ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of weed control methods on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield at different levels of nitrogen
Introduction: Weed competition is one of the major factors which limit sugar beet production in the world. Weed – crop interactions are based on competition for water, nutrients and light and allelopathic effects may also play a small role. In sugar beet weed interference, all these factors are important too, but the light is of prime importance. Due to the fact that a lot of weeds can grow above the sugar beet canopy and reduce the amount of photosynthetic radiation reaching the crop, these weeds are stronger competitors compared to smaller weeds. In much sugar beet growing areas dicot weeds of the families Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Polygonaceae are of major importance. The monocots are less important compared to dicot weeds. Competition from uncontrolled annual weeds that emerge within 8 weeks of sowing or within 4 weeks of the crop reaching the two-leaf stage can reduce root yields by 26–100% .Weeds that emerge 8 weeks after sowing, and particularly after the sugar beet plants have eight or more leaves, are less likely to affect yield. Although tractor hoeing and hand labour are still used in many production areas, herbicides have been the primary method of weed control in sugar beet. The effectiveness of pre-emergence residual herbicides decreases with reductions in rainfall or soil wet content. Therefore, less than 10 % of the total sugar beet crop is treated with pre-emergence herbicides. The remaining 90 % depends solely on a selection of post-emergence herbicides to maintain season-long weed control. The major herbicides are phenmedipham, chloridazon, metamitron. Mixtures of post-emergence, broad spectrum herbicides have to be applied to control the wide range of weed species in sugar beet crops.
Materials and Methods: To study the effects of weeds control by hand weeding and herbicides combination with two selective herbicides at different levels of nitrogen application on sugar beet yield and quality characteristics, an experiment carried out in TorbateJam Township as statistical design with split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014. Experiment treatments included, the main factor involving four levels of different Nitrogen application (0, 100. 150 and 200 Kg.ha-1), sub factor involving combination of chloridazon + phenmedipham and metamitron + phenmedipham at 5 Kg.ha-1 herbicides. Four weeks after treatments, sampling of weeds and sugar beet carried out in middle of the plots with 0.5 × 0.5 quadrate. Then, samples were dried at oven-dried at 75 °C for 48 h and weighed. At the final harvest, to determine the grade, amino nitrogen, sodium, potassium with Betalyzr at sugar sector of Agricultural Center laboratory, sampling was removed from the middle of each plot.
Results Discussion: The results showed that application of nitrogen fertilizer and herbicide treatments were significantly different from each other at 1% and 5% levels, respectively. Based on experiment results, the highest root yield of sugar beet was obtained hand weeding with 200 kg N.ha-1 treatments. In between treatments of weed chemical control, metamitron + phenmedipham herbicides with 200 kg N.ha-1 was showed the highest root yield of sugar beet. High net sugar beet yield also was obtained at complete weed control with 200 kg N.ha-1, and metamitron + phenmedipham herbicides application with 200 kg N.ha-1 treatments. Also, the highest net and gross sugars were obtained at without weed control + 0 kg N.ha-1 treatments.
Conclusion: In conclusion, According to results of this study root yield and net and gross sugar were increased by increasing 200 kg nitrogen per hectare. Also, the highest net and gross sugar yield related to the using of hand weeding and combination herbicides of metamitron + phenmedipham and chloridazon + phenmedipham and application of 200 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer with weed control as well. Between weed controls treatments, root yield were increased by hand weeding compared to herbicide application and between herbicide treatments at Nitrogen different levels, by using of metamitron + phenmedipham than chloridazon + phenmedipham. Between chemical treatments, net and gross sugar yield, shoot dry weight and dry matter yield of sugar beet were more in combination of metamitron + phenmedipham than chloridazon + phenmedipham. While, weeds density and biomass were lesser in herbicide combination of metamitron + phenmedipham compared to chloridazon + phenmedipham. On the other hand, among treatments interaction, the highest root yield and percent of sugar and pure sugar were obtained by 200 kg per hectare Nitrogen fertilizer accompanied weeds control and without weeds control with lack of Nitrogen application respectively.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36512_d24394cc384a95eb5e298bfa4be545cc.pdf
2017-02-19
664
676
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.52258
Broad leaf
Hand weeding
Herbicide
sugar percent
Weed
AliAsghar
Chitband
a_a_chitband@yahoo.com
1
Lorestan University of Korramabad
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyed Behnam
Kalali
s.b.kalali@gmail.com
2
Azad University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Alireza
Ghaemi
a.r.ghaemi@gmail.com
3
Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Khorasan Razavi
AUTHOR
Saeed
JahediPoor
s.jahedi@gmail.com
4
Agriculture Collage of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
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34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Competitive Interaction of Canola (Brassica napus) against Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis) using Replacement Series Method
Introduction: Increasing costs of herbicide inputs in intensive crop production systems and the incidence of herbicide resistance in weeds have renewed interest in exploiting crop competitiveness to reduced herbicide use. Two factors contribute to crop competitiveness against weeds: ability to withstand competition (AWC), or the ability to maintain high yields in the presence of weeds, and weed suppressive ability (WSA), the ability of the crop to reduce weed biomass and seed production. Wild mustard is a dominant weed in rapeseed fields of Iran bringing about major yield losses. A strongly persistent seedbank, competitive growth habit, and high fecundity all contribute to its weedy nature ensuring that it will be a continuing problem. In addition to yield losses in rapeseed, wild mustard can reduce crop quality even at its low densities. The main objective of the current paper is to investigate the competitive ability of the canola against wild mustard, and evaluating of empirical yield loss model in predicting the effect of different densities of wild mustard on canola yield.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was performed in a randomized complete blocks design with four replications using replacement series in which wild mustard and rapeseed were planted in different ratios of 8:0, 6:2, 4:4, 2:6 and 0:8 plants per pot in 2014. Wild mustard and rapeseed seeds were planted in 35 cm diameter plastic pots filled with a sandy clay loam soil and 1 and 2 cm deep, respectively. Plants were harvested from the soil surface at maturity and were oven dried at 75 ͦ C for 48h, while total shoot biomass for each species being determined. Measurements included shoot and root dry weight, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pod per plant, number seed per pod and plant seed yield in rapeseed. Relative Yield (RY), Relative Yield Total (RYT) and Relative Crowding Coefficient (RCC) were calculated. Relative yield (RY) is a measure of the relative competitive ability of the two species. RY was calculated using the equation:
where Ymix and Ymon are yields in mixture and monoculture.
Relative Yield Total (RYT) describes how the species pair utilizes resources. RYT was calculated using the equation: RYT=
Relative Crowding Coefficient (RCC) is a measure of competitiveness between the two species. The RCC was calculated using the equation:
RCC= Where YAmix and YBmix are average yield per plant of A and of B grown in mixture, respectively, YAmon and YBmon are average yield per plant of A and B grown in monoculture, respectively. Means were compared using Duncans, Multiple Range Test (P 0.05) (SAS, 2002).
Results and Discussion: Results showed that the relative yield of rapeseed decreased in the density ratio of 25 and 50 percent compared to same densities of wild mustard. In comparison, rapeseed in a lower or even equal density was more sensitive to competition than wild mustard and hence it faced to sharp yield decrease. However, in the higher planting densities of 75 percent the relative yield of rapeseed increased and the value reached to 0.497. Regarding the higher values of wild mustard compared to rapeseed’s relative yield in higher density ratios of 50 and 75 percent it can be concluded that wild mustard possesses a higher competitive strength, as a consequence, was able to better use nutrition resources. Grain yield influenced markedly by density ratios (P
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36519_b36b35786f6bb99386e134514a20a965.pdf
2017-02-19
677
683
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.53099
Density
Dry weight
Relative competition coefficient
Relative yield
saeid
aslani
s_aslani@gmail.com
1
Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University
AUTHOR
saeed
saeedipour
saeeds79@gmail.com
2
Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University
LEAD_AUTHOR
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37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimization of Factors Affecting Beauveria bassiana Fungus Ability in Control of Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella L.) by Response Surface Method
Introduction: Stored product pests are a major problem in the storage of agricultural products that cause damage from harvest until consumption. Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella L.) is one of the most important pests of stored products and beehives. The most common method to control this pest in many countries is use of chemical compounds. However, these compounds have disadvantages such as pesticide residues in wax, the development of resistance in pest and irreversible effects on the environment and humans. The use of insect pathogenic fungi due to its low risk on mammals and natural enemies can be a good alternative to conventional chemical pesticides. Response surface methodology (RSM) is a statistical technique that is employed to optimize processes that are affected by several variables. This technique uses regression analysis to obtain optimal equations to estimate the values. Using this method, while maintaining the quality in the experiments, the number of those could be reduced. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate response surface methodology to determine the effect of optimum lethal level of concentration of B. bassiana conidia, temperature as well as humidity variables on the mortality of fifth instar larvae of greater wax moth.
Materials and Methods: Wax moth-eating insects were raised in plastic containers containing artificial food and old black wax at 30 ± 1 ° C and a relative humidity of 85 ± 1 % and photoperiod of 14:10 h (L: D). Isolation of insect pathogenic fungus B. bassiana was done by using Galleria Bait Method (GBM). For this purpose, after preparation of the fungus suspension from the infected larvae, 1 ml volume of the suspension was transferred to the water-agar 1.2% and then sealed petri dishes incubated at 30 ° C for three days. After identifying the single colony and formation of pure isolates, microscopic slides were prepared and eventually recovered isolates were recognized as B. bassiana. The bioassay was performed by determining the lethal concentrations of the B.bassiana that cause 20% to 80% casualties with a lot of concentration by immersion method for 10 seconds. Concentrations 1×106 and 1×108 conidia/ml were identified as high and low lethality ranges, respectively. In this study, the central composite design and response surface methodology with three independent variables including temperature (25-35°C), humidity (70-80 percent) and concentration (1×106-1×108 conidia/ml) and six replications in the central point of the design (to calculate the repeatability of the process) were used to evaluate the increase in mortality. The number of experiments was twenty and the dependent variable (response) was the mortality of the fifth instar larvae of greater wax moth. For each experiment, 10 last instar larvae were randomly selected and then 10 sterile petri dishes containing sterile wax to feed insect were prepared. Larvae were immersed for 10 seconds in a solution containing the fungus and then were placed in containers.
Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the quadratic response surface model to factor mortality of the fifth instar larvae of greater wax moth showed that quadratic model is statistically significant (P≤0.001). Also high R2 (R2 = 0.9430) and coordination of adjusted R2 (Adj R2 = 0.9211) indicates the strength of the model to predict. According to tests, the optimal conditions for achieving maximum mortality of the fifth instar larvae of greater wax moth is 25 ° C temperature, 75% humidity and 1×108 conidia/ml concentration, respectively. Settings applied to the optimization process, was including maximum mortality. The effect of temperature on mortality of the fifth instar larvae of this insect showed that the mortality rate decreased with increasing temperature. Cause of mortality reduction as increasing the temperature is probably related to the characteristics of this fungus that could be affected by temperature, so that the impact of this fungus increases with decreasing temperature. The impact of the concentration on mortality rates showed that by gradually increasing of concentrations, the amount of mortality increases. This is because at the high concentrations of conidia, many more conidia could contact with the body of fifth instar larvae of this insect and could infect and destroy the larvae very quickly.
Conclusion: The results of current research indicate the efficiency of response surface method to optimize the use of insect pathogenic fungi. Among the conditions that were imposed on mortality, it was found that the increase in mortality is influenced by the quadratic response surface model of concentration and temperature, so that increasing the concentration caused increase in the mortality. Also increasing the temperature caused a decline in mortality rate.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36528_90d046be75bea59190366d03b37fb94b.pdf
2017-02-19
684
692
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.52462
Beauveria bassiana
Galleria mellonella
Response surface method
Ali
Heidari
aliheidari9357@gmail.com
1
Shahrood University of Technology
AUTHOR
shahrokh
gharanjik
gharanjik@hotmail.com
2
Shahrood University of Technology
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Derakhshan Shadmehri
aliderakhshan2001@yahoo.com
3
Shahrood University of Technology
AUTHOR
Alireza
Shabaninejad
shabanialireza565@gmail.com
4
Shahrood University of Technology
AUTHOR
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37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Reaction Thirty Dwarf Mahaleb Genotypes to Root and Crown Rot Phytophthora Disease using Laboratory Methods
Introduction: Iran is one of the biggest sweet cherry producers in the world. Turkey, the U.S.A and Iran are among the major producers of cherry in the world. Mahaleb(Prunus mahaleb L.) is used as a principal rootstocks for sweet and sour cherries in Iran. Mahaleb is a good rootstock on light, calcareous soils and arid climates in Iran. Since pathogenic species, P.citricola, P.cryptogea, P.dreschleri, P.cactorum, P. syringae, P.cinnammomi, P.megasperma, P.cambivora on mahaleb been reported by different researchers (Sajadinejad et al., 2011) According to the pathogenesis of four species of P. nicotianae, P.citricola, P.cactorum and P.citrophthora on stone fruit trees in Iran and other countries, based on the hypothesis that the relative resistance to Phytophthora species in selected dwarf Mahaleb genotypes adapted to environmental conditions exist and can be introduced as resistant rootstocks to crown rot disease, this study was conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of 30 selected dwarf Mahaleb genotypes to P.nicotianae, P.citricola, P.cactorum and P. citrophthora. Sofar, the selection of resistant or tolerant to Phytophthora cherry rootstock, studies have not been done. Therefore, it is appropriate to introduce the cherry trees for planting in various parts of the country, the need to evaluate several species of Phytophthora resistance or tolerance to the grades mentioned above. Considering the history of the pathogenesis off our species of P. nicotianae, P.citricola, P.cactorum and P.citrophthora the stone fruits this study aimed to evaluate the reaction of 30 cultivars of dwarf Mahaleb to P.nicotianae, P.citricola, P.cactorum, P.citrophthora was carried out.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the reaction of 30 dwarf Mahaleb genotypes were investigated to disease caused by four species of the fungus Phytophthora root and crown rot. Excised twig, annual and perennial shoots to measuring resistance using laboratory methods. Excised twig, excised annual and perennial shoots assessment based on Jeffers et al., (1981) and Matheron and Mircetich(1985) respectively.
Results and Discussion: In evaluating the reaction of excised twig, excised annual and perennial shoots dwarf mahaleb genotypes to four species of Phytophthora, rot and discoloration symptoms were observed, All control shoots of Mahaleb genotypes were evaluated in this trial did not show any symptoms of discoloration and Phytophthora rot but shoots treated with four species of Phytophthora showed that different degrees of light brown to dark discoloration and decay. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the genotypes of disease progression on the tissues of all three types of excised shoots inoculated with four species of Phytophthora were difference statistically significant. Also, the results of comparing the length average of progression of symptoms (necrosis) on this experiment were as follows which are outlined below.
P.cactorum
On the test assessment the reaction of excised twig, excised annual and perennial shoots dwarf mahaleb genotypes, least amount of sensitivity to species belongs to genotype199 with an average contamination of 12.44%, 162 with an average contamination of 1.42% and 162 with an average contamination 0.01 %, respectively.
P.citrophthora
On the test assessment the reaction of excised twig, excised annual and perennial shoots dwarf mahaleb genotypes, least amount of sensitivity to species belongs to genotype 265 with an average contamination of 15.67%, 155 and 162 with an average contamination of 0.01% and 262, 228, 224 and 188 with an average contamination 0.01 %, respectively.
P.citricola
On the test assessment the reaction of excised twig, excised annual and perennial shoots dwarf mahaleb genotypes, least amount of sensitivity to species belong to genotype 124 with an average contamination of 11.80%, 100 with an average contamination of 0.60% and 266 with an average contamination 3.13 %, respectively.
P.nicotianea
On the test assessment the reaction of excised twig, excised annual and perennial shoots dwarf mahaleb genotypes, least amount of sensitivity to species belong to genotype 120 with an average contamination of 16.15%, 100 and 95 with an average contamination of 0.01% and 188 with an average contamination 0.87%, respectively.
There were significant differences between the genotypes of disease progression in the tissues of all three types of excised shoots inoculated with four Phytophthora species.
Conclusion: The results showed that, some mahaleb genotypes (100, 124, 155, 162, 188, 195, 199, 224, 266 and 265) have potential resistance to species P.nicotianae, P.citricola, P.cactorum and P.citrophthora, that can be considered in breeding programs.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36534_ed1ba0c75480109a788eee42cd658ec3.pdf
2017-02-19
701
963
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.54379
Crown
Mahaleb
Phytophthora
Resistance
Root rot
mohammad
hajian
mhag52570@yahoo.com
1
Khorasan Razavi Agriculture and Natural Resource Research Center
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Gangi
eganji@hotmail.com
2
Khorasan Razavi Agriculture and Natural Resource Research Center
AUTHOR
Hamid
Afzali
afzaliham@gmail.com
3
Razavi Agriculture and Natural Resource Research Center
AUTHOR
1- Ahmadi K., 2015. Agricultural statistics. Horticultural Products. 3th ed, Ministry of Agricultural Jihade 147pp.
1
2- Bakhtiari M.H.V., and Khabaz H. 2010. Identification of Phytophthora Species Associated with stone fruits crown rot in Hamadan province. In: Proceeding of 19th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, 31 July3 August 2010.
2
3- Banihashemi Z., and Sartipi A. 2004. Identification of Phytophthora Species Associated with stone fruits crown rot in Fars province and reaction of certain root stock to P. cactorum. Science and Technology of Agricultural and Natural Resources, 8:241-249. (in Persian with English abstract)
3
4- Bielenin A., and Jones A.I. 1984. Prevalence and pathogenicity of Phytophthora spp. From Sour Cherry trees in 5-Michigan. Plant Disease, 72:433-476.
4
5- Elena K., and Tsipouridis K. 2000, Evaluation of resistance of stone fruit rootstocks to Phytophthora crown rot. Phytopathology, 148: 365-369
5
6- Erwin D.C., and Ribeiro O. K. 1996. Phytophthora Disease Worldwide. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN.
6
7- Exadaktylou E., and Thomidis T. 2005. Susceptibility of Gisela 5 and Maxma 14 cherry rootstocks to four Phytophthora species. Scientia Horticulturae, 106:125–128.
7
8- Hudson T., Hartman E.K., and Davies T.F. 1990. Plant Propagation Principles and Practices. 5th ed., Prentice Hall International Inc., New Jersey, USA.
8
9- Jeffers S.N., Aldwmckle H. S., Burr T. J., and Arneson P.A. 1981. Excised twig assay for the study of apple tree crown rot pathogens in vitro. Plant Disease, 65:823-825.
9
10- Matheron M.E., and Mircetich J.C. 1985. Seasonal variation in susceptibility of Juglans hindsii and paradox root stocks of english walnut trees to P. citricola. Phytopathology, 75: 970–972.
10
11- Mircetich M.S., and Matheron M.E. 1976. Phytophthora root and crown rot of cherry trees. Phytopathology, 66: 549–558.
11
12- Mozafarian V. 2005. Trees and shrubs of Iran. Published by Farhang Moaser. 1003pp.
12
13- Sajadinejad M., Ershad J., Mirabolfathi M., and Zamanizadeh H. 2011. Identification of Phytophthora species the causing root and crown rot of cherry trees in Tehran province. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 46:81-88. (in Persian with English abstract)
13
14- Sharifi H., Bouzari N., and Keshavarz M. 2015. Evaluation of Relative Resistance in Five Stone Fruit Roots tocks to Phytophthora cactorum and P. drechsleri. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal, 31:307-323. (in Persian with English abstract)
14
15- Thomidis T. 2001.Testing variability in pathogenicity of Phytophthora cactorum, P. citrophthora and P. syringae to apple, pear, peach, cherry and plum rootstocks. Phytoparasitica, 29: 47–49.
15
16- Thomidis T., and Sotiropoulos T. 2003. Pathogenicity of 11 Phytophthora species on CAB-6P Cherry root stock. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 31:355–360.
16
17- Thomidis T., Karayiannis I., and Tsipouridis C. 2008.Suceptibility of thirty cherry genotypes on Phytophthora cactorum, P. citrophthora, P. citricola and P. parasitica. Phytopathology, 156: 446-451.
17
18- Thomidis T., Cullum J., Elena K., and Jeffers S.N. 2001. Relative resistance of four peach roots tocks to Phytophthora cactorum and P. megasperma. Phytopathology, 149:599-604.
