260FAمریمرضائیبخش تحقیقات جانورشناسی کشاورزی، مؤسسه تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایرانJournal Article20251101IntroductionThe predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) is an effective predator for the control of many pests, especially in greenhouses. Evaluation of mass rearing of biological agents has several objectives and strategies, and predator quality control plays a key role in the use of these biological agents. Pollen can be used as an available food source for the rearing and mass production of phytoseiid mites. The nutritional value of pollen varies between plant species. In this study, the efficiency of the predatory mites reared on several plant pollens (corn, palm, sunflower, and walnut pollen) and different developmental stages of the storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acari: Acaridae) was investigated. Evaluate the effectiveness of the predatory mites, it is necessary to examine characteristics such as host preference, predation rate, and functional response. Material & MethodsThe female predatory mites N. californicus from the rearing colonies were placed on strawberry leaf discs (2 × 2 cm2) with 50-60 spider mite eggs and the number of spider mite eggs after 24 hours was counted. The predation rate of the predatory mites reared on tested pollen and storage mites for one, five, and 20 generations from Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Trtranychidae) eggs was compared. In another test, the predation rate of individuals reared on tested pollen from different life stages of the two-spotted spider mite was compared. The host preference of the populations of different life stages of the two-spotted spider mite were also investigated. The Manley method was used to determine the host preference of the predatory mite. The functional response of three-day old mated female from the rearing colonies feeding on densities of T. urticae eggs (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 45, 60 and 70) was studied on strawberry leaves. These tests were conducted under laboratory condition (27±1˚C, 16L: 8D photoperiod and 70-80% RH). Results & DiscussionThe results showed that the duration of rearing of the predatory mite had no significant effect on the predation rate. The lowest predation rate of spider mite nymphs and adults was reported for individuals reared on sunflower pollen. Among prey life stages, adults in reared populations of N. californicus mites showed a greater preference for protonymphs, while no differences were observed between populations. The handling time among the tested populations was different, and the shortest time for the predatory mites reared on sunflower pollen and corn pollen. There is a significant difference in the predation rate of predatory mites on eggs, nymphs and adults of spider mites. The highest predation rate is on spider mites nymphs. The presence of pollen in the rearing containers has caused a significant difference in the predation rate of predatory mites on two-spotted spider mite eggs. The calculated Manley ß index of predatory mite populations on different life stages of spider mites is significant. The functional response of the predatory mite on sunflower pollen, palm pollen, walnut pollen populations exhibited type Π and on the spider mites and corn pollen populations exhibited type Ш. The Rogers equation was used to determine the statistics of attack coefficient (a, b) and handling time (Th). The attack coefficient for the predatory mite N. californicus reared on sunflower pollen, palm pollen and walnut pollen was estimated to be 0.057±0.020, 0.180±0.017 and 0.077±0.023, respectively. The handling time and attack coefficient (b) for populations of predatory mites N. californicus reared on corn pollen and two-spotted spider mite eggs were estimated to be (1.360±0.220 h and 0.100±0.090) and (2.370±0.210 h and 0.170±0.010), respectively. Using the combined equation, the functional response statistics were compared and it was found that the handling time of predatory mites in different rearings was significantly different from each other. The shortest time for a