18
19- Wilcox W.F., and Mircetich S.M. 1985. Pathogenicity and relative virulence of seven Phytophthora spp on Mahlaleb and Mazzard Cherry. Phytopathology, 75:221- 226.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Microwave Heating on the Mortality of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. and Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. and Determination of Energy Consumed for Raisin Product
Introduction: The suitable weather conditions of Iran makes it as one of the most talented country in producing of the various agricultural products such as grapes and raisins and has a great history in this field. Raisin is a commercial dried fruit, produced by drying of ripe seedless grapes by the moisture content of 16%. A major problem in the production, storage and marketing of stored products is infestation by insect pests. A number of insect species pose a potential threat to a variety of stored products. The Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. Have a widespread distribution in the most part of the world. These species are recognized as the cosmopolitan pests attacking stored-products and cause serious losses both in quantity through feeding damage and quality by contaminating the product with its cast skin and frass. Considering economic importance of pests and problems arising from the use of chemical insecticides and fumigants, it is necessary to replace them with the other appropriate methods. The traditional methods of pest control, while having many advantages such as ease of operation and low cost, have some disadvantages such as slow operations, creation of environmental pollution residues, negative impact on product quality and health hazards on the operator. The use of alternative methods seems to be necessary because of concerns about the health hazards of chemical pesticides and its environment pollution. The researches has been conducted on the ionizing radiation, controlled atmosphere, cold treatment, conventional hot air or water heating and novel radio frequency and microwave dielectric heating for controlling the insects. The microwave heating is based on the transformation of alternating electromagnetic field energy into thermal energy by affecting the polar molecules of a material. The most important characteristic of the microwave heating method is volumetric heating. Dielectric heating which covers both radio frequency and microwave has been investigated for insect control in foods. Microwaves radiation are a part of electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths less than radio waves and more than infrared waves, which their frequency range are 300MHz to 30GHz.
Materials and Methods: Two insect species, the lesser grain borer, O. surinamensis L. and mediterranean flour moth, E. kuehniella Zeller. Were reared under the laboratory condition at temperature of 27±2 C and relative humidity of 65%±5. The lesser grain borer was reared on the medium contains 99% wheat flour mixed along with 1% brewer’s yeast and the mediterranean flour moth were reared the medium contains on 90% wheat flour mixed along with 10% brewer’s yeast. In this study, the microwave oven (Media -MW-F-282ELKS) was used which operates at 2450 MHz and variable power levels. The samples were exposed to microwave treatments at three power levels (450, 270 and 900W) for four exposure times (20, 30, 40 and 50s). Each treatment (power and exposure time combination) was replicated three times.
Results and Discussion: The mortality of E. kuehniella at the highest level of microwave power (900W) and for 20, 30, 40 and 50s exposure times were 51.67%, 71.63%, 91.53% and 100%, respectively. For the microwave power of 900W and exposure time of 20, 30, 40 and 50 s the mortality of O. surinamensis was 68.03%, 88.23%, 91.67% and 100%, %, respectively. The results showed, at a power level of 450W and an exposure time of 20s, the mortality of E. kuehniella and O. surinamensis were 20% and 33.33%, respectively. As the power increases to 720 and 900W, the mortality of E. kuehniella and O. surinamensis enhances to 33.33% and 56.63%, respectively. With increasing the exposure time, higher mortality was achieved at lower power levels. For the microwave power of 720W and exposure time of 40s, the mortality of E. kuehniella was 61.53%. When the exposure time was increased to 50s, the mortality of E. kuehniella was achieved 86.63% for the power of 720W. Also for the microwave power of 450W and the exposure time of 50s, the mortality of O. surinamensis was obtained 78.33%. When the microwave power was increased to 900W, the mortality of 100% was obtained.
Conclusion: The results showed the complete mortality for the insects, E. kuehniella and O. surinamensis, were at 900 W and exposure time of 50s. The lowest rate of mortality for both of them was observed at 450 W and exposure time of 20 s. The increase of microwave power and exposure time or both together lead to increase of mortality. It can be concluded that the mortality was affected by microwave power and exposure time.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36544_86e654a5f7134cf91c68a242bdc9ecbd.pdf
2017-02-19
702
708
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.53325
Ephestia kuehniella
Oryzaephilus surinamensis
Microwave Heating
Pesticide
Stored pests
Reza
Sadeghi
rsadeghi@ut.ac.ir
1
College of Abouriahan, University of Tehran
AUTHOR
Masoud
Taghizadeh
mtaghizadeh@um.ac.ir
2
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
1- Ayvaz A., and Tunçbilek A. Ş. 2006. Effects of gamma radiation on life stages of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Pest Science, 79(4), 215-222.
1
2- Bagheri-Zenouz E. 1996. Pests and Storage products and methods of combating them. The first volume, beetles harmful Food & industrial Tehran University Publication, 359 pages (In Persian).
2
3- FAO. 2012. Food and Agricultural commodities production. http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx. Visited on 2016-02-2.
3
4- Finkelman S., Navarro S., Rindner M., and Dias R. 2006. Effect of low pressure on the survival of Trogoderma granarium Everts, Lasioderma serricorne (F.) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) at 30 °C. Journal of Stored Products Research, 42(1), 23-30.
4
5- Hagstrum D.W., and Flinn P.W. 1992. Integrated pest management of stored-grain insects, In: D.B. Sauer, ed. Storage of Cereal Grain and Their Products. pp. 535-562. Amr. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, Minnesota.
5
6- Halverson S.L., Plarre R., Bigelow T.S., and Lieber K. 1998. Recent advance in the use of EHF energy for the control of insect in stored products. American Society of Agriculture Engineers Annu. Meeting, Orlando,Florida (USA). Paper No. 986052.
6
7- Iamanaka B.T., de Menezes H.C., Vicente E., Leite R.S.F., and Taniwaki M.H. 2007. Aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins occurrence in sultanas and dried figs commercialized in Brazil. Journal of Food Control, 18, 454-457.
7
8- Isikber A.A., and Oztekin S. 2009. Comparison of susceptibility of two stored-product insects, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller and Tribolium confusum du Val to gaseous ozone. Journal of stored products research, 45: 159-164.
8
9- Johnson J.A., Vail P.V., Soderstrom E.L., Curtis C.E., Brandl, D.G., Tebbets, J.S., and Valero., K.A. 1998. Integration of nonchemical postharvest treatment for control of navel organge worm (Lep.: Pyralidae) and India meal moth (Lep.: Pyralidae) in walnuts. Journal of Economic Entomology, 91: 1437-1444.
9
10- Kader A., and Hussein M. 2009. Harvest and Postharvest Handling of Dates. Project on the Development of Sustainable Dates Palm Production System in the GCC Countries of Arabian Peninsula. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas.
10
11- Manickavasagan A., Alahakoon P.M.K., Al-Busaidi T.K., Al-Adawi S., Al-Wahaibi A.K., Al-Raeesi A.A., Al-Yahyai R., and Jayas D.S. 2013. Disinfestation of stored dates using microwave energy. Journal of Stored Products Research, 55: 1-5.
11
12- Moghaddasi R., and Alishahi M. 2007. Study of effective factors on Iran's share in the global market of agricultural products (Case Study; pistachios and raisin). Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1: 21-37.
12
13- Nelson S.O. 1995. Assessment of RF and microwave electric energy for stored-grain insect control. Annu. Internat. ASAE Meeting, June 18-23, 1995. Chicago, Illinois. American Society of Agriculture Engineers. St. Joseph, Michigan, 16 pp.
13
14- Nelson S.O. 1996. Review and assessment of radio-frequency and microwave energy for stored-grain insect control. Trans. American Society of Agriculture Engineers, 39: 1475-1484.
14
15- Oles R.G. 1982. Constsnt dose microwave irradiation of insect pupae. Journal of Radio Science. 17: 145-148.
15
16- Ondracek J., and Brunnhofer V. 1984. Dielectric properties of insect tissues. Journal of General Physiology, 3: 251-257.
16
17- Purohit P., Jayas D.S., Yadav B.K., Chelladurai V., Fields P.G., and White N.D.G. 2013. Microwaves to control Callosobruchus maculatus in stored mung bean (Vigna radiata). Journal of Stored Products Research, 53: 19-22.
17
18- Tang J., Mitcham E., Wang S., and Lurie S. 2007. Heat treatments for postharvest pest control: Theory and Practice. The Centre for Biosciences and Agriculture International (CABI), Cambridge, Pp. 349
18
19- UNEP. 1999. United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, Ozon Action Programme, Methyl Bromide Phase-Out Strategies, A Global Compilation of Laws and Regulations. United Nations Publication, ISBN: 92-807-1773-1, available from http://www.unep.fr/ozonaction/information/mmcfiles/3020-e.pdf
19
20- Vadivambal R., Jayas D.S., and White N.D.G. 2007. Wheat disinfestation using microwave energy. Journal of Stored Products Research, 43: 508–514.
20
21- Wang S., Tang J., Johnson J.A., Mitcham E., Hansen J.D., Cavalieri R.P., Bower J., and Biasi B. 2002. Process protocols based on radio frequency energy to control field and storage pests in in-shell walnuts. Postharvest Biology and Technology 26: 265–273.
21
22- Zouba A., Khoualdia O., Diaferia A., Rosito V., Bouabidi H., and Chermiti B. 2009. Microwave treatment for postharvest control of the date moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae. Journal of Plant Protection, 2(4): 173-184.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lep.:Tortricidae) Control by Mating Disruption Method by Synthetic Pheromones in Khorasan Razavi Province
Introduction: Codling moth, Cydia pomonella is one of the key pests of apple in Khorasan Razavi province which annually causes severe fruit damage to apple crop. There are several ways that are used to control and prevent injury to apple products in the world. The most successful and widespread use of pheromones has been in monitoring traps. Mating disruption method by pheromones takes place when enough artificial sources of pheromone are placed in the area that the chance of finding a female by a male is high. Mating, and laying viable eggs is reduced below the point where economically significant damage occurs. Large-scale mating disruption implementation trials have yielded significant reduction in pesticide use while keeping crop damage levels acceptably low. Mating disruption works best if large areas are treated with the pheromones. Currently, chemical control is the most common method of the pest control by using insecticides. In this research, with the goal of eliminating codling moth and minimizing the use of chemical compounds on the apple fruits, the ability of artificial sex pheromones in controlling the codling moth based on mating disruption method was investigated and compared with chemical control in Ghochan County, Khorasan-e-Razavi Province, Iran, in 2013.
Materials and Methods: The experiments were conducted in 20 replicates based on a CRB design. The treatments were mating disruption with pheromone dispensers mating disruption + chemical control and chemical control based on the local method. Adult moth was sampled using Delta traps with a sticky insert. 1000 pheromone, which is a two-strand wire rod was produced has been installed on trees per hectare. Pheromones were installed before the first appearance of male moths. 20 to 25 days after each pest generation, randomly 25 fruits were selected and recorded from different directions and heights base on healthy and infected fruits.
Results and Discussion: The mating disruption system against the moths that devastate the crops is a portion of the global crop protection policy. The greatest number of insects captured were recorded in spraying treatments which were significantly different compared to the other treatments. The difference between treatments was significant in codling moths population and the percentage of infected fruits (p≤0.01). The lowest percentage of infected fruit was in to mating disruption treatment and mating disruption treatments + custom spraying treatment. The highest rate of infected fruit was observed in conventional spraying treatment that represents this treatment had less power for controlling the pest. Mating disruption and mating disruption + chemical control had the most effect on reducing the pest population and number of infested fruits with a significant difference compared to the chemical control. Codling moth was peak flight with three points. Mating disruption treatment and the disturbing + spraying during the growing season had the best controling on the pest population compared to the conventional treatment. Mating disruption is the most effective method when the pest population densities are low to moderate level. It has also been identified as a pest control method in which the insect does not become resistant. Conventional pesticide based control methods kills insects directly, whereas the mating disruption method confuses male insects from accurately locating a mating partner, leading to the eventual collapse of the mating cycle. Mating disruption, due to the specificity of the sex pheromone of the insect species, has the benefit of only affecting the males of that species, while leaving other non-target species unaffected. This allows for targeted pest management, promoting the suppression of a single pest species, leaving the populations of beneficial insects (pollinators and natural enemies) intact.
Conclusion: Mating disruption method is considered to be the most environmentally friendly strategy in pest management and control. Pest management programs that use pheromones are generally thought to be most effective methods in controlling low to moderate levels of pest densities. The mating disruption method has a number of advantages such as uses possible in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and in organic farming, no direct lethal effect on the pests, the method is not destructive, the targeted pest is maintained at a level which is harmless and allows biodiversity, the risk of resistance is low because the main components of the natural pheromone blend are present, strict preventive method, by interrupting the reproduction cycle of the pest before any damage is done, only one application of the dispensers is necessary at the beginning of the season, the method allows a reduction of the number of spray. In this research, suppressing the codling moth population during its first and second generation was effective by the pheromone treatment. In the third generation, however, this effect was reduced probably due to the loss of pheromone in the environment.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36493_dc0191750d7b3725b4080054206511a2.pdf
2017-02-19
646
653
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.50725
Codling Moth
Khorasan Razavi
Mating Disruption
Sex Pheromone
Trap
Hashem
Kamali
hashemkamali@gmail.com
1
Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center
LEAD_AUTHOR
Raoof
Koliaei
kolyaee2000@yahoo.com
2
Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Taghadosi
mtaghaddosi@yahoo.com
3
Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center
AUTHOR
1- Alston D.G., and Lindstorm T. 2003. Codling moth control in apple. Proceeding of the 77th Annual western orchard Pest & Diseases Management Conference, Portland, Washington.
1
2- Askari H., and Hasani Moghaddam M. 2010. Strategic research development plan of plant protection researches, challenges, applications and solutions. Iranian Research Institute of Iran, 429 pages. (In Persian with English abstract).
2
3- Barnes M.M., and Moffitt H.R. 1963. Resistance to D.D.T in the adult codling moth and reference curves for guzathion and carbaryl. Journal of Economic Entomology. 56: 722-725.
3
4- Carde R.T., Baker T.C., and Castrovillo P.J. 1997. Disruption of sexual communication in Laspeyresia pomonella (codling moth), Grapholitha molesta (oriental fruit moth) and G. prunivora (lesser apple worm) with hollow fiber attractant sources. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 22: 280-288.
4
5- Charmillot P.J., Hofer D., and Pasquier D. 2000. Attract and kill: a new method for control of the codling moth Cydia pomonella. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 94: 211-216.
5
6- Croft B.A., and Riedl H.W. 1991. Chemical control and resistance to pesticides of the codling moth. In: Van der Geest and Evenhuis (eds.), World crop pest. Tortricid pests: Their biology, Natural enemies and control. 5: pp. 453-472.
6
7- Dastgheib Beheshti N. 1985. Determination of fighting time against the codling moth in Isfahan with the use of pheromone traps. Journal of plant pests & diseases. 48 (1): 97-101. (In Persian with English abstract).
7
8- Hussaina B., Ahmadb B., and Bilala S. 2015. Monitoring and Mass Trapping of the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella, by the use of Pheromone Baited Traps in Kargil, Ladakh, India. International Journal of Fruit Scienc, 15(1):1-9.
8
9- Granger K.R., Brunneer J.F., and Doerr M.D. 2003. Managing codling moth with new insecticides: Assail, Interpid and Success. Proceeding of the 77th Annual Western orchard pest& Diseases Management Conference, Portland, Washington.
9
10- Gut L.J. 1996. Implementing codling moth mating disruption in Washington pome fruit orchards. Washington State University tree fruit research and extension center, No.1. 8 p.
10
11- Javad Zadeh M., Pour Haji A., and Kolyaee R. 2002. Effect of several new insecticides in codling moth control (Cydia pomonella L) in Iran. Proceeding of the 15th International Congress of Plant protection. University of Kermanshah. (In Persian with English abstract).
11
12- Kolyaee R. 2011. Evaluation of the insecticide Diflubenzuron (Dimilin SC 48%) in the control of codling moth. The final report of the research project, Iranian Research Institute of plant protection. 22 p. (In Persian with English abstract).
12
13- Kolyaee R., Akbarzadeh G., and Koorosh Nejad E. 2005. Review of several new insecticides in codling moth control. The final report of the research project, Iranian Research Institute of plant protection. 22 pp. (In Persian with English abstract).
13
14- Kolyaee R., Grease G., Sasaerila Y., Daroghe H., and Avand Faghih A. 2007. Evaluation of Attract and Kill method in damage control of quince moth Euzophera bigella Z. (Lep.: Phycitidae) and codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lep .: Olethreutidae) on quince orchards. The final report of the research project, Iranian Research Institute of plant protection. 23 pp. (In Persian with English abstract).
14
15- Kolyaee R., Kamali H., Avand Faghih A., Grease G., Sasaerila Y., and Darooghe H. 2006. Evaluation of Attract and Kill method in damage control of codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lep .: Olethreutidae) on apple orchards. The final report of the research project, Iranian Research Institute of plant protection. 23 pp. (In Persian with English abstract).
15
16- Murray M. 2010. Codling moth mating disruption. Utah pests fact sheet, No. 1, Utah University Extention, USA, 5p.
16
17- Riedl H. 1995. First results of studies on resistance of codling moth to diflubenzuron. Review of Agricultural Entomology. 83(7): 762.
17
18- Statistical annual review of Razavi Khorasan agricultural section. 2012. Agricultural Jihad organization of Khorasan Razavi, Vice President of planning and Economic Affairs, the office of agricultural statistics and information. 219 pp. (In Persian).
18
19- Thwaite G.G.W., and Nicol H. 1999. Field evaluation of the effects of insect growth regulator Tebufenizide on entomophagous arthropods and pests of apples. Australian Journal of Entomology. 38 (2): 135.
19
20- Valera L.G., Welter S.C., Jones V.P., Brunner J.F., and Riedl H. 1993. Monitoring and characterization of insecticide resistance in codling moth (Lep. Torticidae) in four western states. Journal of Economic Entomology. 86(1): 1-10.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Molecular Identification of Beet Curly top Iran Virus Associated with Bean in Zanjan Province
Introduction: Plant diseases caused by geminiviruses are one of the main constraints of legume production in the world. They are responsible for a constraint on production of various crops. Geminiviruses are characterized by their twinned icosahedral particles and their single-stranded DNA genome. The family Geminiviridae is grouped into four genera: Begomovirus, Mastrevirus, Curtovirus and Topocuvirus (Brown and Moriones, 2012). Recent reports for geminiviruses show that viruses such as Spinach curly top Arizona virus (SCTAV) and Beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) (Yazdi et al., 2008) can be grouped in a new genus, Becurtovirus (ICTV 2012;http://www.ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp). Zanjan Province is one of the main regions for growing bean in Iran. Various geminiviruses have been reported from bean included: Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV), BCTIV, Bean Calico mosaic virus (BCaMV) and Bean dwarf mosaic virus (BDMV). In this study in order to determine the type and distribution of geminivirus/es causing bean diseases, samples were collected from Zanjan province and then tested for the presence of geminiviruses using polymerase chain reaction and rolling circle amplification systems.
Materials and Methods: Some of the geminiviruses cause disease in the bean. To identify geminiviruses in the bean, sixty samples were collected from Zanjan, Khdabadeh, KhoramDareh and Abhar in summer 2014. These samples were collected according to the symptoms such as golden mosaic, curling, malformation, blistering, yellowing of leaves and plant stunting. After DNA extraction, viral infection was tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using degenerate primers, PAL1V 1978/ PAR1C 496 and Primer B/ Primer V181. Based on the disease symptoms and results of PCR, four samples were selected to confirm the presence of geminiviruses and also to amplify the full-length genome using a rolling cycle amplification (RCA) kit. The amplified DNA products were digested with EcoRI, PstI, and EcoRV enzymes. A 2800 bp DNA fragment was isolated from gel and cloned into EcoRI site of a pBlunt vector and then sequenced (Microgen, Korea). The resulted sequence was compared to other reported geminiviruses from databases such as Genbank. To find the phylogenetic relation of the identified virus with other reported geminiviruses, we made a phylogenetic tree using the aligned sequences in MEGA6 software by applying Neighbour-joining method with 1000 replicates.
Results and Discussion: Using degenerate primers more than 15 percent of the collected samples showed amplification of DNA fragments with expected sizes. Gel electrophoresis for PCR products using BC and PCR V181 primers for bean samples showed production of a 550bp fragment. The PCR products size was 900 and 1100 bp using PaR1C 496 and PAL1V 1978 primers. The phenotype for theses samples was included geminivirus-like symptoms such as: abnormal and yellowing (S37), cup shape (S60), yellowing and mosaic (S34), blistering and abnormality (S62). The same abnormal shape of leaves was reported from bean plants infected with geminiviruses such as BCTIV and BGMV (Gharouni K. S., 2012). According to the results of the PCR and type of the symptoms, four samples (S26, S37, S61 and S65) selected to confirm the geminiviral infection using Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) reactions. The RCA reaction was performed using 200 ng of the DNA and followed the instruction of kit. The RCA product was digested with various restriction enzymes. Based on the digestion patterns of the amplified DNA in the presence of three restriction enzymes EcoRI, EcoRV, Pst1, a 2800 bp fragment from sample S37 was selected for cloning into a vector and sequencing. Analyzing of this sequence showed that the amplified DNA has the highest (98%) similarity to a Beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) isolated from sugar beet and a lower (89 %) similarity to an isolate of BCTIV from the bean in Khorasan-Razavi Province.
Conclusion: Geminiviruses are limiting factors for crop production in the bean. The most common geminiviruses are Bean golden mosaic virus and Bean calico mosaic virus. In Iran, BCTIV has been recently identified as a dominant and widespread curly top producing agent in important crops (Heydarnejad et al., 2007; Kardani et al., 2013; Soleimani et al., 2013). This diversity and wide occurrence of BCTIV made a big challenge for breeders to produce resistance or tolerant traits (Strausbaugh et al., 2008). Our results also confirmed the widespread occurrence of BCTIV in Iran and also the genetic variation of virus isolates from the same host plant in various geographical regions.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36503_0c84e4247c40bfd6c4460dc977e12e97.pdf
2017-02-19
654
663
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.51762
Bean
Beet curly top Iran virus
Geminiviruses
Zanjan
Vahid
Hoseini
v.hosseini422@yahoo.com
1
University of Zanjan
AUTHOR
Omid
Eini
omid.eini@znu.ac.ir
2
University of Zanjan
LEAD_AUTHOR
1- Adams M.J., King A.M., and Carstens E.B. 2013. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to international committee on taxonomy of viruses. Archives of Virology, 158: 2023-2030.
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12. Gharouni Kardani S. G., Jafarpour B., Mehrvar M., and Tarighi S. 2013. Identification and sequencing for coat protein of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Razavi Province. Plant Protection, 27: 427-433.
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15- Ha C., Coombs S., Revill P., Harding R., Vu M., and Dale J. 2008. Molecular characterization of begomoviruses and DNA satellites from vietnam: Additional evidence that the new world geminiviruses were present in the old world prior to continental separation. Jornal of General Virology, 89: 312-326.
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16- Hernandez C., and Brown J.K. 2010. First report of a new curtovirus species, spinach severe curly top virus, in commercial spinach plants (spinacia oleracea) from south-central arizona. Plant Disease, 94: 94-97.
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17- Heydarnejad J., Keyvani N., Razavinejad S., Massumi H., and Varsani A. 2013. Fulfilling koch’s postulates for beet curly top iran virus and proposal for consideration of new genus in the family geminiviridae. Archives of Virology, 158: 435-443.
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18- Lam N., Creamer R., Rascon J., and Belfon R. 2009. Characterization of a new curtovirus, pepper yellow dwarf virus, from chile pepper and distribution in weed hosts in new mexico. Archives of Virology, 154: 429-436.
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19- Liu L., van Tonder T., Pietersen G., Davies J.W., and Stanley J. 1997. Molecular characterization of a subgroup I geminivirus from a legume in south africa. Journal of General Virology, 78: 2113-2117.10.
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24- Pakniat A., Behjatnia S.A.A., Kharazmi S., Shahbazi M., and Izadpanah K. 2010. Molecular characterization and construction of an infectious clone of a new strain of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in southern Iran. Iranian journal of plant pathology, 46: 101-115.
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25- Rodriguez-Pardina P.E., Zerbini F.M., and Ducasse D.A. 2006. Genetic diversity of begomoviruses infecting soybean, bean and associated weeds in Northwestern Argentina. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 31: 342-348.
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26- Rojas M.R. 1993. Use of degenerate primers in the polymerase chain reaction to detect whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses. Plant Disease, 77: 340-348
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28- Rouhibakhsh A., Priya J., Periasamy M., Haq Q.M.I., and Malathi V.G. 2008. An improved DNA isolation method and PCR protocol for efficient detection of multicomponents of begomovirus in legumes. Journal of Virological Methods, 147: 37-42.
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35- Zhou X., Liu Y., Calvert L., Munoz C., Otim-Nape G., Robinson D., and Harrison B. 1997. Evidence that DNA-A of a geminivirus associated with severe cassava mosaic disease in Uganda has arisen by interspecific recombination. Journal of General Virology, 78: 2101-2111.
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Different Diets of Flour Moth on its Parasitoid Wasp Fitness, Trichogramma brassicae (Hym.:Trichogrammatidae)
Introduction: Parasitoid wasp, Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko) (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) has excellent position in mass production technology, scope of application, wide geographical distribution and unmatched talent to adapt to different climatic conditions that can be easily reared on Mediterranean flour moth (MFM), Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lep.: Pyralidae). The parasitoid use is in order to control Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lep.: Pyralidae), Helicoverpa armigera (Lep.: Noctuidae), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lep.: Pyralidae), Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lep.: Phycitidae) and Cydia pomonella (Lep.: Tortricidae) (38). The studies have been shown that the quantity and quality of the host diet affect growth period, size of adults, adult longevity, fecundity and sex ratio of the parasitoid. The objective of current research was to evaluate the effect of four different MFM diets on the fitness of second and forth generations of the parasitoid wasp, T. brassicae.
Materials and Methods: The four diets ((I) wheat flour, wheat bran, corn flour, bread yeast and glycerin; (II) wheat flour, wheat bran, barley flour, bread yeast and glycerin; (III) barley flour, bread yeast and glycerin and (IV) wheat flour, barley flour and corn flour) were sterilized at 51 °C for 24 hours. After cooling at ambient temperature, the diets were contaminated with the eggs of MFM and then were maintained at 25±1° C, 60±5 % RH and a photoperiod of 14 L: 10 D. The MFM adults emerged after 35 to 40 days and their eggs were collected daily to use for investigation of the parasitoid biology. For rearing the parasitoid wasps on the MFM eggs obtained from each diet, some cards containing the parasitoid pre-pupae were put inside cages (25 × 25 × 25 cm) and reared for one generation. The adults were fed honey (20%) for one day and then were provided with one-day-old sterile MFM eggs. To prevent egg hatching and sterile them, they were kept at 15°C for four h. The tests were conducted with 10 replicates for each treatment at 25±1°C, 60±5 % RH and a photoperiod of 14 L: 10 D. Each glass tube (8cm diameter, 11 cm height) as an experimental unit was consisted of 40 and 20 wasps for the second and fourth generation of the parasitoid and was provided with the card carried 200 and 100 eggs of MFM, respectively. The number of emerged parasitoid wasps along with the number of parasitized eggs on each card w recorded daily till the death of the adult wasp. Also, the number of emerged wasps and females were counted.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the lowest parasitism rate was occurred in the treatment I (9.8±0.011 %) for the second generation of the parasitoid. But, in the fourth generation, the treatment II and III presented the highest (11.05±1.23 %) and lowest parasitism rate (5.58±0.70%), respectively. In the previous report, the parasitism rate of T. brassicae fed on eggs of Sitotroga cerealella was assessed higher than that in the present study, which occurs probably because of the differences in insect host.
The results obtained from the second generation showed that the variation in the diets had significant effect on the percentage of parasitoid emergence and the highest percentage of the parasitoid emergence was observed in treatment I (64.5±4.78 %) but there was no significant difference between the treatment I and III. The percentage of adult emergence of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (28) and Trichogramma maidis Pint, et Voeg. (13) reared on the MFM eggs were higher than the present research. The difference may be related to the parasitoid density and the wasp species. However, the variation in diets had no significant effect on the percentage of parasitoid emergence in fourth generation and sex ratio in both generations. In second generation, there were no significant differences among the treatments in daily oviposition of the female parasitoid but in fourth generation, various diets had significant effect. The highest and lowest daily oviposition were found for treatment II (0.77±0.07) and IV (0.42±0.06), respectively. The treatment III and II meaningfully caused the longest parasitoid lifetime in the second (12.31 ± 0.09 days) and forth generation (12.36±0.03 days), respectively. Nevertheless, no significant variation in lifetime of the parasitoid between the other treatments was found in the second and forth generations, separately. Several biotic and abiotic factors can influence T. brassicae lifetime such as temperature, adult feeding, humidity, the quality of the host egg and the size of parasitoids. Also, the proportion of wasps surviving at time x (lx) were almost similar among all treatments in the second and forth generations, separately. The survival rate fluctuations of T. brassicae reared on eggs of Ch. suppressalis, were similar on different rice varieties and after eight days all adults were dead which was similar to our results.
Conclusion: By referring to the results, treatment II, included wheat flour, wheat bran, barley flour, bread yeast and glycerin (ratios: 41.5: 2: 43.5: 3: 10%, respectively) is proposed to optimize mass rearing of the parasitoid wasp, T. brassicae as an important biological control agent. The treatment II caused to increase the life span and parasitism rate of T. brassicae and is suitable for mass production of the parasitoid to promote the quality of biological control programs.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36550_a71bc8a0bf34adbed46a919851c5ba04.pdf
2017-02-19
709
717
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.53205
Biological control
Life span
Parasitism
Wheat flour
Paria
Soltaninejad
pariyasoltaninezhad@yahoo.com
1
Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
AUTHOR
Asghar
Shirvani
shirvanias@yahoo.com
2
Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
LEAD_AUTHOR
Maryam
Rashki
ma_rashkigh@yahoo.com
3
Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman
AUTHOR
1- Abroun P., Mousavi S.Gh., Ashouri A., and Gishani H. 2013. Effect of different quality of Ephestia kuehniella on the parasitism of Trichogramma brassicae. p. 1-8. The 1st National Conference on Stable Agriculture and Natural Resources. (in Persian).
1
2- Ahmadpour S., Iranipour Sh., and Asgari Sh. 2013. Effects of superparasitism on reproductive fitness of Ooencyrtus fecundus (Hym.: Encyrtidae), egg parasitoid of Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps (Hem.: Scutelleridae). p. 2. Conference of Biological Control in Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 27-28 August. 2013. (in Persian with English abstract).
2
3- Akbarzadeh Shoukat G. 2006. Study of efficacy of walnut fruit worm egg parasitoid wasp Trichogramma embryophagum in laboratory condition. p. 20. In Manzari, S. (Ed.) p. 418. Proceedings of the 17th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Vol. I, Pests. (in Persian).
3
4- Attaran M.R., Shojaii M., and Ebrahimi E. 2000. Effects of hosts and feeding on the longevity and the number of eggs deposited by Trichogramma brassicae. p. 173. Proceedings of the 14th Iranian Plant Protection Congress. I, Pests.
4
5- Babendreier D., Kuske S., and Bigler F. 2002. Overwintering of the egg parasitioid Trichogramma brassicae (Hym.: Trichogrammatide) in Northern Switzerland. Biological Control, 52:37-45.
5
6- Bidar F., Naseri B., Razmjo J., and Fathi S.A.A. 2013. Performance Nutrition of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller On the different varieties of barley. p. 37-39. Second national congress and conventional organic agriculture. (in Persian).
6
7- Bonte M., and DeClercq P. 2008. Developmental and reproductive fitness of Orius laevigatus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) reared on factitious and artificial diets. Journal of Economic Entomology, 101 (4):1127-1133.
7
8- Bigler F. 1994. Quality control in Trichogramma production. Biological control with egg parasitoid. p. 93-111. CAB International, UK.
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9- Cerutti F., and Bigler F. 1995. Quality assessment of Trichogramma brassicae in the laboratory. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 75:19-26.
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10- Chirane J., and Lauge G. 1996. Loss of parasitization efficiency of Trichogramma brassicae (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) under high temperature conditions. Biological Control, 7:95-99.
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42
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46
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47
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparision of the Efficiency of the Current Oils and Insecticide Compounds in Control of Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), (Hem.: Aleyrodidae) on Rose and their Interaction
Introduction: Rose plant (R osa hybrid) is cultivated in nearly all regions of Iran and they are more common in the western areas of Iran. The intensive cultivation of rose often leads to injuries by pathogens or noxious animals and may require the implementation of pest control measures. Among the insect pests of roses, the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hem.: Aleyrodidae), is fairly common pest that it is considered as major pests on roses in Iran. This pest infests the undersides of rose leaves, where the feeding adults and nymphs produce honeydew on which sooty mould grows. Considering the importance of oils in the integrated management program of this pest, in the present survey the possibility of whitefly control on rose plant were carried out to assess mortality rate (MR), synergistic rate (SR) and Lc50 of the oils and common insecticide.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse located at the experimental site of National Ornamental Plant Institute, Mahallt, Iran. The plants (Rosa hybrid Apollo) were cut to stimulate rooting and then grown in plot containing a mixture of sand and sheep manure. Nine rose plant cuttings were planted in each plot with 1m2 space and 0.5 m distance each plot. So, each treatment had 9 shrubs of rose. The greenhouse whitefly T. vaporariorum were collected from infested rose plants and reared on rose. Each rose plant with one-year old was infested via 200 different stages of the whitefly. Fourteen days after infesting, compounds were sprayed on the infested plants with electrostatic atomizer backpack sprayer. Before spraying, plots were separated by plastic. Whitefly different stages from behind of three leaflets that separated from 15, 20 and 25 cm tip of plant were counted under a stereomicroscope (10 X) one day before and seven days after treatment. The effect of oils and common insecticide on whitefly mortality rate (MR) was performed in completely randomized block design with 20 treatments, 3 blocks and 4 replications. In addition, the bioassay of neem oil, citowett and volk on nymphal stages (2-4) as well as whiteflies adult were assayed in the greenhouse condition. The bioassay was carried out in clear plastic cages containing a leaf with three leaflets connected to the plant, containing 30 nymphs or 30 adults. Moreover, the bioassay of deltamethrin on adults and buprofezin on the nymphs and also synergistic rate (SR) of three oils including neem oil, citowett and volk on deltamethrin and buprofezin were estimated. The followed formula {SR= (Lc50A +Lc50B)/Lc50 (A+B)} was used for calculating synergistic rate. For bioassay testes, the clear plastic cages containing three leaflets as well as 30 nymphs and also 30 adult whiteflies were used.
Results and Discussion: Based on the result of the mortality rate of oils and common insecticide, the treatment control, which was neem oil (1 ml/L) mixed with deltamethrin (0.5 ml/L), was caused 91.72 and 90.79 % MR of nymphs and adult whiteflies, respectively. Also the neem oil (0.5 ml/L) and citowett (0.25 ml/L) after water treatment had the lowest effect on the adult and nymphal stages mortality. When the oils separately were used, their LC50 were higher than they used simultaneously with deltamethrin and buprofezin. The results of the bioassay showed the Lc50 of deltamethrin mixed with neem oil, citowett and volk as: 417.55, 290.51 and 639.07 ppm, respectively. The synergistic effect of neem oil, citowett and volk with deltamethrin on the mortality rate of adult whitefly was estimated as 3.62, 5.45 and 2.56, respectively. The highest SR (7.24) of buprofezin for nymphal stage was occurred when it mixed with citowett. In addition, the SR of this pesticide was 4.86 and 3.55 for neem and volk, respectively. Also the Lc50 of buprofezin mixed with neem, citowett and volk were 214.26, 177.32 and 559.56 ppm, respectively.
Conclusion: According to the effect of buprofezin on insect moulting, using of this pesticide mixed with citowett, neem and volk may be helpful for chemical control of nymphal stage of whitefly. In addition, based on our results deltamethrin mixed with same oils is recommended for adult control in integrated pest management programs of this pest. Proper application of pesticides along with oilscan increase synergistic effect of pesticide and reduce their harmful effects.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36557_b0b36f89b7b6662fd452701258a93b03.pdf
2017-02-19
718
726
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.53965
Greenhouse Whitefly
Oils
Pesticides
rose
Synergistic effect
Asghar
Hosseininia
asghar.hosseini.nia@gmail.com
1
Bu Ali Sina University
AUTHOR
mohammad
khanjani
alikhanjani77@gmail.com
2
Bu Ali Sina
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Khoobdel
3
Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
saeid
javadi khederi
javadis84@gmail.com
4
Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan
LEAD_AUTHOR
1- Anonymous. 2010. Statistic Office of flowers, ornamental plants, medicinal and edible mushrooms. Agricultural ministry of Iran, p. 1-10. (In Persian).
1
2- Coombe P.E, 1982. Visual behavior of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Physiological Entomology, 7:243-51.
2
3- Gorski R. 2004. Effectiveness of natural essential oils in the monitoring of greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariurum (Westwood). Folia Horticulture Annual, 16(1): 183-187.
3
4- Hosseininia A., Purmirza A., Safaralizadeh M.H., and Oromchi S. 2003. Effect of neem seed oil and citowett oil on European Red Mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), (Acari: Tetranychidae) control. 3rd congress of Iranian Horticultural Sciences, Karaj, Iran, p. 320-321.
4
5- Hosseininia A., Purmirza A., Safaralizadeh M.H., and Oromchi S. 2006. Comparison of the effect of Neem oil with Hexythiazox and propargite on European Red Mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), (Acari: Tetranychidae) under Laboratory conditions. Scientific Journal of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran, 16(3): 237-245. (In Persian with English abstract).
5
6- Hosseininia A., Kerami A., and Bandani A.R. 2012. Effective of neem oil, citowett, volk, super oil and neem azal on spider mite and their synergic effect on abamecin. 2nd international congress of Hydroponic and Greenhouse products, p. 267-268. (In Persian with English abstract).
6
7- Khanjani M. 2005. Vegetables pests of Iran. Bu Ali Sina University Press Center Hamadan, Iran, p. 200-467. (In Persian).
7
8- Lakdashti M., and Sadeghi M. 1996. Control of Insects and mites by oil spray (Citrus, Rosaceae, Olive, Flowers and Ornamental Plants). Adbestan press, Tehran Iran, p.1-85. (In Persian).
8
9- Martin N.A. 1996. Whitefly resistance management strategy. In G.W. Bourdot and D. M. Suckling (Eds.), pesticide resistance: prevention and management. Lincoln, New Zealand: New Zealand Plant Protection Society, p. 194-203.
9
10- Oromchi S., and Lora K. 1995. Evaluation of the effect of aqueous extract and three commercial formulations of neem (Azadirachta indicia A. Juss, Meliaceae) as a botanical pesticide in alfalfa weevil Hypera postice (Col.: Curculionidae) control. 12th congress of plant protection, Karaj, Iran, p.288.
10
11- Pedley R.I.F. 2010. Comparative studies of three Aphelinidae Parasitoids of Trialeurodes vaporariurum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) with Emphasis on Eretmocerus eremicus Rose and Zolnerowich. A thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of science in Plant Protection (Entomology) at Massy University, Palmerstone North New Zealand, p. 1-223.
11
12- Rakhshani M. 2005. Principle of agricultural toxicology (pesticides). Farhang Jame Press Center of Tehran, Iran, p. 100-374. (In Persian).
12
13- Robertson G.L., and Presler H.K. 1992. Pesticide Bioassays with arthropods. CRC Press, London, p. 31-39.
13
14- Sadeghi A. 1996. Cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) sensitivity to pesticides and neem and survey of its behavior to neem and trap color. Urmia University graduate dissertation Masc. degree, p. 1-80. (In Persian with English abstract).
14
15- SAS, State of the Art Statistical Institute. 2003. JMP: a guide to statistical and data analysis, Version 6. 12, Cary, Nc.
15
16- Saxena R.C., Liquido N.G., and Justo H.D. 1981. Neem oil a potential antifeedant for the control of rice brown hopper, Nilaparvata lugens, pp. 177-188. In Schmutter, H., Ascher K.R.S. and Rembold H. (Ed) Natural pesticides from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. juss). First Inter. Neem conference, Germany. Agency for Technological Co-operation, Bberlin, Germany.
16
17- Schmuttere H. 2002. The Neem tree: Source of Unique Natural Products for Integrated Pest Management, Medicine, Industry and Other Purposes (Hardcover), 2nd Edition, Weunheim, Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, p.120-138.
17
18- Shishabor P. 2003. Whitefly (Biology, situation of pest and their management) by Geering Den .1988. Chamran University Press Center, Ahvaz Iran, p. 500-626. (In Persian).
18
19- Talebi Jahromi Kh. 2011. Toxicology of pesticides (insecticides, Acaricides and Raticides). Tehran University Press Center, Iran, p. 300-492. (In Persian).
19
20- Toscano N.C., and Prabhaker N. 2011. Spiromesifen: A New Pest Management Tool for Whitefly Management. Available at http://www.insectscience.org /8.04/ref/ abstract 78.html. (visited 25 September 2015).
20
21- Von Elling K., Brogemeister E., Setamou M., and Peohling H.M. 2002. The effect of Neem Azal-TS, a commercial neem product on different develop nymphal stage of the common greenhopuse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), (Hem.: Aleyrodidue). Journal of Applied Entomology, 126:40-46.
21
22- Ware G.W., and Whitacer D. 2004. The pesticide book. 6th ed. Misterpro Information Resources, p.180- 200.
22
23- Workman P. and Pedley R.I.F. 2007. New natural enemies for greenhouse pests. New Zealand Grower, p.1-54.
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Competitive Ability and Tolerance of 18 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars to Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.)
Introduction: Weeds causing 15 % or more damage to crops, annually. The amount of these damages depends upon different factors such as cultivar type and weeds species. Wild mustard is a cosmopolitan and most serious broad leaf weed in wheat fields which has widespread through world including Iran. Rapid emergence of wild mustard under cold condition and fast growth early in the spring are reasons that make its competitive capability along growing season with wheat. In the more global regions, soil seed bank persistence, height competitive ability, vast fecundity and herbicides resistance are chief problems in wild mustard control. Nonetheless, one of the weeds control strategies in integrated weed management systems is utilization of height competitive ability cultivars.