predatory mite to reach prey is in mites reared on sunflower pollen and corn pollen. ConclusionThe time to reach prey varies among the populations tested, and the shortest time for the predatory mites to reach prey is in mites reared on sunflower pollen and corn pollen. The use of walnut pollen and palm pollen in addition to different life stages of the storage mite T. putrescentiae is suitable for mass and semi-mass rearing of the predatory mite N. californicus. The efficiency of reared mites in terms of predation rate from preferred prey was also better in populations reared on walnut pollen or palm pollen with storage mites than in other cases studied, and their use is recommended for rearing predatory mites. The use of walnut and palm pollen with different life stages of the storage mite T. putrescentiae is suitable for mass and semi-mass rearing of N. californicus. The efficiency of reared mites in terms of predation rate from preferred prey was also better in populations reared on walnut pollen or palm pollen with storage mites than in other cases studied, and their use is recommended for rearing predatory mites.کنه شکارگر(McGregor) Neoseiulus californicus یکی از شکارگرهای مؤثر در مهار بسیاری از آفات به‌ویژه در گلخانهها است. دشمن طبیعی مؤثر دارای خصوصیاتی مانند توانایی جست‌وجوگری بالا، وابستگی به تراکم، توانایی افزایش سریع جمعیت در تراکم پایین شکار هستند. در این پژوهش، کارآیی کنههای پرورش‌یافته روی گرده ذرت، خرما، آفتابگردان و گردو به همراه کنه انباری(Schrank) Tyrophagus putrescentiae بررسی شد. برای ارزیابی کارآیی، ترجیح میزبانی، میزان شکارگری و واکنش تابعی انجام گردید. میزان شکارگری کنه N. californicus پرورش‌یافته روی گردههای مورد آزمون و کنه انباری به مدت یک، 5 و 20 نسل، از تخم کنه Koch Tetranychus urticae مقایسه شد. میزان شکارگری و ترجیح میزبانی جمعیتها نیز از کنه تارتن و واکنش تابعی آن‌ها روی تراکمهای مختلف تخم کنه تارتن بررسی گردید. مدت زمان پرورش کنه شکارگر روی میزان شکارگری تأثیر نداشت. کمترین میزان شکارگری از پوره و بالغین کنه تارتن، برای افرادی که روی گرده آفتابگردان پرورش یافتند، گزارش شد و بیشترین میزان شکارگری در جمعیت پرورش‌یافته روی گرده خرما و گرده گردو به دست آمد. بالغین جمعیتهای پرورش‌یافته به پوره سن یک ترجیح بیشتری داشتند، درحالی‌که بین جمعیتها اختلافی مشاهده نشد. زمان دستیابی به شکار در جمعیتهای مورد آزمون تفاوت داشت و کمترین زمان دستیابی کنه شکارگر به شکار در کنههای پرورش‌یافته روی گرده آفتابگردان و گرده ذرت مشاهده شد. استفاده از گرده گردو و گرده خرما به‌علاوه مراحل مختلف زیستی کنه انباری T. putrescentiae برای پرورش کنه شکارگر مناسب بود. کارآیی کنههای پرورش‌یافته از نظر میزان شکارگری از شکار ترجیحی نیز در جمعیتهای پرورش‌یافته از گرده گردو یا گرده خرما به همراه کنه انباری بهتر از سایر موارد مورد بررسی بود و استفاده از آن‌ها برای پرورش کنه شکارگر توصیه میشود. https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_47757_44f5aced9f0489844960c317c3b44685.pdfدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدپژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران2980-817040220260622Evaluation of Some Beneficial Streptomyces Isolates for Reducing Pathogenicity Indices in the Tomato - Meloidogyne javanica Pathosystemبررسی توان تعدادی از جدایههای استرپتومایسس در کاهش شاخصهای بیماریزایی در پاتوسیستم گوجهفرنگیMeloidogyne javanica-5795924861710.22067/jpp.2025.95326.1252FAمهنازآشناییگروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایرانعصمتمهدی خانی مقدمگروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایرانسارهبقائی راوریگروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران0000-0002-9881-447XJournal Article20250909IntroductionThe root-knot nematode has proliferated significantly because of its ease of transmission through infected seedlings and contaminated soil. Species of the genus Meloidogyne are highly destructive due to their rapid reproduction rate and broad host range, making their control particularly challenging. Given the risks and limitations associated with chemical control, alternative management strategies have attracted increasing attention. Nowadays, the use of chemical pesticides for controlling plant diseases is recommended to be combined with biocontrol agents. Bioactive compounds derived from Streptomyces exhibit a wide spectrum of