Materials and Methods: In order to examine competitiveness of various wheat cultivars on wild mustard and evaluation of presence of this weed species yield and its components in wheat, an outdoor pot experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Greenhouse, College of Agriculture, Mohaghegh-e Ardabili University, during 2013-2014. Treatments comprising of 18 wheat cultivars namely: [Var1: Karkheh, Var2: Alborz, Var3: Azadi, Var4: Shahpasand, Var5: Sepahan, Var6: Flat, Var7: Ghods, Var8: Roshan, Var9: Sorkh tokhm, Var10: Moghan3, Var11: Alvand, Var12: MS-81-14, Var13: Yarvarus, Var14: Shahriyar, Var15: Golestan, Var16: Bam, Var17: Niknajad, Var18:Karaj3]. All mentioned cultivars were laid in the weed free (no wild mustard present) and interference condition (wild mustard present) pots and were arranged in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Wild mustard seeds, were used as weed seeds source that previously have collected in Agronomic Department Laboratory of Mohagheghe Ardabili University. Each pot was filled with almost 5 Kg mixtures of (sand, farm soil and farm yard manure). Also in each pot 15 wheat seeds along with several wild mustard seeds in regular pattern had been sown. First irrigation was done immediately after sowing on the pots. In the spring after wheat seedling were established pots were thinning and 6 seedlings in each pots and only one established wild mustard was remaining. At the end of growing season, yield, yield components and weeds losses dry weight were estimated. Competitive index (CI) and Weed Interference Tolerance Index (WITI) were assessed.
All gathered data and trials that involving yield such as (spike number, seeds number per spike and thousand seeds weight), at ripening stage of all wheat in the pots were measured and weighted. Numeric observations which ascribing to wheat cultivars based on Squared Euclidean clustering analysis procedure for all cultivars categorize were used. Data were subjected to ANOVA, and means were separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at 0.05 probability (P ≤ 0.05).
Results and Discussion: Wild mustard dry matter weight was influenced by means of different wheat cultivars (P ≤ 0.01). This effects resulting reduction of wild mustard dry matter weight ranged 14.4 -67.4% based on cultivar types, so that Bam, Alvand and MS-81-14 cultivars in this aspect was superior cultivars. Also, collected information represented that between cultivars there are significant difference in the spike production in each pot (P ≤ 0.01). Whereas, numbers of spike in each pot varied between 22 to 43, but Golstan cultivar had maximum spike in each pots and minimum spike belonged to Sepahan and Roshan cultivars. Spike numbers also had a significantly positive correlation with decreased weed dry matter percentage. There was difference between wheat cultivars in the seed per spikes (P ≤ 0.01). There was negative correlation between seed numbers and spike numbers (P ≤ 0.01), but positive association was between this character with wild mustard dry matter percentage decline (P ≤ 0.05). Numbers of fertile spikes were important factor in grain yield (15). There are significant differences in wheat yield between eighteen cultivars (P ≤ 0.01), so that Bam, MS-81-14 and Yarvarus have highest yield and Roshan has lowest from the rest cultivars. Yield data was influenced under wheat cultivars and wild mustard interference effects and inter-act of two mentioned factors (P ≤ 0.05).
Conclusion: Although, large numbers of study in overall world focus on cultivar’s merits and competitor cultivars study well documented, but we credence is that cultivars election and recommendations for each specific local must be documented in repeated and long-terms studies (in time and site). But results originated of this study, well documented cultivars selections in view of more effective Weed interference tolerance index (WITI) for Alvand, Bam, MS-81-14, and Yarvarus cultivars for weed suppress such wild mustardin Ardabil conditions,and yield productionalso Bam, MS-81-14 and Yarvarus were superior cultivars from others cultivars in Ardabil regions, which appear to be implemented in integrated weed managements design options. Finally, authors must be mentioned that this conclusion merely is primarily information in cultivars selections and other works must extended and carry out in Ardabil field conditions.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36478_547ee85339963da62d36c651605c083e.pdf
2017-02-19
629
638
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.50675
Cultivars breeding
Non-chemical management
Sustainable agriculture
Yield loss
fatemeh
abdollahi
fatemehabdollahi7@gmail.com
1
دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamid Reza
MohammaddoustChamanabad
hr_chamanabad@yahoo.com
2
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
AUTHOR
Ahmadi A. M., Rashed Mohassel M. H., Baghestani M. A., and Rostami M. 2004. The effect of the critical period of weed competition on yield, yield components and morpho-physiological characteristics bean Derakhshan cultivar. Plant Pest and Disease. 1: 31-49. (in Persian with English abstract).
1
2- Anonymous. 2014. Available: http://www.ardabilmet.ir/.
2
3- Armin M., and Asghripour M. 2011. Effect of plant density on wild oat competition with competitive and non-competitive wheat cultivars. Agricultuer Science. 10: 1554-1561.
3
4- Baghestani M. A., and Zand E. 2004. Study of competitive ability of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes against weeds with attention to Goldbachia laevigata DC and Avena ludoviciana Dur in Karaj. Plant Pest and Disease. 72: 1-21. (in Persian with English abstract)
4
5- Baghestani M.A., Zand E., Rahimian Mashhadi H., and Soufizadeh S. 2005. Morphological and physiological characteristics which enhance competitiveness of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) against Goldbachia laevigata. Weed Science. 1: 111-126.
5
6- Beckie H.J., Johnson E., Blackshaw R.E., and Gan Y. 2008. Weed suppression by canola and mustard cultivars. Weed Techology. 22:182–185.
6
7- Blakshaw R.E., Molnar L.J., and Janzen H.H. 2004. Nitrogen fertilizer timing and application method affect weed growth and competition with spring wheat. Weed Science. 52: 614-622.
7
8- Cousens R.D., Barnett A.G., and Barry G.C. 2003. Dynamics of competition between wheat and oats. I. effects of changing the timing of phonological events. Agronumy. 95: 1295-1304.
8
9- Dianat M., Rahimian Mashhadi H., Baghestani M.A., Alizadeh H.M., and Zand E. 2007. Evaluation of Iranian cultivars of bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for competitive ability against rye (Secale cereale). Agriculture Science. 23: 267-280. (In Persian with English abstract).
9
10- Deihimfard R. 2005. The evaluate Morpho-physiology characteristics affecting the yield of some varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in competition with Arugula (Eurea sativa). M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture AbouReyhan. 135 p. (In Persian with English abstract).
10
11- Farbodnia A., Baghestani M. A., Zand E., and NurMohammadi. 2009. Evalution of competitive ability of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) in contrast against Daphnia (Descurainia Sophia). Plant Protect. 23: 74-81. (In Persian with English abstract).
11
12- Ghaderi A., Eversonn E. H., and Cress C. E. 1980. Classfication of enveronments and genotypes in wheat. Crop Science. 15: 700-704.
12
13- Gill B. S., Rupp W. J., Sharma H. C., and Browder L. B. 1986. Resistance in Aegilops squarrosa to wheat leaf rust, wheat powodeny mildew, greenbuy and Hession fly. Plant Disease. 70: 553-555.
13
14- Knezevic S. Z., Evans S. P., Blankenship E.E., Van Acker R.C., and Lindquist J.L. 2002. Critical period for weed control: The Concept and Data Analysis. Weed Science. 50: 773–786.
14
15- Lemerle D. G. S., Gill C. E., Murphy S. R., Walker R. D., Cousens S., Mokhtari S. J., Peltzer R., Coleman D., and Lickett J. 2001. Genetic improvement and agronomy for enhanced wheat competitiveness with weeds. Agricultuer Resaerch. 52: 527-548.
15
16- Mennan H., and Zandstra B. H. 2005. Effect of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars and seeding rate on yield loss from Galium aparine (cleavers). Short communication. Crop Protection. 24: 1061-1067.
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17- Mohammaddust Chamabad H. R. 2011. Introduction to principles and practical weed control. Publications University of Ardebil. 229 p.
17
18- Mohammaddost Chamanabad H. R., Hemati Kh., Asghari A., and Barmaki M. 2013. The effect of nitrogen and weed interference on some agronomic traits, yield and yield components of five wheat cultivars. Agricultural science and sustainable production.23 (4): 131-140. (In Persian with English abstract).
18
19- Mohammaddost Chamanabad H. R., Bakhshi M., Asghari A., and Mohammad Nia Sh. 2015. Evaluation of Weed Tolerance and Competition Indices of 18 Wheat Genotypes. Weed Science. 10: 155-166. (In Persian with English abstract).
19
20- Naderi R., and Ghadiri H. 2011. Competition of wild mustard (Sinapis arvense L.) densities with rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Agricultuer Science. 13: 45-51.
20
21- Navabpour S., and Kazemi G. 2013. Stady the relation between grain yield and related traits in wheat by path analysis. Crop Production. 6(1): 191- 203. (In Persian with English abstract).
21
22- Olsen J., Kristensen L., and Weiner J. 2005. Effects of density and spatial pattern, of winter wheat on suppression of different weed species. Weed Science: 690-694.
22
23- Pawar R.K. 2009. Weed Management. Oxford Book Company. Jaipur. India. 300p.
23
24- Rahimian Mashhadi H., Baghestani M.A., Zand E., and Dianat M. 2004. Assess the competitiveness of the eight wheat cultivars with rye in Karaj and Varmyn. Abstract eighth congress Crop. Rasht.
24
25- Rezvani H., Asghari J., Ehteshami M. R., and Kamkar B. 2013. Study reaction yield wheat cultivars in competition with the weed in Gorgan. 6(4): 178-214. (In Persian with English abstract).
25
26- Siyahpoosh A., Zand E., Bakhshande A., and Gharineh M.H. 2012. Competitive of different densitiesof two wheat cultivars with wild mustard weed species (Sinapis arvensis) in different densities. Weed Science. 20: 748-752.
26
27- Saadatian B., Ahmadvand G., and Soleymani F. 2011. Evaluation empirical models of feral and wild mustard to predict yield loss of two winter wheat cultivars. Crop Production.4 (4): 157-175. (In Persian with English abstract).
27
28- Safahani Langrodi A., Kamkar B., Zand E., Bagherani Meybodi N., and Bagheri M. 2007. Reaction of grain yield and its components of canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars in competition with wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) in Gorgan. Crop Science. 9: 356-370. (In Persian with English abstract).
28
29- Williams W. D., and Muhammad K. 1997. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) effects on yield components of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Weed Science. 44: 114-121.
29
30- Wall D.A., Friesen G.H., and Bhati T.K. 2006. Wild mustard interference in traditional and semi-leafless field wheats. Canadian. Plant Science. 71: 473-480.
30
31- Zhao D. L., Atlin G. N., Bastians L., and Spiertz J. H. 2006. Cultivar weed-competitiveness in aerobic rices: heritability, correlated traits and the potential for indirect selection in weed-free environments. Crop Science. 46: 372-380.
31
32- Zand E. 2000. Study the physiological characteristics of Iranian wheat cultivars of the morphology, physiology, competition within and between species (trend of 50 years old). Agriculture Phd thesis. Faculty of Agriculture. University of Mashhad Ferdousi.
32
33- Van Acker R. C., and Oree R. 2004. Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and wild mustard (Brassica kaber) wheller interference in canola (Brassica napus). Weed Science. 39: 210-221.
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Identification and Molecular Analysis of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) in Mazandaran Province
Introduction: Several potyviruses infecting gramineous plants have been reported from Iran. Mosaic is the most widespread viral disease affecting sugarcane and maize production. Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is one of the causal agents of mosaic disease, which was first described in Ohio in 1963. SCMV belonging to the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae, is a single-stranded positive sense RNA virus which can infect gramineous plants such as sugarcane, maize and sorghum. Like all potyviruses, SCMV has non-enveloped flexuous filamentous virions of 750 nm long and 11–13 nm wide, which encapsidate a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA molecule of approximately 10,000 nt long. SCMV subgroup in the genus Potyvirus consists of seven different species viz., SCMV, Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), Johnsongrass mosaic virus (JGMV); Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), Zea mosaic virus (ZeMV), Pennisetum mosaic virus (PenMV) and Cocksfoot streak virus (CSV). These viruses have been transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner, and cause mosaic disease and yield loss in sugarcane, maize, sorghum, and other gramineous plants. Among these viruses, only SCMV and SrMV are known to infect sugarcane under natural conditions and are considered as the causal agents of sugarcane mosaic disease. SCMV causes yield losses in many countries, and losses of maize production have been estimated at 30–80%, making it the most economically important problem in world maize production. The first report of SCMV in Iran was from Khuzestan province in 1993. There are also partial sequences, mostly from the 3'-UTR and coat protein regions, of some isolates of this virus in Iran. As Mazandaran province in North of Iran is one of the major producing areas of maize and sugarcane, identification of this virus is a concern. The purpose of this research was to study the existence of SCMV in research areas and determining of its phylogenetic relationship.
Materials and Methods: From July to September 2013 and 2014, a total of 45 leaf samples of maize and sugarcane showing virus symptoms were collected from different maize and sugarcane fields in Mazandaran province. Total RNA was extracted from all samples. First-strand cDNA and PCR amplification were carried out with an SCMV-specific primer F4/R3 corresponding to the virus CP gene. Expected PCR products of 900 bp were purified from 1% agarose gels using Gel Recovery kit, then cloned into the pTG19-T vector and sequenced. Sequences were compared to data available in the GenBank. Phylogenetic tree for grouping based on nucleotide sequences was constructed by MEGA 6 software program using the neighbor-joining method. Multiple alignments of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences were carried out using the ClustalW and DNAMAN7 software.
Results and Discussion: Amplification product (900 bp) was obtained from 35 infected samples, but not from healthy samples. The most typical symptoms in positive samples were mosaic, mosaic strips, and yellow chlorotic stripes. Four selected PCR positive samples were cloned into the pTG19-T vector and sequenced. BLASTn analysis of the sequenced data revealed that the PCR-amplified fragments belonged to CP gene of SCMV. Four selected isolates named Maz-SCR1 and Maz-SCR2 from sugarcane (Ghaemshahr), Maz-MR from maize (Ghaemshahr) and Maz-MB from maize (Babolsar). Phylogenetic tree based on multiple sequence alignment of CP gene divided all SCMV isolates into two groups: I and II. Members of each group were divided into two subgroups: A, B. Mazandaran isolates of SCMV were grouped with isolates of Khuzestan and Egypt in a subclade in subgroup IA. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Mazandaran isolates share 78 to 99 % nucleotide sequence identity and 79.5-100 % amino acid sequence identity with other isolates of SCMV. Also, the identity of these four isolates in the nucleotide and amino acid levels ranged between 97 to 98.9 % and 99.3 to 100 %, with each other, respectively. Isolate of Mazandaran showed the highest nucleotide sequence identity with khzL66 and khzQ86 isolates from Khuzestan (between 96.6 to 98.8 %) and EGY7-1 isolate from Egypt (between 96.7 to 99 %) and the lowest nucleotide sequence identity with BD8 isolate from China (between 78 to 78.8 %). The previously identified and conserved amino acid sequence motifs described in CP of potyviruses were present in Mazandaran isolates CP gene.
Conclusion: SCMV is a widespread cereal potyvirus in the world and often occurs in a mixed infection with SrMV. In this study, for the first time, we reported the occurrence of SCMV in maize and sugarcane fields in Mazandaran province based on CP gene analyses and determined its phylogenetic relationship with other SCMV isolates available in the GenBank. Iranian isolates of SCMV were grouped with the isolate of Egypt in a subclade in subgroup IA. It is speculated that the Iranian isolates have been introduced into this country with sugarcane cuttings. The data obtained in this study will be beneficial to improve control strategies for this virus in Iran. Identification and the use of more isolates and analysis of genes in addition to CP are recommended for a better understanding of the genetic structure and variation of SCMV populations on a large geographical scale.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36485_cbf03581aa6dd9d51e8d3fc9f6085b53.pdf
2017-02-19
639
645
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.50484
Coat protein
Mazandaran
Phylogenetic analysis
Sugarcane and maize
Sugarcane mosaic virus
Zohreh
Moradi
z_moradi2020@yahoo.com
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohsen
Mehrvar
mehrvar@um.ac.ir
2
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Ehsan
Nazifi
e.nazifi@umz.ac.ir
3
University of Mazandaran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Zakiaghl
zakiaghl@um.ac.ir
4
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
1- Adams M.J., Antoniw J.F., and Fauquet C.M. 2005. Molecular criteria for genus and species discrimination within the family Potyviridae. Archives of Virology, 150: 459–479.
1
2- Alegria O.M., Royer M., Bousalem M., Chatenet M., Peterschmitt M., Girard J-C., and Rott P. 2003. Genetic diversity in the coat protein coding region of eighty-six Sugarcane mosaic virus isolates from eight countries, particularly from Cameroon and Congo. Archives of Virology, 148: 357–372.
2
3- Amiri F., and Izadpanah K. 1993. Purification, serology and transmission of Sugarcane mosaic virus in Khuzestan. p. 126. Proceedings of the 11th Iranian plant protection congress, 23-27 Aug. 1993. Rasht, Iran. (In Persian)
3
4- Atreya P.L., Lopez-moya J.J., Chu M., Atreya C.D., and Pirone T.P. 1995. Mutational analysis of the coat protein N-terminal amino acids involved in potyviral transmission by aphids. Journal of General Virology, 76: 265–270.
4
5- Barat Shooshtari M., Ahmadian S., Asfia Gh. Sugarcane in Iran, (Aeej press, Tehran, 2008), 337 p (In Persian)
5
6- Berger P.H., Wyatt S.D., Shiel P.J., Silbernagel M.J., and Druffel K. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of the Potyviridae with emphasison legume-infecting potyviruses. Archives of Virology, 142: 1979±1999.
6
7- Berger P.H., Adams M.J., Brunt A.A., Hill J.H., Hammond J., Jordan R.L., Morales R.J., Ohki S.T., Rybicki E., Uyeda I., and Vetten H.J. 2005. The Potyviridae. In: Fauquet C, Mayo M, Maniloff F, Desselberger U, Ball L (eds) Virus taxonomy-classification and nomenclature of viruses, 8th report of the ICTV. Elsevier, San Diego, pp 819–841.
7
8- Brandes E.W. 1919. The mosaic disease of sugarcane and other grasses. Technical Bulletin, US Department of Agriculture, 829, 1-26.
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9- Chen J., Chen J., and Adams M.J. 2002. Characterization of potyviruses from sugarcane and maize in China. Archives of Virology, 147: 1237-1246.
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10- Dolja V.V., Haldeman R., Robertson N.L., Dougherty W.G., and Carrington J.C. 1994. Distinct functions of capsid protein in assembly and movement of tobacco etch potyvirus in plants. EMBO Journal, 13: 1482–1491.
10
11- Dujovny G., Sasaya T., Koganesawa H., Usugi T., Shohara K., and Lenardon S.L. 2000. Molecular characterization of a new potyvirus infecting sunflower. Archives of Virology, 145: 2249–2258.
11
12- Fan Z.F., Wang W.J., Jiang X., Liang X.M., Wang F.R., and Li H.F. 2004. Natural infection of maize by Pennisetum mosaic virus in China. Plant Pathology, 53: p 796.
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13- Fuchs E., and Grüntzig M. 1995. Influence of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) and maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) on the growth and yield of two maize varieties. Journal of plant disease and Protection, 102: 44-50.
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14- Ghasemi S. 2005. Grouping of poaceae potyviruses in Iran on the basis of serological relationship and sequence of the 3' region of the genome and study of VPg-HC-Pro interaction of Potato virus Y using yeast two hybrid system. PhD Thesis, Shiraz University.
14
15- Gomeza M., Ragob A.M., and Serino G. 2009. Rapid identification of viruses causing sugarcane mosaic by direct sequencing of RT-PCR products from crude extracts: A method for large scale virus surveys. Journal of Virological Methods, 157: 188–194.
15
16- Goodman B.S. 1999. A study of South African strains of Sugarcane Mosaic Potyvirus (SCMV) identified by sequence analysis of the 5′ region of the coat protein gene. M.S. thesis, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.
16
17- Gotz R., and Maiss E. 2002. The complete sequence of the genome of Cocksfoot streak virus (CSV), a grass infecting Potyvirus. Archives of Virology, 147: 1573–1583.
17
18- Grisham M.P. 2000. Mosaic. In: Rott P, Bailey RA, Comstock JC, Croft BJ, Saumtally AS (ed) A guide to sugarcane diseases. Cirad/Issct, Montpellier, France, pp 249–254.
18
19- Hull R. 2014. Plant virology (5th ed.). New York: Academic Press.1098 p.
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21- Koike H., and Gillaspie A.G. 1989. Mosaic. In: Diseases of Sugarcane-Major Diseases. (Ricaud, C., Eagan, B. T. and Gillaspie, A. G., eds.) Sientific Publishers, Amsterdam. Pp: 301-322.
21
22- Masumi M., Zare A., Ghasemi S., and Izadpanah K. 2004. Relationship between two dominant strains of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) from Khuzestan and other SCMV strains based on nucleotide sequence of 3ʹ region of the genome. p. 314. Proceedings of the 16th Iranian plant protection congress, Vol. 2. 28 Aug-1 Sep. 2004. Tabriz, Iran. (In Persian).