chemical diversity and have been shown to cause mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2), reduce egg hatching, decrease nematode populations in soil, and mitigate pathogenicity indices of root-knot nematodes. Moreover, the previous research also revealed that the metabolites produced by Streptomyces species are effective in controlling root-knot nematodes and improving plant growth indices. Materials and MethodsStreptomyces isolates were obtained from the soils of healthy tomato (Meloidogyne javanica) and eggplant plants in Khorasan Razavi province. The biocontrol potential of these isolates against root-knot nematodes was first assessed under in vitro conditions. The hatching rate of eggs was assessed at 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours. Additionally, larval mortality was evaluated at three-time intervals including 24, 48, and 72 hours. Their growth-promoting features consisting of auxin, ACC deaminase production, phosphate solubilization) and antagonistic properties (siderophores and chitinase) were also evaluated in the laboratory assays. The most effective biocontrol isolates were subsequently tested in greenhouse experiments to determine their impact on reducing pathogenicity indices of Meloidogyne javanica and improving tomato growth parameters. All tests were conducted twice with a minimum of three replicates. For statistical analysis, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed. Means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test, and values at the five percent level were considered statistically significant. Molecular identification of the selected biocontrol isolates was performed based on 16S rDNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis was carried out to assess their relatedness to reference strains. The phylogenetic tree was constructed with a bootstrap value of 1000 replicates using the neighbor-joining method. Results and DiscussionIn vitro bioassays revealed that among the 18 Streptomyces isolates tested, strains BAD, ANA, and S116 caused the greatest reduction in egg hatching and second-stage juvenile mortality compared with the nematode-infected control. The BAD isolate, obtained from the soil of eggplant in Bojan–Neyshabur, exhibited significantly higher levels of phosphate solubilization (1.43 mm), indole-3-acetic acid production (36.4 µg mL-1), and ACC deaminase activity (1.38 µmol mL-1) than the uninoculated control and other isolates. In laboratory tests, after 72 hours, isolates S116 and BAD inhibited egg hatching by 37.1% and 38.5%, respectively, compared to the nematode control. Larval mortality rates for these two isolates reached 100% and 65.67%, respectively. Based on laboratory results, including their effects on nematode suppression, plant growth-promoting traits, and chitinase activity, five isolates (BAD, ANA, GHR, S104, and S116) were selected for greenhouse evaluation. Under greenhouse conditions, In the treatment of nematode + isolate BAD, the number of galls and egg masses on the roots decreased by 19.6% and 35.4%, respectively, compared to the control. The number of larvae in the pot soil of this treatment was estimated to be half that of the control pot. Individually and in the presence of the nematode, isolate BAD positively influenced the growth parameters of tomato plants compared to both healthy and infected controls. In the nematode + BAD isolate treatment, the fresh weight of the shoot and root increased by 21.4% and 27.5%, respectively, compared to the nematode-infected control. Furthermore, the shoot and root length in the individual BAD isolate treatment showed the highest values of 46.50 cm and 16.30 cm, respectively, compared to the healthy control. Although this difference was not statistically significant at the five percent level compared to the ANA isolate, an increase in shoot length (43%) and root length (17.9%) was observed in plants infected with nematodes in the presence of the BAD isolate compared to the infected control. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that isolate BAD clustered together with S. carpaticus and S. harbinensis within the same group. ConclusionBased on the nematicidal activity of isolate BAD under laboratory conditions, its ability to produce plant growth-promoting metabolites, and its effectiveness in enhancing tomato growth parameters while reducing nematode pathogenicity indices (egg masses, galls, and J2 populations) in greenhouse experiments, isolate BAD appears to be the most effective biocontrol candidate. It represents a promising option for further field evaluations and potential use in integrated management of root-knot nematodes.نماتدهای ریشهگرهی بهعنوان انگل اجباری گیاهان، دارای پراکنش وسیعی می‌باشند. ترکیبات زیستی فعال مشتق‌شده از گونههای Streptomyces طیف وسیعی از تنوع شیمیایی را نشان می‌دهند و خاصیت نماتدکشی دارند. در این تحقیق، تأثیر 18 جدایه Streptomyces در شرایط آزمایشگاهی بر کاهش تفریخ تخم و مرگومیر لارو نماتد Meloidogyne javanica بررسی شد. برخی ویژگی‍های مهار زیستی و ارتقاء رشدی گیاه، در جدایههای باکتری نیز ارزیابی گردید. بعد از 72 ساعت، کاهش تفریخ تخم در دو جدایه S116 و BAD بهترتیب 1/37 و 5/38 درصد نسبت به شاهد نماتد برآورد شد. مرگومیر لاروها در دو جدایه ذکر‍شده به‌میزان 100 و 67/65 درصد رسید. در شرایط گلخانه، کارآیی پنج جدایه منتخب آنتاگونیست با توان تولید سیدروفور، اکسین، کیتیناز،Acc دآمیناز و نیز حلالیت فسفات، بر کاهش شاخصهای بیماریزایی نماتد ریشهگرهی بررسی شد. در تیمار نماتد + جدایه BAD، تعداد گال و کیسه تخم در ریشه بهترتیب به‌میزان 6/19 و 4/35 درصد نسبت به شاهد کاهش یافت. تعداد لاروها در خاک گلدان این تیمار نصف خاک گلدان شاهد برآورد شد. جدایهBAD به‌صورت انفرادی و در حضور نماتد، در ارتقاء شاخصهای رشدی گیاه گوجهفرنگی (Meloidogyne javanica) در مقایسه با شاهد سالم و آلوده تأثیر داشت. در تیمار نماتد + جدایه BAD، وزن تر اندام‌هوایی و ریشه در مقایسه با شاهد آلوده به نماتد بهترتیب به‌میزان 4/21 و 5/27 درصد افزایش نشان داد. آنالیز تبارزایی ژن 16s rDNA، جدایه BADرا مابین گونههای S. carpaticus و S. olivaceus قرار داد. براساس نتایج مطالعه حاضر، جدایه BAD بهعنوان جدایه مؤثر در زیست‌مهارگری نماتد در گلخانه مطرح و گزینه مناسبی جهت بررسی‌های بیشتر مزرعه‌ای و مهار تلفیقی نماتد ریشهگرهی می‍باشد که تحت نام Streptomyces sp. FUM-BAD جهت پژوهش‌های آینده در کلکسیون بخش بیماری‌شناسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد نگهداری میشود.https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_48617_feeff952d528623ec3d2e83387c051d8.pdfدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدپژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران2980-817040220260622Mixed Application of some Herbicides With Organic and Inorganic Base Fertilizers in Saffron (Crocus sativus L.)بررسی اختلاط‌‌پذیری علفکشهای قابل مصرف در زعفران (Crocus sativus L.) با برخی کودهای پایه آلی و معدنی5936134794810.22067/jpp.2026.93361.1229FAمجیدعباس پوربخش تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران0000-0002-4706-738XJournal Article20250911IntroductionSaffron (Crocus sativus L.), due to its weak and lack of root system (in early spring), rendering its nutritional management critical. NPK fertilizers with a higher phosphorus and potassium content are essential to promote flower production and overall plant health. A foliar spray of a good and balanced micronutrient fertilizer including copper, zinc, and iron components are also nessasery to improve the quality and quantity of saffron flowers. Autumn-germinating weeds are the most dominant weeds grown in saffron fields in Iran. In our previous study on chemical weed control in saffron fields, herbicides including haloxyfop-r- methyl, sethoxydim, atrazine, bentazon and oxyflourfen showed promising efficacy on dominant weeds, i.e. Cirsium arvensis L., Acroptylon repense L., Triticum boeticum Boiss. and Poa trivialis L. grown in saffron fields of Khorasan Razavi Province of Iran. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of tank mixed application of five previously mentioned herbicides with five commercial fertilizers with different organic and/or inorganic bases. Materials and MethodsA three-year field study was conducted to assess the possibility of tank-mixing herbicides with some organic and inorganic base nutrients in saffron fields in agricultural and natural resources research and education center of Mashhad, Khorasan-Razavi province, Iran, during 2017-2020 growing seasons. The layout was a completely randomized block design with three replicates. Treatments were five herbicides including: haloxyfop-r- methyl (Gallan superÒ 10.8 % 1 L ha-1), sethoxydim (Nabu-SÒ 12.5 % EC, 3 L ha-1), atrazine (GezaprimÒ 80% WP, 1 kg ha-1), bentazon (BasagranÒ 48% SL, 3 L ha-1) and oxyflourfen (GoalÒ 24% EC, 2 L ha-1) mixed or individually applied by 24 hours aftermath, with five fertilizers including: NPK (20%, 20%, 20%)+ micro nutrients (FertinoxÒ, 3 kg ha-1), NPK (4%, 8%, 12%)+ micro nutrients (DelfardÒ, 7 kg ha-1), Zn-EDTA 15% (Oligo-chelate ZnÒ, 1 kg ha-1), Fe-EDTA 13.2% (Oligo-chelate FeÒ, 1 kg ha-1) and free amino acids (TrasorbÒ 20% w/w, 1 L ha-1). Application of herbicides and fertilizers alone plus weedy and hand weeded controls were also included in the treatments. Herbicides and nutrients alone and tank-mixed or individually applied, were all sprayed soon after flower harvest (phenological stages between 6-9 and 9-1) by a portable recharchable Matabei® sprayer calibrated to deliver 350 L ha-1 spray solution. Results and DiscussionEffect of pH changes arose from mixing herbicides with nutrients by different pH values did not show any direct/indirect and significant effect on efficacy of herbicides. Herbicides including oxyflourfen, sethoxydim, atrazine and haloxyfop-r-methyl (except for bentazon as broadleaved killer) either sprayed alone or tank mixed with fertilizers or sprayed individually (24 h before foliar application of fertilizers) significantly controlled target grass weeds i.e. Triticum boeticum Boiss. and Poa trivialis L compare to the weedy check. No significant differences in weed control rate (about 50% control in average) observed between individual (by 24 h interval in between) or tank mixed application of herbicides with fertilizers. The average (of the three years of the experiments) percent of control for Poa trivialis L density and dry matter were by 49.96% and 49.10% for mixed application and for separate application by 50.43% and 52.05%, respectively. The average (of the two years of the experiments) percent of control for Triticum boeticum Boiss. density and dry matter were by 64.92% and 66.71% for mixed application and for separate application were by 61.94% and 60.38%, respectively. Bentazon also showed no reverse effect on flower number and flower fresh weight of saffron with no visual injuries left behind on leaves and corms. No saffron injury on 50- stigma dry weight, flower number and flower fresh weight observed in tank mixed application of herbicides with fertilizers. There has been no sign of visual injury on saffron leaves or intact corms or any visible injury in cross section of corms and therefore, their mixed application are seems to be safe enough to be employed in saffron fields. ConclusionIn conclusion, haloxyfop methyl, sethoxydim, atrazine, bentazon, oxyflourfen and fertilizers, NPK (20%, 20%, 20%)+micro nutrients, NPK (4%, 8%, 12%)+ micro nutrients, Zn-EDTA, Fe-EDTA and free amino acids can be mixed applied in saffron fields. But because of the severe concernes, the long-term effects of herbicides on saffron corms, the fate of herbicide residues in saffron flowers and concrete needs to adjusting the herbicide doses (by dose-response experiments for example) are yet to be investigated.هم‌زمانی مصرف کود با زمان مصرف علفکشها در زعفران (Crocus sativus L.) و مزایای کاربرد مخلوط داخل مخزن این دو، اهمیت بررسی امکان اختلاط آن‌ها را نشان می‌دهد. بدین منظور، این آزمایش در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خراسان رضوی در مشهد طی سه سال زراعی 1399-1396 انجام شد. تیمارها شامل کاربرد پس‌رویشی علفکشهای ها‌لوکسی‌فوپ‌آر‌متیل (گالانت سوپر®EC 8/10 درصد) به‌مقدار یک لیتر در هکتار، ستوکسیدیم (نابو اس®EC 5/12 درصد) به‌مقدار سه لیتر در هکتار، آترازین (گزاپریم®WP 80 درصد) به‌مقدار یک کیلوگرم در هکتار، بنتازون (بازاگران®SL 48 درصد) به‌مقدار سه لیتر در هکتار و اکسیفلورفن (گل®EC 24 درصد) به‌مقدار دو لیتر در هکتار به همراه شاهد وجین دستی و شاهد بدون علف‌کش و کاربرد کود کامل با پایه معدنی NPK 20-20-20 به همراه ریزمغذی‌ها (فرتینوکس®) سه کیلوگرم در هکتار و سه کود با پایه آلی شامل اسیدهای آمینه (تراسورب®) یک لیتر در هکتار، کلات روی (الیگوکلات