22
23- Masumi M., Zare A., and Izadpanah K. 2006. Revision of Sugarcane mosaic virus strain grouping in the world on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of N-terminus of coat protein gene. Pp: 175-176. Proceedings of the 3rd Iranian congress of Virology, Jan 2006 Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
23
24- Masumi M., Zare A., and Izadpanah K.A. 2007. Taxonomic position of two Iranian isolates of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) based on sequence of the 3'-region of the genome. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 43: 1 (169); 1-16. (in Persian with English abstract)
24
25- Mirghasempour A., Hosseini A., Babaeizad V., and Hosseini S. 2014. Identification of causal agent of mosaic disease in sugarcane fields of Mazandaran province, Iran Proceedings of the 2nd national conference on applied researches in agriculture sciences, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian with English abstract)
25
26- Mohammadi M.R., Koohi-Habibi M., and Mosahebi G. 2009. Identification of the Prevalent Potyvirus on Maize in Corn Fields of Tehran Province and a Study on some of its Properties. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science, 40(1):43-53. (in Persian with English abstract)
26
27- Perera M.F., Filippone M.P., Ramallo C.J., Cuenya M.I., Garcia M.L., Ploper L.D., and Castagnaro A.P. 2009. Genetic diversity among viruses associated with sugarcane mosaic disease in Tucuman, Argentina. Phytopathology, 99(1): 38-49.
27
28- Seifers D.L., Salomon R., Marie-Jeanne V., Alliot B., Signoret P., Haber S., Loboda A., Ens W., She Y.M., and Standing K.G. 2000. Characterization of a novel potyvirus isolated from maize in Israel. Phytopathology, 90: 505-513.
28
29- Shukla D.D., Tosic M., Jilka J., Ford R.E., Toler R.W., and Langham M. 1989. Taxonomy of potyviruses infecting maize, sorghum and sugarcane in Australia and the United States as determined by reactivities of polyclonal antibodies directed towards virus-specific N-termini of coat proteins. Phytopathology, 79: 223-229.
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30- Shukla D.D., Ward C.W., and Brunt A.A. 1994. The Sugarcane mosaic virus subgroup. In: The Potyviridae. CAB International,Wallingdorf, United Kingdom, pp. 360–371.
30
31- Tamura K., Stecher G., Peterson D., Filipski A., and Kumar S. 2013. MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30: 2725-2729.
31
32- Wu L., Zu X., Wang S., and Chen Y. 2012. Sugarcane mosaic virus – Long history but still a threat to industry. Crop Protection, 42: 74-78.
32
33- Xu D.L., Park J.W., Mirkov T.E., and Zhou G.H. 2008. Viruses causing mosaic disease in sugarcane and their genetic diversity in southern. China. Archives of Virology, 153: 1031-1039.
33
34- Yang Z.N., and Mirkov T.E. 1997. Sequence and relationships of Sugarcane mosaic and sorghum mosaic virus strains and development of RT-PCR-based RFLPs for strain discrimination. Phytopathology, 87: 932–939.
34
35- Yousefi M. 2009. A comprehensive description of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering (breeding, agriculture, science and technology of seed, ecological agriculture). Arshad press. 254 p.
35
36- Zhu M., Chen Y., Ding X-S., Webb S. L., Zhou T., Nelson R. S., and Fan Z. 2014. Maize elongin C interacts with the viral genome-linked protein, VPg, of sugarcane mosaic virus and facilitates virus infection. New Phytologist, 203 (4): 1291-1304.
36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Population Dynamic, the Spatial Distribution Pattern and Management of Ash Tree, Fraxinus rotundifolia psyllid Psyllopsis discrepans Flor (Hem., Psyllidae) in Kermanshah Province, Iran
Introduction: Due to increasing air pollution, one of the ways to reduce pollution is to develop the green space, the urban parks, domestic gardens and streets marginal, including the ash trees, which play a vital role in supporting urban by its beauty and reducing air pollution. One of the convenient options to overshadow ash trees in their gardens. The jumping plant-louse, Psyllopsis discrepans is a sap-suckerpest which has highly host -specific and feed mainly on the young leaves and sprouts, is considered as important ash pests. Large populations of the pest cause the leaf curl gall and distort which result in leaf scar and less aesthetic appearance of ash canopy. The pest causes plant weakness by the toxic action of the saliva injected during their feeding process. The nymphal instar secreted honeydew which stimulates fungal growth on plant organs. There are a number of psyllid control methods which each of them has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. The objective of this work was to verify the population fluctuation and assessing the spatial distribution of P. discrepans, in ash tree, Fraxinus rotundifolia Mill (Oleaceae) and in order to develop the best psyllid control plan, it is important that to weigh out the most effective options to reduce the population of this pest, in Kermanshah, western region of Iran.
Materials and Methods: In this study the monitoring of P. discrepans population was carried out in urban areas of infested trees, using yellow adhesive traps with 50 m far from each other. Two sampling methods were took place the regular weekly from March 2014 to May 2015. nymphs tend to cling to the foliage when disturbed while the adults tend to jump and fly away. These differences in habit necessitated the use of two sampling techniques. The counts of eggs and nymphs were made by taking samples at each infested tree. The samples were placed individually in plastic bags and chilled in a refrigerator until they could be observed under a dissecting microscope and the counts made. Adult populations were sampled by yellow sticky traps. The counts obtained for the various life stage intervals are recorded. The population dynamics and spatial distribution models was calculated, using Taylor’s law and Iowa's model. For the winter and spring chemical pest control Acetamiprid insecticide and the winter oil (volk oil) were employed in a randomized complete block design with three treatments and four replications for the eggs control in 2014 in the green space. In the spring a combination of pesticides, acetamiprid and imidaclopriyd, was done in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replications were used for adults and nymphal stages control in 2015 at the faculty of agriculture, Razi University in Kermanshah green space.
Results and Discussion: The results show that P. discrepans has two generations per year. The spring generation occurs in early April, the summer generation appears from late of June to beginning of October. The insect overwinters as eggs that hatch in early spring. The Taylor’s law showed cumulative spatial distribution in both years and the Iowa's model showed randomized spatial distribution in 2014, but showed cumulative spatial distribution in 2015. The Iowa's model based on coefficients of determination obtained (R=0.996) compared to the Taylor’s law (R=0.992) had a higher correlation with the data used to fit the data better than the Taylor rule. The pest control methods tested to reduce pest population levels, during winter and spering, including chemical control, physical control and combination of them. The chemical control results by volk oil and acetamiprid in compared with the control (water) in winter showed that effect of volk oil spray was better than acetamiprid on mortality all of stages. The results for pest control in the spring showed that the combination of spray chemical, imidacloprid + yellow sticky card trap to control this pest were more effective than the other treatments. The yellow sticky card trap supports Anthocoris sp. at the field condition, during chemical control program. In conclusion, the population dynamics of P. discrepans related to temperature and humidity. P. discrepan populations were found during month of the year, reaching their peak in May and September. Average and maximum temperatures showed a significant correlation with the psyllidae population fluctuation, affecting it positively. Heavy rain periods and low temperatures were not restricting, but they caused a reduction in population.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36567_a78ec3582da35e5f2da4fb61b7136144.pdf
2017-02-19
727
743
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.55216
Abundance
Insect fluctuation
Pest management
Population dynamism
Pesticide application
Psyllopsis discrepans
Sticky card
Urbanization
arezoo
jamshidi
ajamshidi103@gmail.com
1
razi kermanshah
LEAD_AUTHOR
H. A.
Vahedi
vnassah@yahoo.com
2
Razi University, Kermanshah
LEAD_AUTHOR
abassali
zamani
azamani@razi.ac.ir
3
Razi University, Kermanshah
AUTHOR
1- Arlando P.S., and Torres L.M. 2005. Spatial distribution and sampling of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lep.: Thaumetopoeidae) populations on pinus pinstar. Foresrt ecology and management, 210: 1-7.
1
2- Chazeau J. 1985. Predaceous Insects. p. 211-246. In W. Helle and M.W. Sabelis (ed.) Spider mites: their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
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3- Degooyer T.A., Pedigo L.P., and Ric M.E. 1998. Evaluation of grower-oriented sampling techniques and proposal of management program for potato leafhopper (Homoptera:Cicadellidae) in alfalfa. Journal of Economic Entomology, 91: 143-149.
3
4- Demirozer O., and Bilginturan S. 2014. First report of Psyllopsis repens Loginova,1936 (Hemiptera:Psylloidea) from Isparta,Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38: 522-524.
4
5- Feng M.G., and Nowierski R.M. 1992. Spatial distribution and sampling plans for four species ceral aphid (Hom,: Aphididae) infesting spring wheat in southwestern Idaho. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85(3): 830-837.
5
6- Boshier D., Cordero J., Harris S., Pannell J., Rendell S., Savill P., and Stewart J. 2005. Ash Species in Europe: Biological Characteristics and Practical Guidelines for Sustainable Use. University of Oxford, Oxford. 128 p.
6
7- Gharalari A.H., Nansen C., Lawson D.S., Gilley J., Munyaneza J.E., and Vaughn K. 2009. Knockdown mortality, repellency, and residual effects of Insecticides for control of adult Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 102(3): 1032-1038.
7
8- Hadian A., and seidalaslami H. 2000. Use yellow sticky traps to estimate the density of psyllid nymphs without wings. Fourteenth Iranian Plant Protection Congress. Isfahan University of Technology. Page 100.) in Persian)
8
9- Hall D.G., Hentz M. G., and Adair Jr R.C. 2008. Population Ecology and Phenology of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Two Florida Citrus Groves. Environmental Entomology, 37(4): 914-924.
9
10- Hatami B., Tallaei L., Rakhshani H., Mazaheri A., and Etemadi N. 2012. Important pests of garden plants (trees, shrubs, grasses and cover). Parak Publishing Corporation, publisher of the country's municipalities and village administrations. 196 pages.) in Persian)
10
11- Keshavarz A. 2014. Ash tree. Available at http://www.plantdiseases.blogfa.com/category/137/.
11
12- Malenovsky I., and Jerinic-prodanovic D. 2011. A revised description ofPsyllopsis repens Loginova, 1963 (Hemiptera: Psyllida: Psyllidae), with first records from Europe. Archives of Biological Science Belgrade, 63: 275-286.
12
13- Nestel D.H., Cohen N., Saphir M., and Mendei Z. 1995. Spatial distribution of scale insects: comparative study using Taylor power law. Environmental Entomology, 24: 506-512.
13
14- Omid R., and Zeinali S. 2011. Study on important pests of Chitgar Forest Park. Full papers Botanical Garden of the National Congress, 12 pages.) in Persian)
14
15- Rajabi Gh. 2008. Ecology of Insects (with regard to the situation in Iran and to emphasize the practical tips). The organization promotes the Ministry of Agriculture, agricultural research and training. 649 p.) in Persian)
15
16- Rajabi Mazhar N., Sadeghi S. E., and Yarmand H. 2007. Report of Psyllaephagus clarips (Hym.: Encyrtidae) on Psyllaeopsis repens in Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research, 1(2): 211. (in Persian with English abstract)
16
17- Sabeti H. 2008. Forests, trees and Iran shrubs. Yazd University Press. 806 p.) in Persian)
17
18- Shafaghi F., Golmohammadi Gh., Ranjbar S., Khosravi M., and Asgari M. 2013. Host preference and population dynamics of Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae on citrus in three provinces of southern Iran. Plant Pests Research, 3(3):45-57.) in Persian with English abstract)
18
19- Young L.J., and Young L.H. 1998. Statistical Ecology. Kluwer Academic Pub. Boston, USA.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Soil-inhabiting Mesostigmatic Mites (Acari) of Mashhad County, Razavi Khorasan Province of Iran
Introduction: The order Mesostigmata is a large, diverse and cosmopolitan assemblage of parasitiform mites. Most of them are free-living predators, and many species are parasites orsymbionts of mammals, birds, reptiles, or arthropods. Because they may play an important role in essential functions of soil mesofauna communities, this group of mites may be used as bioindicators of environmental changes. Due to their high diversity and often great numbers, they are integrally involved in many ecological interactions. In the last few decades, they have gained an increasing interest in the context of bioindication, pests and pest control, decomposition, and human health. Lindquist et al. (2009) divided the order into three suborders as Monogynaspida, Trigynaspida, and Sejida. There are about 12000 species belonging to approximately 70 families which grouped into 26 superfamilies in the world. In terms of Mesostigmatid mite fauna of Iran, Kazemi & Rajaei (2013) reviewing the literature, reported that mesostigmatid mites in Iran (excluding the family Phytoseiidae) consist of 348 species belonging to 128 genera, 39 families, and 17 superfamilies. Compared with the world fauna, it is obvious that the Iranian list of Mesotigmata is far from real number and this list can be increased by further investigation in unexplored areas.
Materials and Methods: This study investigated assemblages of Mesostigmatid mites inhabiting soil in different agro- ecosystems in Mashhad county, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Soil samples were collected from different areas with differing vegetation communities in the region. A total of 300 soil samples were taken from October 2014 to November 2015. The samples, including the soil, manure, and leaf composts collected from an area of about 40 cm2 and depth of up to 15 cm. Mites were extracted from soil samples by using Berlese-Tullgren funnel with a 40 W bulb which was lasted 48 h for each sample. The collected specimens were cleared in Nesbitt’s fluid and mounted as permanent slides using Hoyer’s medium. Primarily identification was done by authors, but all reported species in this study were sent for identification or confirmation to Drs O. Joharchi (Azad University of Yazd, Iran), H. Ostovan ( Azad Univerisity of Marvdasht, Shiraz, Iran) & Sh. Kazemi (Institute for Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman). Samples of all mites were deposited in the mite collection of the Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
Results: The present survey of mesostigmatic mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) inhabiting soil in Mashhad county, Razavi Khorasan province which carried out during October 2014 to November 2015 resulted in a total of 20 mesostigmatic mite species belonging to 16 genera and nine families. The list of identified species is as follows: Ameroseidae: Ameroseius plumosus*(Oudemans, 1902), A.parplumosus*(Nasr & Abou-Awad, 1986); Ascidae: Arctoseius cetratus(Sellnick, 1940); Halolaelapidae: Halolaelaps sp.; Laelapidae: Gaeololaelaps asperatus (Berlese, 1904), G.angustus (Karg, 1965), G.queenslandicus (Womersley, 1956), G.sclerotarsus (Costa, 1968), Laelaspisella canestrinii* (Berlese, 1903), Haemolaelaps casalis (Berlese, 1887); Macrochelidae: Macrocheles glaber *(Müller, 1860); Melicharidae: Proctolaelaps pygmaeus(Müller, 1859); Pachylaelapidae: Onchodellus karawaiewi **(Berlese, 1920), Pachylaelaps sp.Parasitidae: Parasitus fimetorum **(Berlese, 1904), P.consanguineus (Oudemans & Voigts, 1904), Pergamasus falculiger *(Berlese, 1906); Rhodacaridae: Multidentorhodacarus denticulatus *(Berlese, 1920);Urodinychidae:Uroobovella marginata** (Koch, 1839);Uropodidae: Uropoda orbicularis* (Müller, 1776). Among the identified species in this study, 7 species including Ameroseius plumosus (Oudemans), Ameroseius parplumosus (Nasr & Abou-Awad), Laelaspisella canestrinii (Berlese), Macrocheles glaber (Müller), Pergamasus falculiger (Berlese), Multidentorhodacarus denticulatus (Berlese), Uropoda orbicularis (Müller) were new records for Razavi Khorasan province. In addition, 3 species, namely Onchodellus karawaiewi ((Berlese), Parasitus fimetorum (Berlese), and Uroobovella marginata (Koch) were new records for Mashhad county.
Conclusion: Mite fauna listed for Iran do not sufficiently indicate the real number. The results presented have added nine new species record to the fauna of the study area, so now the number of mesostigmatic mites (excluding family Phytoseiidae) of Razavi Khorasan has reached to at least 54 species. As many parts of the province have not been explored faunistically, with further research in different parts of the province, the recorded mite species will be considerably increased. Not only more faunistic studies are required further research on the biology and ecology of the recorded species is suggested.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36580_fd4995f041f7045641daee39f6e437b9.pdf
2017-02-19
744
753
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.56235
Diversity
Fauna
Khorasan Razavi
Parasitiform
parvin
Abbaspour
pa.abaspur@stu.um.ac.ir
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hussein
Sadeghi Namaghi
sadeghin@um.ac.ir
2
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
lida
fekrat
fekrat@um.ac.ir
3
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Isobolographic Analysis for Mixture Effects of Mesosulfuron-Methyl+Iodosulfuron with Pinoxaden in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Introduction: Farmers usually combine various herbicides with the aim of reducing the number of machinery passes across the field, preventing weed resistance to herbicides, and saving time and money. Combination of herbicides is not only recommended for the management of herbicide resistance, but for increasing efficacy compare with a single herbicide application and expanding spectrum weed control.
Materials and Methods: In order to assess the mixing herbicides that used in wheat, several experiments were conducted in the Research greenhouse and Farm of Agricultural Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran in 2013. The greenhouse experiments were arranged in a completely randomize design with a factorial arrangement of treatments with four replications. Greenhouse studies were included two combination experiments. Experiments included of 7 doses (0, 2.25, 4.5, 9, 13.5, and 18 g ai ha-1) of mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron and (0, 5.6, 11.25, 22.5, 33.75, and 45 g ai ha-1) of pinoxaden (Axial 10% EC, EC; Syngenta, Switzerland) alone on wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Durieu) and littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Rtez.). Wild oat seeds were sown in pots directly. Littleseed canarygrass seeds were placed in petri dishes with 9 cm diameter which contains a layer of filter paper then 6 ml of KNO3 solution (2 g L-1) was added to each petri dish. Petri dishes were kept for 10 days at 4 to 5 °C in the refrigerator in darkness condition and then transferred to a germinator with 20/10 °C temperature in 45/65% relative humidity for a 16/8 h day/night. Then, they were planted in 1L plastic pots filled with a mixture of clay, loam soil, and sand (1:1:1 v/v/v). The pots were irrigated every two days. The seedlings were thinned to 4 plants in per pot. The spray treatment was done at the three to four-leaf stage by using an overhead trolley sprayer (Matabi 121030 Super Agro 20 L sprayer; Agratech Services-Crop Spraying Equipment, Rossendale, UK), equipped with an 8002 flat fan nozzle tip delivering 200 L ha-1 at 2 bar spray pressure. Four weeks after spraying, the plants of the experimental units were harvested and oven-dried at 75°C for 48 h, then weighed. The greenhouse temperature varied from 18–25 °C during the day and 14–21°C at night. Field trial was conducted in completely randomized block design with three replications at Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran in 2014. Because the appropriate ED50 obtained in the greenhouse therefor he recommended doses were used for field trial. Minitab 16.0 software was used for variance analysis and Mean comparison also for regression analysis, R software was applied.
Results and Discussion: Greenhouse experiment results showed that pure application of mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron and pinoxaden herbicide was effective on wild oat and littleseed canarygrass. The results of mixing experiments on wild oat and littleseed canarygrass showed that mixture of mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron with pinoxaden had additive effect of both species. ED50 of different ratios of the two herbicides showed that maximum efficacy (maximum intensity effect) in decreasing dry weight of wild oat was related to ratio 100: 0 mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron and pinoxaden with ED50= 2.16 and minimum efficacy (minimum intensity effect) was related to ratio 75:25 mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron and pinoxaden with ED50= 4.22. The results of the field almost were consistent with the results of the greenhouse so that the different ratios no significant difference was observed in both species of wild oat and littleseed canarygrass. All herbicide treatments resulted in at least 85.4% and 86.86% reduction biomass and population of wild oat. Except control treatments, all tank mixing ratios of mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron and pinoxaden weren’t significantly different. On the other hand, jointed effects of the two herbicides on wild oat in field experiment had the same effect as when each herbicide applied separately. Also, comparisons between greenhouse and field results showed that twice condition have same response. The results of yield and yield components showed that parameters of grain yield and biological yield was significant at the 5% level.
Conclusion: None of herbicides had effect on others and the results of greenhouse were consistent with field experiment. It may be possible without diminished performance, these herbicides were used to postpone weed resistance in weed management.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36467_7f82a829487e18e726133443b28fb8aa.pdf
2017-02-19
610
621
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.50213
Additive
Antagonism
Herbicide combination
Synergism
masoud
kargar
masoud.kargar@stu.um.ac.ir
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
Reza
Ghorbani
reza-ghorbani@um.ac.ir
2
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Mohammad Hassan
Rashed Mohassel
mhrmohassel@yahoo.com
3
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Rastgoo
m.rastgoo@um.ac.ir
4
Ferdowsi university of Mashhad
AUTHOR
1- Ashley J.E. Jr. 1998. Evaluation of weed control and crop tolerance with post-emergence herbicides in sethoxydim-tolerant corn. MSc Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
1
2- Baghestani M.A., Zand E., Soufizadeh S., Beheshtian M., Haghighi A., Barjasteh A., Birgani D.G., and Deihimfard R. 2008. Study on the efficacy of weed control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with tank mixtures of grass herbicides with broadleaved herbicides. Crop Protection, 27:104-111.
2
3- Barnes J.W., and Oliver L.R. 2004. Cloransulam antagonizes annual grass control with aryloxyphenoxypropionate graminicides but not cyclohexanediones1. Weed Technology, 18:763-772.
3
4- Blackshaw R.E., Harker K.N., Clayton G.W., and O'Donovan J.T. 2006. Broadleaf Herbicide Effects on Clethodim and Quizalofop-P Efficacy on Volunteer Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Weed Technology, 20:221-226.
4
5- Damalas C.A., Dhima K.V., and Eleftherohorinos I.G. 2006. Control of early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides) and late watergrass (Echinochloa phyllopogon) with cyhalofop, clefoxydim, and penoxsulam applied alone and in mixture with broadleaf herbicides. Weed Technology, 20:992-998.
5
6- Jamali M.R., Baghestani M.A., and Feridonfar M. 2010. Efficacy of axial and traxos herbicides in weed control in barley fields of Fars province. Abstracts nineteenth Iranian Plant Protection Congress 9-12 mordad.
6
7- Jensen K., and Caseley J. 1990. Antagonistic effects of 2, 4‐D amine and bentazone on control of Avena fatua with tralkoxydim. Weed Research, 30:389-395.
7
8- Jordan D.L. 1995. Interactions of fenoxaprop-ethyl with bensulfuron and bentazon in dry-seeded rice (Oryza sativa). Weed Technology, 9:724-727.
8
9- Liebl R., and Worsham A.D. 1987. Effect of chlorsulfuron on diclofop phytotoxicity to italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). Weed Science, 35:383–387.
9
10- Matus-Cadiz M.A., and Hucl P. 2005. Rapid and effective germination methods for overcoming seed dormancy in annual canarygrass. Crop Science. 45: 1696–1703.
10
11- Montazeri M., Zand E., and Baghestani M.A. 2004. Weed and controlling them in wheat fields in Iran. Weed Research Department, Pest and Disease Res. Ins Tehran, Iran. Pp. 85
11
12- Mueller T.C., Witt W.W., and Barrett M. 1989. Antagonism of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) control with fenoxaprop, haloxyfop and sethoxydim by 2, 4-D. Weed Technology, 3:86-89.
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13- Olson W.A., and Nalewaja J.D. 1981. Antagonistic effects of MCPA on wild oat (Avena fatua) control with diclofop. Weed Science, 26:566-571.
13
14- Shimabukuro R.H., Walsh W.C., and Hoerauf R.A. 1986. Reciprocal antagonism between the herbicides, diclofop-methyl and 2, 4-D, in corn and soybean tissue culture. Plant Physiology, 80:612-617.
14
15- Streibig J.C., Kudsk P., and Jensen J.E. 1998. A general joint action model for herbicide mixture. Pestic Science, 53:21- 28.
15
16- Streibig J.C., and Jensen J.E. 2000. Actions of herbicides in mixtures. In Cobb, A. and Kirkwood R.C. (Eds.), Herbicides and their mechanisms of action. CRC Press.
16
17- Streibig J.C., and Kudsk P. 1993. Herbicide bioassay. CRC press Boca Raton Ann Arbor London, Tokyo.
17
18- Tavasoli R.A., Mighani F., Bagherani N., and Mirhadi M.J. 2009. Examination of dual purpose herbicides on some physiological indexes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in different stages of phenology, 2:25-39.
18
19- Zand E., Mousavi S.K., and Hidari A. 2008. Herbicides and methods of their use. Jihad, Mashhad University Press.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Inhibitory Effect of Sambucus ebulus Extracts on Growth of Macrophomina phaseolina and Extraction of their Bioactive
Introduction: Macrophomina phaseolina is the causal agent of soybean charcoal rot. This disease is one of the most prevalent and destructive of soybean in the north of Iran. This pathogen has broad host range and invades more than 500 plant species of 75 families, such as Caprifoliaceae. Symptoms on stems appear as silver-gray lesions near the base, which eventually decay the stem. Plants show poor seed fill, premature ripening, and undersized heads. Seed yield and oil content are decreased. Numerous tiny black bodies called sclerotia are formed on the decayed tissues giving the stalks a charred appearance. This fungus exists in the soil as sclerotia, a compact mass of hardened mycelia structures, which can remain dormant for many years. As the causal agent, is a soil-borne pathogen, chemical fungicides are not effective for its control. This matter has led to use a large amount of fungicides that are harmful to human health and lead to environmental pollution. There is not any registered fungicide against the charcoal rot pathogen. Some medicinal plants have a potential for controlling various phytopathogenic fungi due to the variety of compounds. Scientists are trying to achieve some plant-derived compounds for diseases control. Natural plant products are biodegradable, show structural diversity and rarely consist halogenated atoms. These can act directly as pesticides or may supply structure lead to pesticidal discovery. The aim of this study was to investigate chemical composition and antifungal activity of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Sambucus ebulus for control of M. phaseolina and replace the chemical fungicides.
Materials and Methods: The plant leaves were collected during July - August 2014 in Babol (Mazandaran province- Iran) and washed thoroughly with tap water and then rinsed with distilled water and shade dried at room temperature. The dried plant material was finely powdered using an electric grinder and used for aqueous and organic solvent extraction. The aqueous extract was prepared via maceration method. Extraction with ethyl alcohol lasted 8 hours in a soxhlet extractor. The organic solvent was evaporated by rotary evaporated shaker untile 5 ml of solvent was reached. Then GC-MS analysis was used. For investigation of antifungal effects of Sambucus ebulus extracts, different concentrations of aqueous and alcoholic extracts in PDA (autoclaved) have been prepared. Concentrations of %10, %20 and %30 have been used for aqueous and alcoholic extracts, individually.
Results and Discussion: The aqueous extract did not show any antifungal effect, but different concentrations (%10,%20,%30) of alcoholic extracts showed significant inhibitory effects. Alcoholic extract at %30 concentration by %100 was the most effective one and at %10 concentration by 39.25 was the least effective one, on inhibiting of mycelial growth and formation of sclerotia of the pathogen. Statistically, there was the significant difference in %1 and %5 levels, between different concentrations of alcoholic extract for control of mycelial growth and formation of sclerotia. Alcoholic leaf extract was more effective than water extract, hence it shows that presence of antifungal agent released in alcohol due to its solubility. The chemical compounds present in the alcoholic extract were identified by using the GC-MS device with non-polar column (HP-5). According to mass spectra library of this device, in extracted organic phase with ethyl alcohol solvent, 27 chemical compounds were identified, which the main components were included as phthalates (%54/3), fatty acids and derivatives (%26/61), terpenoids (%2/65), diterpenes alcohol (%2/09), phenolic derivatives (%1.58), Phytosterols (%3.38) and cycloalkanes (%0.38). The highest abundance of identified chemical compounds was, Mono (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (%54.3), palmitic acid (%8.24), α - Linolenic acid (%7.78), Isovaleric acid (%4.33), dihydro Stigmasterol (%3.38), Neophytadiene (%2.65), 1-Butanol (%2.49), Phytol (%2.09), Octadecadienoic acid (%1.97) respectively. Some of these compounds have not previously been reported. Because of the antifungal effects of these constituents, the high potential of antifungal activity for alcoholic extract is justified.
Conclusion: The selected medicinal plant extract used in this experiment are easily and locally available and effective as an antifungal agent, so can be recommended to the farmer after the field test. Leaf extract not only has an adverse effect on the environment but also improve the quality of seed and the soil fertility. Our results showed that S. ebulus has the potential for controlling soybean charcoal rot and can be suitable alternative for chemical toxins. This is the first time that this research studies in Iran.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36471_3f252f1cf165ee8997b29b3d77631269.pdf
2017-02-19
622
628
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.50722
GC/MS
Macrophomina phaseolina
Plant extract
Sambucus ebulus
Maede
Shahiri Tabarestani
maedeshahiri@yahoo.com
1
Payame Noor University, Tehran
LEAD_AUTHOR
kamran
Rahnama
kamranrahnama1995@gmail.com
2
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources
AUTHOR
Alireza
Amiri
amiri_alireza@znu.ac.ir
3
Babol Noshirvani University of Technology
AUTHOR
1- Ahmadi S.B., Jalili Sendi J., Khodaparast S.A., Ghadamyari M., Hasanzadeh N., and Padasht dehkaee F. 2007. Comparison of some plant extracts with Edifenphos and Tricyclazole fungisides on the control of rice blast disease agent in field condition. Journal of Agricultural Researches, 7(4): 133-142.
1
2- Akpuaka A., Ekwenchi M.M, Dashak D.A., and Dildar A. 2012. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) Analysis of Phthalate Isolates in n-Hexane Extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) Leaves. Journal of American Science, 8(12): 146-155.
2
3- Al–Abed A.S., Qasem J.R., and Abu-Blan H.A. 1993. Antifungal effect of some common wild plant species on certain plant pathologenic fungi. Dirasat (Pure Applied Science), 20: 149-158.
3
4- Ashraf H., and Javaid A. 2007. Evaluation of antifungal activity of Meliaceae family against Macrophomina phaseolina. Mycopath, 5(2): 81-84.
4
5- Askari F., Sharifi Ashorabadi E., Mirza M., Teimouri M., and Ehsani E. 2014. Chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of the essential oil of Thymus pubescens Boiss.& Kotschy ex Celak from different localities. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 30(5): 756-770.
5
6- Behdad M., Etemadi N.A., Behdad E., and Zeinali H. 2013. Antifungal effect of three plant essential oils against Rhizopus stolonifer, the cause of soft rot on strawberry fruit. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(2): 399-411.
6
7- Channa A.R., Jiskani M.M., and Nizamani Z.A. 2008. Effect of plant extracts on yield and mortality of plants due to root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture Science, 24(2): 40-45.
7
8- Carolina H.P., Kock J.L.F., and Thibane V.S. 2011. Antifungal free fatty acids: A Review: 61-71. In Mendez-Vilas A.,(Eds.). Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances, Microbiology Series, 2(3), Spain: Formatex, 691p.
8
9- Chirigiu L., Bubulica M.V., and Chirigiu R.G. 2010. GC-MS Analysis of Chemical Compounds from Stems of Sambucus Ebulus L. Acta Medica Marisiensis, 56(6): 522-525.
9
10- Chirigu L., Chirigu R.G., Tircomnicu V., and Bubulica M.V. 2011. GC-MS analysis of chemical composition of Sambucus ebulus leaves. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 47(1):126-127.
10
11- Chirigu L., Bubulica M.V., and Averi L.M.E. 2012. Investigations of Three Phytopharmaceutical Products from Caprifoliaceae Family Using GC-MS and LC-MS. Revista De Chimie, 63(8): 764-768.
11
12- Dwivedi R.S., and Dubey R.C. 2009. Effects of volatile and none-volatile fractions of two medicinal plants on germination of Macrophomina phaseolina. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 87(2): 326-328.
12
13- Ghesmati M. 2007. Investigation of antibacterial activity of sambucus ebulus on staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Biology Science, 1(3): 73-82.
13
14- Gujar J., and Talwankar D. 2012. Antifungal activity of leaf extract on growth of Macrophomina phaseolina on soyabeen seed. Indian Streams Research Journals, 2(6): 1116.
14
15- Hadian S.H., Shamloo P., Monazm K., and Khandooz E. 2011. Effect of some aqueous plant extracts against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.Lycopersici causal agent of tomato. Journal of Plant Science Researches, 21(6): 68-77.
15
16- Javid A., and Amin M. 2009. Antifungal activity of methanol and n-hexan extracts of three Chenopodium species against Macrophomina phaseolina. Natural Products Research, 23(12): 1120-1127.
16
17- Javid A., and Rehman H. 2011. Antifungal activity of leaf extracts of some medicinal trees against Macrophomina phaseolina. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 13: 2868-287.
17
18- Lin D., and suzuki E. 2003. Effect of methanol extracts from Ophiopogon japonicuson rice blast fungus. Pest Science and Management, 28(2): 27-28.
18
19- Mashhadian N.V., and Rakhshandeh H. 2005. Antibacterial and antifungal effects of Nigella sativa extracts against S.aureus, P.aeroginosa and C.albicans. Pakistan Journal of Medicinal Science, 21(1): 47-52.
19
20- Mazandarani M., Jamshidi M., and Azad A. 2011. Investigation of secondary metabolites of Sambucus ebulus L. in two natural regions of Mazandaran province, North of Iran. Journal of Plant Science Researches, 21(6): 58-67.
20
21- Meric Z.I., Bitis L., Birteksoz-Tan S., Turan S., and Akbuga J. 2014. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic activities of Sambucus ebulus L. flowers, fruits and leaves. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal, 18(1): 22-25.
21
22- Pandey D.K., Tripathi N.N., Tripathi R.D., and Dixit S.N. 1982. Fungitoxic and phytotoxic properties of essential oil of Hyptic sauceolens. Plfkrankh Pflschutz. 89: 344-349.
22
23- Rahnama K., Montazernia B., and Hemati KH. 2008. Antifungal effects of some medicinal plants on Macrophomina phaseolina in-vitro. Journal of Plant Protection and Food, 3(4): 46-52.
23
24- Raman V., La S., Saradhi P., Rao N., Krishna N.V., Sudhakar M., and Radhakrishnan T.M. 2012. Antibacterial, antioxidant activity and GC-MS analysis of Eupatorium odoratum. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 5(2): 99-106.
24
25- Rayatpanah S., and Alavi S.V. 2006. Study on soybeen charcoal rot disease in Mazandaran. Journal of Agricultural Sciences Natural Resources, 13(3): 107-114.
25
26- Sayad S., Hassanzadeh N., Ghasemi A., and Nazerian E. 2013. The management of soft rot disease of syngonium caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum using some essential oils and antibiotics under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 28(4): 730-740.
26
27- Sing R., Dar S.A., and Sharma P. 2012. Antibacterial activity and toxicology evaluation of semi purified hexan extract of Urtica dioica leaves. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant, 6(2): 123-135.
27
28- Usha R., Udayakumar R., and John D. 2009. Bio-efficacy of plant extracts and bio-control agents against Macrophomina phaseolina. Annual Plant Protection Science, 17(2): 389-393.
28
29- Wendlbo P., and Rechinger K.H. 1987. Flora Iranica. Graz, Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Introduction of Endophytic Pseudomonas rhodesiae and Acinetobacter sp. Effective on Seed Germination and Cucumber Growth Factors Improvement
Introduction: Some bacteria are capable of entering the plant as endophytes that do not cause harm and could establish a mutualistic association with host plants. Endophytic bacteria are bacteria that live in plant tissues without doing substantive harm. They enter plant tissue primarily through different plant zones. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have been isolated from several tissue types in several plant species. In addition, several different bacterial species have been isolated from a single plant. Variation in endophytic bacteria populations referred to the time of sampling, type of plant tissue, age and environment conditions, as well. In general endophytic bacteria occur at lower population densities than rhizospheric bacteria or bacterial pathogens. Endophytic populations, like rhizospheric populations, are conditioned by biotic and abiotic factors, but endophytic bacteria could be better protected from biotic and abiotic stresses than rhizospheric bacteria. It is clear that the interaction between plants and some endophytic bacteria is associated with beneficial effects such as plant growth promotion and biocontrol potential against plant pathogens. These types of bacteria are often capable of eliciting significant physiological changes that modulate the growth and development of the plant. Most of the time, these beneficial effects of endophytes are greater than those of many rhizosphere-colonizing bacteria. Endophytic bacteria affect bacterial growth by numerous mechanisms directly or indirectly. Some genus of bacteria such as Azosprillium, Enterobacter, Azotobacter and Pseudomonas produces plant growth regulators which lead to plant growth improvement. Microorganism profit from plants due to the enhanced availability of nutrients, whereas plants can receive benefits from bacterial associates by growth enhancement or stress reduction. Therefore, mutualistic interactions between host plants and associated microorganisms could have emerged as a result of the clear positive selection exerted on these associations. The current study is conducted in order to evaluate the effectiveness of cucumber root endophytic bacteria on increasing plant growth indexes.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 45 strains were isolated from cucumber roots as mentioned in the literature. In the first step, all of them subjected to seed germination assay in lab conditions. Furthermore, they are evaluated for vigor index according to references. Seven strains (En 1 to En7) are selected for complementary research in greenhouse trials using randomized block design with 4 repetitions. Statistical analysis is done using SPSS v.22 by Duncan methods under 5% possibility levels. To detect preferred bacterial species, 16S rDNA-PCR product is sent for sequencing to Macrogen, Korea. The sequences are checked in BLAST program in NCBI database.
Results and Discussion: Based on medians comparison, cucumber seed cultivar Negin, are treated by 45 endophytic bacteria separately. Among them, seven strains showed a significant difference at 1% possibility level in comparison to control. These strains presented high vigor index from 1954.6 to 572 compared to control. They also showed better seed germination percentage rather than control in the range of 95 to 45 %, and selected for greenhouse trials. The results of medians comparison in pot experiments demonstrated that En1 strains leads to 60% root and shoot length enhancement comparing to control. Furthermore, highest shoot (84.6%) and root (55.8%) wet weight are recorded for En6 in comparison to control. Molecular data revealed that strains En1 and En6 belonging to Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas rhodesiae, respectively. It is known that variation in endophytic bacteria may reflect differences in agriculture management methods. The P. rhodesiae is categorized in Pseudomonas fluorescent group and is isolated from mineral water for the first time. The positive effect of P. rhodesiae on different agricultural crops such as tomato, paper and wheat is reported. Genus Acinetobacter has an ability to produce plant hormones which changes plant chemical function towards growth improvement. One strain of this genus causes enhancement of sugar beet dry and wet weight to 19 and 69 % respectively, more than control treatment. More studies show that auxin production, phosphate solubilization, and nitrogen fixation are related to plants growth increasing. Since these entophytic bacteria have the effective role in inorganic materials increasing, application of this genus as biological fertilizer is suggested.
Conclusion: Based on our data, En1 and En6 isolates speed up seed germination and increase cucumber growth parameters. Complementary surveys concerning the application of these isolates as separate or combined samples under greenhouse and field conditions are recommended. This is the first report of isolation of Pseudomonas rhodesiae and Acinetobacter sp. as endophytic bacteria from cucumber in Iran.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36587_78306a002e239d61306e090cee5118af.pdf
2017-02-19
754
756
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.53913
Endophytic bacteria
growth parameters
Greenhouse
Farkhondeh
Amini
aminif@yahoo.com
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Esmat
Mahdikhani-Moghaddam
mahdikhani_e@yahoo.com
2
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Sareh
Baghaee Ravari
s.baghaee@um.ac.ir
3
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
1- Abdul Baki A.A., and Anderson J.D. 1973. Vigour determination in soybean seed by multiple criteria. Journal of Crop Science, 13: 630-633.
1
2- Chen C., Bauske E.M., Musson G., Rodriguez-Cabana R., and Kloepper J. 1995. Biological control of Fusarium wilt on cotton by use of endophytic bacteria. Biological Control, 5: 83–91.
2
3- Duran P., Acuna J.J., Jorquera M.A., Azcon R., Aredes C., Rengel Z., and De la Luz Mora M. 2014. Endophytic bacteria from selenium-supplemented wheat plants could be useful for plant-growth promotion, biofortification and Gaeumannomyces graminis biocontrol in wheat production. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 50: 983–990.
3
4- Hallmann J., Quadt-Hallmann A., Mahaffee W.F., and Kloepper J.W. 1997. Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 43: 895-914.
4
5- Hashem M., and Abo-Elyousr K.A. 2011. Management of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on tomato with combinations of different biocontrol organisms. Crop Protection, 30: 285-292.
5
6- Hoon K.S., Cho H. S., Cheong H., Min-Ryu Ch., Kim J.F., and Park S.H. 2007. Two bacterial entophytes eliciting both plant growth promotion andplant defense on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 17: 96-103.
6
7- Kang S.M., Joo G.J., Hamayun M., Na C.I., Shin D.H., Kim Y.K., Hong J.K., and Lee I.J. 2009. Gibberellin production and phosphate solubilization by newly isolated strain of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and its effect on plant growth. Biotechnology Letters, 31: 277-281.
7
8- Kuklinsky-Sobral K., Araujo W. L., Mendonça C., Geran L.C., Piskala A,. and Azevedo J.L. 2004. Isolation and characterization of soybean-associated bacteria and their potential for plant growth promotion. Environmental Microbiology, 6: 1244-1251.
8
9- Mareque C., Taule C., Beracochea M., and Battistoni F. 2015. Isolation, characterization and plant growth promotion effects of putative bacterial endophytes associated with sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L) Moench). Annals of Microbiology, 65:1057-1067.
9
10- Pradeepa V., and Jennifer M. 2013. Screening and characterization of endophytic bacteria isolated from Tabernaemontana divaricata plant for cytokinin production. Advanced Biotech, 13(4): 12-17.
10
11- Romero F.M., Marina M., and Pieckenstain F.L. 2016. Novel components of leaf bacterial communities of field-grown tomato plants and their potential for plant growth promotion and biocontrol of tomato diseases. Research in Microbiology, 167: 1-12.