روی® 15 درصد) یک کیلوگرم در هکتار و کلات آهن (الیگوکلات آهن® 4/10 درصد) یک کیلوگرم در هکتار و یک کود رایج ویژه زعفران حاوی عناصر ماکرو + میکرو (دلفارد®) هفت کیلوگرم در هکتار (تمامی مقادیر علفکشها و کودها براساس ماده تجاری است)، به‌طور مجزا (به فاصله 24 ساعت) و اختلاط با هم پس از پایان گل‌دهی زعفران (مرحله 6-9 فنولوژی) و نزدیک به کامل شدن توسعه برگ‌ها (مرحله 9-1 فنولوژی) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. تمامی علفکشها چه در حالت اختلاط و چه در حالت کاربرد به فاصله 24 ساعت، باعث مهار معنیدار علف‌های هرز هدف شدند. تفاوت معنیداری بین مهار علف‌های هرز باریک‌برگ چمن وحشی (Poa trivialis L.) و گندم بیابانی (یونانی) (Triticum boeticum Boiss) در مصرف اکسیفلورفن، ستوکسیدیم و ها‌لوکسی‌فوپ‌آر‌متیل به‌تنهایی و یا در اختلاط با کودها مشاهده نشد. هیچ خسارتی بر روی (تعداد گل، وزن تر گل و وزن خشک کلاله) زعفران در تیمارهای اختلاط و مصرف جداگانه مشاهده نشد. در جمع‌بندی، به نظر می‌رسد که امکان اختلاط داخل مخزن علفکشها و کودهای مورد بررسی در این آزمایش وجود داشت. بااین‌حال بررسی تکمیلی در مورد زنده‌مانی و قابلیت جوانه‌زنی بنه‌ها و احتمال وجود بقایای علفکشها در حد مجاز استاندارد در محصول صادراتی گل زعفران همچنان مورد توجه است.https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_47948_4d750f2655f9cf033bceb8aba14f71ab.pdfدانشگاه فردوسی مشهدپژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران2980-817040220260622Investigating the Persistence of Corn Buttercup (Ranunculus arvensis L.) Seeds in Seed Bank: The New Challenge of Rapeseed (Brassica napus) Fields in Golestan Provinceبررسی پایداری بذر آلاله وحشی (Ranunculus arvensis L.) در بانک بذر: چالش جدید زراعت کلزا (Brassica napus)در استان گلستان6156364774810.22067/jpp.2026.96299.1262FAمرجانهطریکگروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایرانآسیهسیاهمرگوییگروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران0000-0002-7790-3932فرشیدقادری فرگروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایرانJournal Article20251102IntroductionRanunculus arvensis (corn buttercup) is a key weed in cereal and canola fields, and its management requires a deep understanding of its seed biology and ecology. Seed bank dynamics, particularly the breaking of primary dormancy and the induction of secondary dormancy under the influence of environmental factors, may play a decisive role in the persistence of this weed's population. The objective of this research was to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the germination ecology and seed bank dynamics of corn buttercup by evaluating the effects of after-ripening, soil burial depth, light conditions, and temperature on seed fate (germination, mortality, and survival) and its dormancy cycle.Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted through both laboratory and field experiments. Seeds of corn buttercup were collected from canola fields in Bandar-e Gaz county in June 2023. In the first part, the effect of after-ripening was assessed by conducting germination tests on fresh, one-year-old, and two-year-old seeds at temperatures ranging from 5 to 35°C. In the second part, to investigate seed persistence in the soil, mesh bags containing a mixture of seed and soil were buried at depths of 10 and 20 cm in the field for one year, with monthly sampling. Concurrently, a group of seeds was stored under laboratory conditions. Viable recovered seeds from the soil and the stored seeds were subjected to germination tests at temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C under both light (photoperiod) and complete darkness conditions. The viability of non-germinated seeds was assessed using pressure test. the statistical analyses were performed using SAS software, and means were compared using the LSD test at the 5% probability level.Results and DiscussionThe results of this study indicate that corn buttercup seeds exhibit non-deep physiological primary dormancy of type II. This means that fresh seeds germinate at high temperatures, but with the passage of time and the breaking of dormancy, their germination temperature range expands to include lower temperatures. One year of after-ripening under laboratory conditions effectively broke primary dormancy, leading to a maximum