11
12- Siddiqui I.A., Shaukat S.S., Sheikh I.H., and Khan A. 2006. Role of cyanide production by Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 in the suppression of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica in tomato. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 22: 641-650.
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Biology and Population Dynamics of Mercetaspis halli (Green) on Almond and Peach Trees in Saman Region, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province
Introduction: Pest and disease problem with the extension of fruit orchards, becomes a serious and restricted factor for orchard growers. Most of the scale insect of cold region fruit trees in Iran belongto family Diaspididae. One of the most important pests in the fruit orchards of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province are scale insects. Hall scale, Mercetaspis halli (Green) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) ), which is armoured scale, is known as a primarily pest of stone fruits. They are the most prevalent pests on trees mostly on Almond and Nectarine . In Iran, this pest is reported in the regions such as Khorasan, Marcazi, Semnan on Cherry, Almond and Apricot trees . Rajabi also reported the pest in Tehran, Esfahan, Yazd, Kermanshah, Fars and Kerman province on apricot, peach, cherry trees . Moghaddam in 2004 reported the pest distribution in Fars, Isfahan, Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan on almond, peach and pistacia. Monthly abundance monitoring of M. halli, which was conducted by Berlinger et al in 1996 , indicated that adult population had three generations per year. From the ecological and biological aspects, no enough information is available in Iran about M. halli scale. Thus, the aim of this research was to investigate aspects of the biology and ecology and seasonal changes of M. halli on Almond and peach trees to clarify the effectiveness of nonchemical management strategy.
Materials and Methods: A field study carried out by weekly sampling of different growth stages of M. halli (egg, nymph, male and female) on twigs in two the Almond and the Peach orchards in Saman restrict in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Different growth stages of armoured scales (egg, nymph, male and female) were counted and its population seasonal changes were studied. The population density was determined and compared on different twigs with different ages. The period for ovoviviparously and emergence of 1st and 2nd nymphal instars and matured insects were estimated. Based on Berlinger et al. (3), growth stages were collected and counted on branches especially in join sections of old and new branches and cracks of branches. The data were normalized by changing to ( ). Figure of population changes were drawn by Excel.
Results and Discussion: Berlinger et al. (3) studied the biology of M. halli and found that this armoured scale is a primarily pest of stone fruits especially on Peaches and Nectarines. These researchers reported 3 generations per year for the pest. In California, M. halli has one full and one partial generation per year and overwinters as adult females. The results of the present study was exactly in accordance to the results of Berlinger et al. (3) in that M. halli scales settle in all parts of the tree, but are more abundant beneath buds of current growth, or in bark crevices of the main branches, either in the lower tree center or on the trunk. Berlinger et al. (3) studies, showed that infestation and feeding of M. halli weakens fruit trees and reduces their growth and functionality. Feeding by hall scale weakens plants and may reduce the yield. However, the most important and direct economic damage is caused by nymphs settling on the fruit. Females settle in all parts of the tree and male were rare and emerged only in summer. In this survey, winged adult males didn’t emergeMeanwhile, the important economical damage is observed by settled nymphs on the fruits. Damage due to feeding of this insect appears as red depressions (2mm diameter) in the skin or as red spots which develop after the death of the scales and expand as the fruit grows. This case reduces the fruit market price. Berlinger et al. (3) and Gill (6) also reported that this pest overwinters as mated adult females. According to their results more than 90 percent of overwintering females had velum, which is an indication of mated female materials.
Conclusion: Infestation of the M. halli on the trees of Plum, Almond, Apricot and Peach in Saman region indicated that the pest is polyphagous and can damage to the different Rosaceae trees. Our results showed that this insect produced nymphs ovoviviparously. This stage lasted for a very long period. Since after the first generation being finished the next generations overlapped and in its population, all different growth stages were observed. This pest had two complete generations and the third incomplete generation in nymphal stages appeared when weather was getting cold. Males and females were seen simultaneously. Mated females overwintered on beneath buds or in bark crevices of the twigs and branches of host trees. Finally, all nymphs died. Thus only mated females overwintered on cracks of trunks and branches of Peach and Almond trees.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36454_1d808d712a528f583f123c2a563d50b5.pdf
2017-02-19
587
594
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.49166
Armoured scale
Infestation
Ovoviviparous
Population dynamics
Stone fruit
N.
Kianpour
kianpour_n@yahoo.com
1
Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch
LEAD_AUTHOR
bijan
hatami
bhatami30@yahoo.com
2
Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch
AUTHOR
seyed habibollah
Nourbakhsh
3
Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Province
AUTHOR
Masumeh
Moghaddam
moghaddamm2002@yahoo.com
4
Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran.
AUTHOR
1- Ahmadi K. 2014. Agricultural statistics report. Department of Planning and Economy, Ministry of Jihad-agriculture, Center for Information and Communication Technology, 3: 36-119. (in Persian)
1
2- Beardsley Jr. JW., and Gonzalez R.H. 1975. The biology and ecology of armored scales. Annual Review of Entomology, 20: 47-73.
2
3- Berlinger M.J., Fallek C.H., Dahan R., and Friedlender M. 1996. Host- plant relations of the hall scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on peaches and nectarines in israel. Journal of Economic Entomology, 89(6): 1453-1459.
3
4- Dastgheyb- beheshti N., Behdad E., and Barooti S. 1988. Some biological studies on Diaspidiotus prunorum in esfahan. Entomologie et Phytopathologie Appliquees, 55:123-130. (In Persian).
4
5- Fosen E.H., Cressman A.W., and Armitage H.M. 1953. The hail scale eradication project. Journal of Circular United State Department of Agriculture, 920: 16.
5
6- Gill R.J. 1997. The Scale Insects of California: Part 3. The armored scales (Homoptera: Diaspididae). california department of food and agriculture sacramento, CA 307 pp. Available at http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Mercetaspis halli/ (visited 27 Junuary 2016).
6
7- Heidary Beni M., Parsa Sh., and Ghatreh Samani S. 2011. Study conformity of almond water necessity with national irrigation document. (Case study: Saman). p.77. In Second National Almond Symposium: Fucus on Export, 9-10 October. 2011. Shahrekord. (in Persian)
7
8- Moghaddam M. 2004. Insects of Iran: The list of coccoidea in the insect museum of Hayk Mirzayans in plant pests and diseases research institute, Hemiptera: Diaspididae and Phoenicococcidae. Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Publ. No. 11. 54 pp. Tehran, .(In Persian)
8
9- Ozyurt O., and Ulgenturk S. 2006. Biology of the euonymus scale Unaspis euonymi (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in urban areas of Ankara, Turkey. Tarim Bilimlerl Dergisi 13 (2): 47-53.
9
10- Rajabi Gh. 2011. Insect pests of rosaceous fruit trees in Iran management based on ecological principles, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran.(in Persian)
10
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluating the Effect of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Sowing Methods on Growth Characteristics of Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) under Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer
Introduction: Increasing crop competitive ability is an important part of integrated weed management (IWM). In this regard, identifying weeds reaction to soil fertility status for developing fertilizing methods, as components of IWM programs, is a necessity.
Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications at the Research Greenhouse of University of Birjand in 2013. The first factor included three sowing methods of onion (seed sowing, onion set and transplanting) and the second factor included three levels of nitrogen (50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1, equivalent to 25, 50 and 75 mg N kg-1 soil), urea fertilizer with a purity of 46% was used for this purpose.
Results and Discussion: The results of analysis of variance showed that sowing method and nitrogen levels had significant effects on plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weight as well as tuber number and underground dry weights. Moreover, the interaction between sowing methods and nitrogen levels had a significant effect on plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weight as well as tuber number and underground dry weights. The results of the comparisons of the mean for the interaction of planting methods and different levels of nitrogen indicated an increased weeds growth in direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen in weed height trait, so that the greatest nutsedge height during the growing season (92.33 cm) was obtained at direct seeding method and high nitrogen levels . Moreover, the lowest weed height during the growing season was obtained at onion set planting method and 50 kg ha-1 nitrogen. The highest leaf area of purple nutsedge at ten weeks after planting (446.65 cm2), was obtained in direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen, and the lowest value for this trait (203.38 cm2), was observed in onion set planting method. The greatest shoot dry weight of purple nutsedge during the growing season was observed in direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen. The maximum amount of this trait at eight and ten weeks after planting was achieved in the level of 100 kg N ha-1 which was about 3.797 and 7.306 gr plant-1, respectively. Also the minimum shoot dry weight of weed was produced in onion set planting method and their amounts were about, 1.161 and 4.229 gr plant-1 at eight and ten weeks after planting, respectively. The greatest tuber number of purple nutsedge during the growing season were observed with seed planting method which were 7 and 15.33 tuber per pot at eight and ten weeks after planting, respectively. Moreover, the minimum tuber number of weed was produced in onion set planting method and were about 1.66 and 5.66 tuber per pot at eight and ten weeks after planting, respectively. The maximum underground dry weight of purple nutsedge during the growing season was obtained at direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen. The maximum amount of this trait at eight and ten weeks after planting was obtained in the level of 100 kg N ha-1 which were about 2.472 and 5.396 gr plant-1, respectively .The minimum underground dry weight of weed was achieved in onion set planting method which were about, 0.888 and 1.873 gr plant-1 at eight and ten weeks after planting, respectively.
Conclusion: Overall ANOVA results showed that the sowing method and level of nitrogen as well as their interaction had a significant effect on all studied traits of purple nutsedge. Evaluation of growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion showed that the greatest and lowest growth of purple nutsedge were obtained where seed and onion sets planting methods were implemented, respectively. Moreover, the results indicated a positive response of purple nutsedge to high levels of nitrogen. Thus, in order to minimize the damage caused by purple nutsedge, the application of 100 kg N ha-1 nitrogen in onion set method is recommended as the most appropriate treatment for the management of purple nutsedge in infected onions farms. However, this study was conducted under greenhouse conditions and there is no doubt that repeating the test in the field is essential for verifying the results.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36461_4ebe49783880c171c487ccee32055356.pdf
2017-02-19
595
609
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.50387
Competition
Nitrogen fertilizer
Sowing methods of onion
Tuber
Nosratollah
Karimi Arpnahy
kariminosratalah@yahoo.com
1
University of Birjand
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyed Vahid
Eslami
s_v_eslami@yahoo.com
2
University of Birjand
AUTHOR
S.
Mahmoodi
smahmoodi@birjand.ac.ir
3
دانشگاه بیرجند
AUTHOR
Sayyari
Mohammad Hasan
mh.sayyar@gmail.com
4
University of Birjand
AUTHOR
1- Ahmadi A., Baghestani M.A., Mousavi S.K., and Rastgoo M. 2007. Evaluation of competitive ability of two dry bean (Phaselous vulgaris) cultivars using critical period of weed interference experiment. Journal of Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 76: 64-70.
1
2- Blackshaw R.E. 2005. Nitrogen fertilizer, manure and compost effects on weed and competition with spring wheat. Agronomy Journal, 97: 1621-1672.
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3- Blackshaw R.E., Brandt R.N., Janzen H.H., Entz T.C., Grant C.A., and Derksen D.A. 2003. Differential response of weed species to added nitrogen. Weed Science, 51: 532-539.
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4- Bricem J., Currah L., Malins A., and Bancroft R. 1997. Onion storage in the tropics. A practical guide to methods of storage and their selection. Chatham U.K National Resources Institute, p. 3.
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5- Carlson H.L., and Hill J.E. 1986. Wild oat (Avena fatua) competition with spring wheat: effects of nitrogen fertilization. Weed Science, 34:29-33.
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6- Clewis S.B., Askew Sh.D., and Wilcut J.W. 2001. Common ragweed interference in peanut. Weed Science, 49:68-772.
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7- Delafuente E.B., Suarez S.A., and Ghersa C.M. 2006. Soybean weed community composition and richness between 1995 and 2003 in the Rolling Pampas (Argentina). Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment, 115: 229-236.
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8- Foroutan M. 2003. Preparing mini-tubers onion set for the production of onions. Deputy Agronomy Jihad Agriculture, Vegetables office, P. 6.
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9- Geretharan T., Sangakkara U.R., and Arulnandh V. 2011. Effect of Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Population Densities on Onion (Allium cepa) as Influenced by Nitrogen in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. Tropical Agricultural Research, 22 (4): 348-355.
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10- Gomaa E.F. 2013. Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Biofertilizers on Quinoa plant. Journal of Sciences Research, 9(8): 5210-5222.
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11- Haas H., and Streibig J.C. 1982. Changing Patterns of Weed Distribution as a Result of Herbicide Use and Other Agronomic Factors. Pages 57-79 in. LeBaron, H.M., and. Streibig, J.C., eds. Herbicide Resistance in Plants, New York: Journal Wiley.
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12- Holm L.G., Plucknett D.L., Pancho J.V., and Herberger J.P. 1977. The Worlds Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 609 P.
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13- Iqbal J., and Wright D. 1997. Effects of nitrogen supply on competition between wheat and three annual weed species. Weed Research, 37:391-400.
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14- Khanjani M. 2008. The effect of jimson weed density and time of emergence on competition with chitti bean. Master's thesis. Master's thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand.
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15- Lindquist J.L., Barker D.C., Knezevis S.Z., Martin A.R., and Walters D.T. 2007. Comparative nitrogen uptake and distribution in corn and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophratti). Weed Science, 55:102-110.
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16- Mirzaee Y., and Khodadadi M. 2008. The survey of production methods effects (transplant, onion set and seed) on the some traits in onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars at continued production design in Jiroft region. Journal of Pajouhesh and Sazandegi, 80: 69-76.
16
17- Moradi Telavat M.R., Siadat S.A., Fathi G., Zand E., and Alamisaeid K. 2009. Effect of nitrogen and herbicide levels on wheat (Triticum aestivum) competition ability against wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis). EJCP, 2(3), 135-150.
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18- Morales-Payan J.P., Santos B.M., and Bewick T.A. 1996a. Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) interference on lettuce under different nitrogen levels. Proc. Weed Science, 49:201.
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19- Morales-Payan J.P., Santos B.M., Stall W.M., and Bewick T.A. 1998. Interference of Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) population densities on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) yield as influenced by nitrogen. Weed Technology, 12: 230-234.
19
20- Morales-Payan J.P., Stall W.M., Shilling D.G., Charudattan R., Dusky J.A., and Bewick T.A. 2003. Above and belowground interference of purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) with tomato. Weed Science, 51(2): 181-185.
20
21- Okafor L.I., and De Datta S.K. 1976. Competition between upland rice and purple nutsedge for nitrogen, moisture and light. Weed Science, 24: 43-46.
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22- Pester T.A., Westea P., Anderson R.L., Lyon D.L., Miller S.D., Stahlman P.W., Northam F.E., and Wicks G.A. 2000. Secale cerale interference and economic thresholds in winter Triticum aestivum. Weed Science, 48: 720-727.
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23- Peyvast Gh. 2001. kitchen. The second volume, published by the Agricultural Sciences, 402 p.
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24- Qasem R.L. 2005. Critical period of weed competition in onion (Allium cepa L.) in Jordan. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1(1): 32-42.
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25- Rabinowitch M.D., and Brewester J.L. 1992. Onion and Allied. Volume 3 CRC press.
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26- Radosevich S., Holt J., and Ghersa C. 1997. Weed Ecology: Implications for Management. (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons, New York.
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27- Ransom C.V., Rice C.A., and Ishida J.K. 2004. Yellow nutsedge competition in dry bulb onion production. Oregon State University, Malheur Experiment Station Special Report, 1055: 97-99.
27
28- Rashed-Mohsel M.H., Najafi H., and Dokhteat- Akbarzadeh M. 2001. Biology and control of weeds. Printing. University of Mashhad., P .161.
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29- Santos B.M., Morales-Payan J.P., and Bewick T.A. 1996. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) interference on radish under different nitrogen levels. Weed Science Society of America Abstr, 36, 69.
29
30- Stoller E.W., and Sweet R.D. 1987. Biology and life cycle of purple and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentus). Weed Technology, 1:66–73.
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31- Togay N., Tepe I., Togy Y., and Cig F. 2009. Nitrogen levels and application methods affect weed biomass, yield and yield components in ‘Tir’ wheat (Triticum aestivum). New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 37:105-111.
31
32- Wien K.C. 1999. The Physiology of Vegetable Crops. CABI Press, New York, P. 67.
32
33- William R.D., and Warren G.F. 1975. Competition between purple nutsedge and vegetables. Weed Science, 23: 317-323.
33
34- Zand A., Baghestani Meybodi M., Nezamabadi N., and Shimi P. 2010. Herbicides and Important Weeds of Iran. first print, University Publication Center, P. 86.
34
35- Zimdahl R.L. 1999. Fundamentals of Weed Science. Academic Press, Inc. p. 460.
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (Glomus intraradice) on Egyptian Broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca. Pers) in Cultivated Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Introduction: Mycorrhizal symbiosis is one of the most popular and highest symbiotic relationship in plant kingdom. Most plants (about 80% of vascular plant species) have at least one type of mycorrhiza. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungies are the most important endomycorhiza fungi that play an important role in agriculture.
Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus intraradice) symbiosis to control Egyptian Broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca. Pers) in cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) growth, a glasshouse experiment was conducted in CRD design with four replications in Shahrekord university in summer 2014. Treatments consisted of four arbuscular mycorrhizal levels (50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and two control treatments of weed free and weed infested treatments, respectively. In this experiment, seeds of speedy tomato cultivar planted in the bed that consisted of coco peat and peat moss were transplanted to the pots. Pots with diameter 20 and height 15 cm were filled with soil in the ratio 4: 1: 1 manure, sand and clay respectively and with 50 mg of Orobanche seeds that were collected in the previous year. It should be noted that the soil combination was disinfected at a temperature of 80OC for 72 h to reduce the potential effects of soil microbial population in reducing Orobanche germination. The fungal inoculation, containing sandy soil fungal body parts and organs fungal root was then added to each pot. Fungi strain was provided from the plant protection clinic located in Hamadan. Also, nutrition of tomato after being transplanted to pots was carried out with foliar application of complete micronutrient of 20-20-20 every 7 days under glasshouse condition. At the end of the season, were measured number of stems, number of nodules on the roots of tomato, time of emergence of orobanche flower on the soil surface, orobanche dry weight and tomato root and shoot dry weight. Statistical analysis of the data in the end of experiment collected on the characteristics of tomato and broomrape (after normality test of Kolmogorov - Smirnov) was done separately using software SAS V 9.2 and the comparisons were done with Fisher LSD test at the 5% and 1% levels and drawing graphs in Excel.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi treatments, two levels of 50 and 100 kg ha-1 in most cases, orobanche and tomato traits had no significant effect within the orobanche infested control treatment. With the possible existence of uniform density of orobanche seeds ready to germinate in the surroundings of tomato root and absence of adequate colonization by the fungies, these treatments will not be able to prevent the germination establishment of weed on tomato roots. Lack of adequate root colonization can firstly be due to the lack of sufficient numbers of fungi and secondly because of the unsuitable growth environment conditions for fungal propagation. But the treatments of 150 and 200 kg ha-1 decreased the number of nodules on the roots of tomato, orobanche dry weight, and time of emergence of orobanche flower on the soil surface, ratio of orobanche dry weight to tomato shoot dry weight. The difference may be due to the high fungal mycorrhiza colonization on the tomato roots that has led to a significant level of tomato root covered with the fungus, thereby was prohibited the haustorium penetration of orobanche into the root host. The host plant roots do this effect with the release of molecular signals called branching factors (BFs) that induced a wide branching of fungal hyphae. Whereas the treatments of 150 and 200 kg ha-1 increased tomato shoot dry weight and the percentage of tomato root dry weight to shoot dry weight. Even in these two measured traits, the treatments of 150 and 200 kg ha-1 were also transcended on weed-free treatment. Generally, because of no of significant differences between the two treatments of 150 and 200 kg ha-1, utilization of 150 kg ha-1 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi due to reduction of the orobanche growth and promotion of tomato growth was the best treatment among them. Positive performances of mycorrhiza fungi in reducing broomrape pollution and increasing tomato growth have different reasons. Three main reasons of this research and the previous research laboratory have been established as follows:
1) The existence of this fungus causes tomato root covering by the fungal hyphae to be occupied by orobanche haustorium.
2) Tomato roots colonized by the fungus have less germination stimulant compounds.
3) The proper functioning of fungal hyphae increased the uptake of nutrients, particularly phosphorus that produce more favorable growing conditions for tomato even compared to the control without orobanche.
Conclusion: Generally, it seems that regarding the results of treatments of 150 and 200 kg ha-1 in arbescular mycorrhiza fungi in this study, these results can be further studied under field conditions to be more confidently recommendable. Because of the highly dominance of variable in field conditions such as management, climate and the environmental effects can intensify or weaken the effects of treatments.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36440_b645fcd30a97162f765aa20b1db6609e.pdf
2017-02-19
526
572
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.43672
Nodules
Parasite weed
Root dry weight
Shoot dry weight
Time of flower emergence
mojtaba
zafarian
zafarian.mojtaba@yahoo.com
1
Shahrekord university
LEAD_AUTHOR
ali
tadayyn
tadayyon.sku@gmail.com
2
Shahrekord university
AUTHOR
1- Abdel-fattah G.M., Migaher F.F., and Ibrahim A.H. 2002. Interactive effects of endomycorryhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum and phosphorus fertilization on growth and metabolic activities of broad bean plants under drought stress conditions. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 5: 835-841.