germination rate of up to 98.67%. However, after two years, seed viability showed a slight decrease. Seeds buried in soil displayed a distinct seasonal dynamic pattern. A germination window was observed from 14 to 162 days after burial, peaking at 62 days at optimal temperatures of 10 to 20°C. A key finding of this research was the observation of the induction of deep secondary dormancy in seeds from day 196 onwards. At this stage, the germination of buried seeds, at both depths and under both light conditions, ceased completely. This occurred while the percentage of viable seeds remained high (up to 95%). This survival strategy was not observed in seeds stored under laboratory conditions, which maintained their high germination capacity (up to 87%) throughout the entire experimental period. This fundamental difference proves that environmental soil signals, such as temperature and moisture fluctuations, are the main factors inducing secondary dormancy in this species. Furthermore, the results showed that burial depth also influences seed dynamics. Although the overall pattern of germination and seed survival was similar at both 10 and 20 cm depths, the depletion of the seed bank occurred faster at 10 cm, which is attributed to less favorable environmental conditions and a higher rate of seed mortality at this depth.ConclusionCorn buttercup follow a complex and efficient annual dormancy cycle. Their non-deep physiological primary dormancy is broken by after-ripening and exposure to light in autumn and winter, leading to a main wave of germination in spring at cool temperatures (5-15°C). Subsequently, soil environmental conditions in summer (such as high temperatures) induce deep secondary dormancy in the remaining seeds. This mechanism is a crucial survival strategy that prevents germination during unfavorable seasons and ensures the stability of the soil seed bank for future years. Moreover, the sensitivity of buttercup seeds to light suggests that being buried in deeper soil layers and a lack of light exposure prevents their germination. This highlights the effectiveness of no-tillage methods as a management tool for this weed. Based on the survival of the seeds over a one-year period, the seed bank of this species is classified as persistent.آلاله وحشی(Ranunculus arvensis L.) یکی از علف‌های هرز جدید در مزارع غلات و کلزا (Brassica napus) در استان گلستان است. به‌منظور بررسی پایداری بذر آلاله وحشی در خاک، کیسه‌های توری حاوی مخلوط بذر و خاک در اعماق 10 و 20 سانتی‌متری مزرعه به مدت یک سال دفن شدند و نمونه‌برداری به‌صورت ماهانه انجام گرفت. هم‌زمان، گروهی از بذرها در شرایط آزمایشگاه نگهداری شدند. بذرهای سالم بازیابی‌شده از خاک و بذرهای نگهداری‌شده، تحت آزمون جوانه‌زنی در دماهای 5، 10، 15، 20 و 25 درجه سانتی‌گراد و در دو شرایط روشنایی (تناوب نوری) و تاریکی مطلق قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که بذرهای آلاله وحشی دارای خواب اولیه فیزیولوژیک غیرعمیق از نوع تیپ دوم هستند. بذرهای دفن‌شده در خاک، یک الگوی پویایی فصلی مشخص را به نمایش گذاشتند. یک پنجره زمانی برای جوانه‌زنی بذرهای آلاله وحشی از روز ۱۴ تا ۱۶۲ پس از دفن در دماهای بهینه 10، 15 و 20 درجه سانتی‌گراد مشاهده شد. یکی از مهم‌ترین مشاهدات در این پژوهش، القاء خواب ثانویه در بذرهای آلاله وحشی از ۱۹۶ روز پس از دفن به بعد بود؛ در این مرحله، جوانه‌زنی بذرهای دفن‌شده در خاک، در هر دو عمق و هر دو شرایط نوری، به‌طور کامل متوقف شد. این در حالی بود که درصد بذرهای زنده همچنان بالا باقی ماند (تا ۹۵ درصد). این راهبرد بقاء در بذرهای نگهداری‌شده در شرایط آزمایشگاهی مشاهده نشد و آن‌ها توانایی جوانه‌زنی بالا (تا ۸۷ درصد) را در تمام طول دوره آزمایش حفظ کردند. این تفاوت اساسی ثابت می‌کند که سیگنال‌های محیطی خاک مانند نوسانات دما و رطوبت، عامل اصلی القاء خواب ثانویه در این گونه است. علاوه‌بر این، نتایج نشان داد که عمق دفن نیز بر پویایی بذر تأثیرگذار است. اگرچه الگوی کلی جوانه‌زنی و بقاء بذر در هر دو عمق ۱۰ و ۲۰ سانتی‌متر مشابه بود، امّا تخلیه بانک بذر در عمق ۱۰ سانتی‌متر سریع‌تر از عمق ۲۰ سانتی‌متر اتفاق افتاد که به‌دلیل شرایط محیطی نامساعدتر و سرعت بالاتر مرگومیر بذرها در این عمق است. با توجه به بقاء بذرها در طول یک سال، بانک بذر این گونه از نوع دائم است.https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_47748_b82c662168a672cb8f9b7695bb1e3842.pdf