1
2- Akiyama K., Matsuzaki K., and Hayashi H. 2005. Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature journal, 435: 824–827.
2
3- Akiyama K., and Hayashi H. 2006. Strigolactones: Chemical Signals for Fungal Symbionts and Parasitic Weeds in Plant Roots. Annals of Botany, 97: 925–931.
3
4- Akiyama K., Ogasawara S., Ito S., and Hayashi H. 2010. Structural requirements of strigolactones for hyphal branching in AM fungi. Plant Cell Physiology journal, 51: 1104–1117.
4
5- Alizadeh Oskouei P., Ali Asgharzadeh N., Shariatmadari H., Asgharzadeh A., and Bagheban Sh. 2010. Effect of two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in reducing the toxicity of cadmium in tomato plants with different levels of phosphorus. Journal of Soil Science (soil and water), 23: 228-217.
5
6- Amsellem Z., Barghouthi S., Cohen B., and Goldwasser Y. 2001. Recent advances in the biocontrol of Orobanche sp.(broomrape) species. Biocontrol Journal, 46: 211–228.
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7- Barin M., Ali Asgharzadeh N., and Samadi A. 2006. Effect of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi on growth characteristics and nutrition of tomato. p. 57-61. Proceedings of the 9th Soil Science Congress of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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8
9- Bazoubandi M., Shirin Bahadur A., Norouzzadeh Sh., and Abbas Pour M. 2012. Effects of transplanting date of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) on the density of Orobanche (Orobanche aegyptiaca. Pers). Journal of weed ecology, 2: 11-18.
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10- Brachmann A., and Parniske M. 2006. The most widespread symbiosis on Earth. Plant Signal and Behavior 4: 1111-1112.
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11- Ferna´ndez-Aparicio M., Garcı´a-Garrido J.M., Ocampo J.A., and Rubiales D. 2010. Colonization of field pea roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduces Orobanche and Phelipanche species seed germination. Weed Research, 50: 262–268.
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19- Lendezmo V., Kuyper T.W., and Vierheiling H. 2009. Striga seed-germination activity of root exudates and compounds present in stems of Striga host and nonhost (trap crop) plants are reduced due to root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza journal, 19: 287–294.
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20- Lopez-Raeza J.A., Charnikhovab T., Fernandeza I., Bouwmeesterb H., and Pozoa M.J. 2011. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis decreases strigolactone production in tomato. Journal of Plant Physiology, 168: 294–297.
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21- Louarn J., Carbonne F., Delavault Ph., Becard G., and Rochange S. 2012. Reduced germination of orobanche cumana seeds in the presence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi or their exudates. PLOS One, 711: 1-10.
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30- Sun Z., Has J., and Walter M.H. 2008. Cloning and characterization of a maize carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (ZmCCD1) and its involvement in the biosynthesis of apocarotenoids with various roles in mutualistic and parasitic interactions. Planta journal 228: 789–801.
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31- Sylvia D.M. 1994. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. PP. 351-378. In: R. W. Weaver et al. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Microbial and biochemical properties. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI.
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32- Taylor J., and Harrier L.A. 2003. Expression studies of plant genes differentially expressed in leaf and root tissues of tomato colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Plant Molocular Biology, 51: 619–629.
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34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Genetic Diversity of Alternaria alternata Causal Agent of Early Blight of Tomato in Khuzestan Province Using SSRs Marker
Introduction: The early blight of tomato caused by Alternaria alternata is one of the most important and destructive diseases in Khuzestan province. Study genetic structure of A. alternata populations provides different levels of information in the management of early blight disease in tomato farms. Short sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to determine the genetic structure and estimate genetic diversity in A. alternata isolates in Khuzestan province.
Materials and Methods: In this study to evaluate the genetic diversity and genetic populations of A. alternata pathogen, sampling was randomly carried out on aerial parts of tomato plants with leaf brown lesions in farms and glasshouses from five different regions in Khuzestan province such as: Shoshtar, Omidiyeh, Dashte azadagan, Ahvaz, and Dezful. Each sample was cut into 2–5-mm long pieces, were surface-sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min and rinsed three times with sterile distilled water and air-dried with sterile filter paper. The sterilized samples were placed onto a general medium potato dextrose agar (PDA). A total of 64 A. alternata isolates were obtained from infected samples. Pathogenicity test was carried out on local susceptible cultivar under an artificial condition in the greenhouse. For obtaining the mycelia mass, liquid cultures were initiated by adding 2–4 mm 2 pieces of filter paper to 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL PDB medium (potato dextrose broth). Mycelium was collected by filtration through sterile filter paper with a vacuum funnel. Mycelia were harvested, frozen and stored at -20°C. DNA was extracted using a modified hexadecyl trimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) procedure. A set of five paired sequence repeat primers (SSR) were used to determine the genetic diversity of A. alternata isolates. PCR amplification was performed in a 25 μl reaction volume. The bands generated by SSR primers that were repeatable and clearly visible with a high intensity were scored manually for the presence (1) or absence (0) of bands in each isolate. Data analyses for evaluating of genetic diversity of isolates were calculations using molecular software such as: NTysis, Gene Alex, and POP GENE.
Results and Discussion: A total of 21 alleles were produced by SSR primers with an average of 4.2 alleles in all populations. The highest and lowest amounts of alleles were related to locus AEM13 with eight alleles and loci of AEM6 and AEM9 with two alleles respectively. The average of allelic variability per locus was the highest in Shoshtar population and the lowest in Dezful population. Observed allele number and effective numbers of alleles were higher in Shoshtar in comparison of other populations. A Comparison of genetic diversity parameters in five population showed that Shoshtar population has the highest genetic diversity but lower values were estimated for Dashte azadagan. The highest and lowest genetic distance was detected between Ahvaz-Dezfol (0.066) and Shoshtar-Omidieh (0.005), respectively. Based on dendrogram of populations revealed two distinct groups, one group contained Dezful and the other Shoshtar, Omidiyeh, Dashte azadagan and Ahvaz. Analysis of molecular variance showed that 85 percent of the genetic diversity of all the isolates and 14% is allocated to different geographical areas. There was the high genetic similarity between isolates from different regions. High genetic similarity can be attributed to the migration of genes or genotypes of different factors. With according to of Cluster analysis based on UPGMA and Dice similarity coefficient at 62% level, eight groups were revealed. On the basis of microsatellite data indicated high genetic diversity within the isolates; this number of alleles could not lead in separation, on the basis of geographical locations between samples. In this study, the relationship detected between isolates within the six populations were probably due to exchange of tomato seeds between sampled regions and geographical closeness as well.
Conclusion: This study have been carried out for the first time in Iran, and in comparison of international populations, a different level of diversity was detected within and between populations of worldwide A. alternata isolates. In this study, the high genetic diversity of A. alternata detected in five populations exposed a potential risk to tomato farms. Genetic diversity of A. alternata in Khuzestan province as an air born pathogen is a warning for a breeder to apply the successful use of resistance genes in local disease management. This gene diversity helps breeders for screening potential resistant cultivars according to gene diversity of A. alternata population in order to develop of durable resistant. Quarantine regulations will need to prevent the introduction of more diverse isolates into these populations and prevent transmission any isolates from this area to other regions of the country. Understanding the genetic structure of pathogen populations in the present study may provide insights into the epidemiology and evolutionary potential of pathogens and could lead to improved strategies for managing the disease. The obtained results indicating the high genetic diversity due to mutation, recombinant and a sexual mating ability of the pathogen in the Khuzestan province. Results in this study will be useful in breeding for tomato early blight resistant cultivars and developing necessary control measures.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36447_c33aa87ba3416df4491e56f3102582e6.pdf
2017-02-19
573
586
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.42644
Early blight
Genetic similarity
Molecular variance
SSR
Khoshnood
Nourollahi
k.nourollahi@ilam.ac.ir
1
Ilam University
LEAD_AUTHOR
mohsen
hasani
mohsen22638@gmail.com
2
Ilam University
AUTHOR
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50
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Study the Effect of Three Species of Medicinal Plants of the Mint Family on Pathogenicity and Damage Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica in Tomato
Introduction: Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are important plant pathogens that make large damage to the crops. The activity of root-knot nematode and reaction of host plant results in the development of several knots on the root, which interrupts water and food absorption system of the plant. Among popular methods for controlling root-knot nematodes are physical methods (soil solarization and flooding), farming methods (crop rotation, weed removal, contaminated roots removal, fertilization, soil reinforcement, planting time adjustment, and use of resistant varieties), and chemical methods (disinfection with pesticide and foliar spray. Incomplete control, high cost and environmental problems (chemical compounds) have directed some researchers toward to use non-chemical methods such as herbs and herbal products for the management nematodes. Mankind has used medicinal plants throughout the history in both direct and indirect ways. Today, medicinal plants have a considerable share of medical products. The nematicidal effect of many plants has been demonstrated and the use of plant products has been considered as a safe method to control root-knot nematode. This method is cheap and easy to use, does not cause environmental pollution, and is able to improve the soil in structural and nutritional terms. Organic plants possess a wide range of secondary metabolites such as phenyls, flavonoids, coinons, tanons, essences, alkaloids, saponins, and sterols. These substances are biodegradable owing to their natural origin and do not pollute the environment. Today, active plant compounds are given much attention because they are less durable and do not have the negative impact on mammals and non-target organisms. Plant products including essences and extracts are usually used to control plant diseases nematodes. Therefore, due to the favorable impact of plants in controlling Root-knot nematodes, In this study, the presence of several herbs (thyme, hyssop, and savory) are pathogenic nematode damage in tomato was examined.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of the medicinal plants of the mint family on root knot nematode, three herb thyme (Thymus vulgaris), savory (Sature jahortensis) and hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) was used. In order to prepare the inoculum required for the test, root-knot nematode- contaminated tomato samples were collected from the farms or greenhouses of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari Province (one of the provinces of Iran). To separate and extract eggs and larvae, contaminated roots were chopped into 1-2 cm pieces by the method of Hussey & Jonsen were mixed in 10% hypochlorite sodium solution in a mixer for one minute. Then the mixture was put in the 400-mesh sieve under water current so as to remove hypochlorite sodium. Finally, the eggs were collected in distilled water. Furthermore, to prepare sufficient larvae, nematode egg masses were transferred to petri dishes and kept in the incubator for 24 hours until the eggs hatched. Finally, the obtained eggs and larvae were used to carry out the test. A greenhouse experiment was as factorial in a completely randomized design with single culture tomato and mixed with herbal hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and savory (Sature sp), in the presence and absence of nematodes.
Results and Discussion: The tomato growth parameters (dry weight of root, stem, leaf, root length, shoot length) and nematode pathogenicity (Number of galls, egg massesin1/g of root of ,the number of eggs in each egg masses, second instar larvae per 100 gr of soil and reproductive factors) were evaluated three months after nematode inoculations. Data were analyzed using SAS statistical software comparing MSTATC software and LSD test was performed. Statistical analysis of data showed the significance difference between treatments. ANOVA results demonstrated that the use of three species of medicinal plants of the mint family is a significant effect on the pathogenicity of nematodes. For example One of them main indicators of pathogenic nematode are galls on the roots. The savory (Sature jahortensis), gall formation by nematode was reduced. In other words among the plants under study, Savory (Sature jahortensis) was the most effectiveness in reducing damage and pathogenicity of nematode, and thyme and hyssop were in next grades respectively. This inhibition may be due to a direct effect on larvae and egg root secretion or indirectly by providing suitable conditions for growing tomato and defense against nematode attacks.
Conclusion: Collectively, the tested medicinal plants in this study, had good control effect against root knot nematode and can be used in nematode management programs. And their application in Natural conditions also is investigated.
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36426_7d0051d30edb95f29bf275430c5d5a45.pdf
2017-02-19
547
552
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.36193
Hyssop
Root Knot Nematode
Savory
Thyme
Maryam
Fayaz
fayaz1387@yahoo.com
1
Shahrekord University
LEAD_AUTHOR
Aliakbar
Fadaei
ma_fadaei@yahoo.com
2
Shahrekord University
AUTHOR
Abdolrahman
Mohamadkhani
mkhani7@yahoo.com
3
Shahrekord University
AUTHOR
Mahmoudreza
Tadayon
mrtadayon@yahoo.com
4
Shahrekord University
AUTHOR
1- Azhar R.M., and Seddiqu M. 2007. Nematicidal effect of some botanical against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) on tomato. International Journal of Plant Sciences 2 : 49-52.
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2- Cowan M.M. 1999. Plant products as antimicrobial agents, Clinical Micribiology, 18:59-62.
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5- Hassanzadeh H. 2005. The use of natural material splant technology with special emphasis on the management of fire blight, Journal of Agricultural Science, 1: 67-53.
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6- Heald C.M .1987. Classical nematode management practices.p.100-105. .Hayatt sville, In Veech, I.A., Dickson, D.W.(eds.) Vistas on Nematol Society of Nematologists.
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10- Linford M.B., and F Oliveira J.M.1938. Reduction of soil population of root- knot nematodes decomposition of organic matter, Soil Science, 45:127-140.
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11- Majnoon Hosseini N., and Davazdah Emami S. 2008. Cultivation and Production of Some Medicinal and Spice Plants, Tehran.
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12- Oka Y.N., S Putievsky E., Ravid U., Yaniv Z., and Speigel Y. 2000. Nematicidal actinity of essential oils and their components against the root-knot nematode, Phytophatology, 90:710-715.
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13- Oka Y., Shuker S., Tkachi N., Trabelcy B., and Gerchman Y. 2014. Nematicidal activity of Ochradenus baccatus against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, Plant Pathology, 63: 221–231.
13
14- Panjekeh N., Mehdikhani Moghaddam E., and Hatami A. 2010. Evaluation of the Effect of Powder of Several Medicinal Plants on Controlling Root-Knot Nematode “Meloidogyne Javanica” in Tomato. p. 558. Proceedings of 19th Congress on Plant Medicine of Iran. State Plant Medicine Research Institute. July 31- August 3.2010.
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15- Perry R.N., Mones M., and Starr J.L. 2009. Root-knot namatodes. CABI, North American office.
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16- Razaz Hashemi R., and Akbarinia A. 2008. Study on Reaction of Several Medicinal Plants against Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica. P. 561. Proceedings of 18th Congress on Plant Medicine of Iran, 25-28 August, Hamedan University, Iran.
16
17- Sadeghi Z., Mahdikhani Moghadam E., and Azizi M. 2010. Study on Nematicidal Effect of a Number of Medicinal Plants from the family of Apiaceae on Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica under Laboratory Conditions, plant protection, 31: 62 -68.
17
18- Samsam shariat H. 2004. Selection of medicinal plants, Eafahan’Mani Pub.
18
19- Tripathi P. 2005. Botanical Pesticide in Management of Post Harvest Fruit Disease., Dehli. 33-34.
19
20- Trivedi P C. 2003. Plant Protection a biocontrol Approach, Avishkar; Publishers, Distributors, India.13-20.
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21- Vovlas N., Mifsud D., Landa B., and Castillo P. 2005. Pathogenicity of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on potato, Plant Pathology, 54: 657-664.
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22- Wang K. H. B. S., Sipes D. P., and Schmitt. 2002a. Suppression of Rotylenchulus reniformis by Crotalaria juncea, Brassica napus, and Tagetes erecta, Nematropica U.S.A, 31:237-251.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Reducing the 2, 4 D+MCPA Antagonism from Hard Spray Waters by Ammonium Sulfate
Introduction: Water is the main carrier of herbicides (HC) that its quality plays an important role in herbicide performance hard water has a high concentration of Ca++ and Mg++ and reviews have shown that calcium, manganese and zinc are the main factors reducing the effectiveness of weak acid herbicides. Weak acid herbicides such as glyphosate, paraquat, clethodim and 2, 4 D are compounds that release the H+ ions once dissolved in water, but just slightly. Therefore, herbicides that are weak acids partially dissociate. Herbicides not dissociated (the compound remains whole) are more readily absorbed by plant foliage than those that dissociate. Dissociated herbicide molecules have a negative charge. After being dissociated, herbicides might remain as negatively charged molecules, or they might bind with other positively charged cations. Binding to some cations improves herbicide uptake and absorption, binding to others such as Ca++ and Mg++ antagonizes herbicide activity by decreasing absorption or activity in the cell. To correct such carriers, the use of adjuvants, such as ammonium sulphate (AMS), is recommended, which can reduce the use of herbicides and cause economic savings. The aim of this study was to investigate the simple effects and interactions between different amounts of AMS and carrier hardness (CH) levels on 2, 4 D + MCPA herbicide efficacy in controlling white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in turf grass.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was laid out in a RCBD with three replications for each treatment during spring-summer 2013 in 10 years old mixed cold season turf grass (Festuca rubra + Poa pratensis + Poa pratensis) dominated by white clover in Mashhad (Iran). The treatments were the factorial combination of four carrier hardness (CH) rates (Deionized, 45, 90 and 180 ppm of Ca++ +Mg++) and three Ammonium Sulfate (AMS) rates (0, 2, 3 and 4 Kg per100 L of carrier water) were studied. The turf was sprayed with 2, 4 D + MCPA (67.5% SL) at 1.5 L-ha applied once on July. The density and dry matter of clover and turf were recorded.
Results and Discussion: Full performance of 2, 4 D + MCPA herbicide to control clover, regardless of the amount of ammonium sulfate used, was obtained in soft water. Adding just 4%, AMS to Carrier water with a hardness of 45 ppm could recover effectiveness of herbicide up to DI water, whereas in 90 ppm of hardness adding only 2 percent ammonium sulfate was enough to increase herbicide efficacy to twice as no ammonium sulfate treatment. The most significant antagonism effect was obtained in 180 ppm hardness level without AMS reducing 84% of 2, 4 D + MCPA performance compared to soft water. The highest antagonism effect of the herbicide carrier went to 180 ppm, 90 ppm and 45 ppm of hardness respectively. Overall, the study revealed that only in 45 ppm of CH the addition of 4% of AMS will help to restore the toxicity of 2, 4 D + MCPA while in 90 ppm and 180 ppm of CH add more than 2% of AMS to 2, 4 D + MCPA carrier water will not benefit the herbicide toxicity. Most reports have considered sufficient two percent of AMS to neutralize the inhibitory effect of CH on the weak acid herbicides. Three weeks after spraying, no phytotoxicity was found in the grass. At the same time interaction between CH and AMS on the lawn dry weight was significant (P
https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36436_6283d6c8f8a1c4c9216d11327da9d3f1.pdf
2017-02-19
553
561
10.22067/jpp.v30i4.36020
Adjuvant
Herbicide
Turf
White clover
Seyed Hossein
Torabi
hos.torabi@yahoo.com
1
Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Khorassan Razavi
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Bazoobandi
mbazubandi@yahoo.com
2
Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Khorassan Razavi
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Radjabi
ahmad.rajabi.1359@gmail.com
3
دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مشهد
AUTHOR
Mohammad Hassan
Hadizadeh
mh.hadizadeh@gmail.com
4
-
AUTHOR
Ehssan
Torabi
eh_torabi@ut.ac.ir
5
Tehran University
AUTHOR
1- Abtali Y., Abtali M., Payrovi R., and Ramazani H. 2006. Investigation reduced rate of post emergence herbicides and oil adjuvant for increased efficacy in Rape seed and wheat in Mazandaran. p 65. In N. Nezamabadi (ed.) Proceedings of the 17th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Vol 3. 2-5 Sep. 2006. University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. (in Percian with English abstract)
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2- Aladesanwa R.D., and Oladimeji M.O. 2005. Optimizing herbicidal efficacy of glyphosate isopropylamine salt through ammonium sulphate as surfactant in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantation in a rainforest area of Nigeria. Crop Protection, 24:1068-1073.
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3- Altland J. No date. Water Quality Affects Herbicide Eefficacy. Available at http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nursery-weeds/feature_articles/spray_tank/spray_tank.htm. (Visited 29 Nov 2012).
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4- Amini F., Hassan Alizadeh M., and Bagherani N. 2004. A study on possibility of reducing Bentazon herbicide dose by adding adjuants for broad-leaved weeds control in soya beans fields of Mazandaran province. p. 614. In Proceedings of the 3rd National Conference on the Development in the Application of Biological Products &Optimum Utilization of Chemival Fertilizera & Pesticides in Agriculture. 21-23 Feb. 2004. Karaj-Iran. (in Persian)
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5- Bruin J. 2006. SAS Library (Slicing Interactions in SAS). In: Newtest; Command to Compute New Test. UCLA: Statistical Consulting Group [Online]. Available at http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/sas/library/SASSlice_os.htm. (Visited 04 June 2014).
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6- Chahal G., Roskamp J., Legleiter T., and Johnson B. 2012. The Influence of Spray Water Quality on Herbicide Efficacy. Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., USA. Retrieved 04 June 2014 from https://ag.purdue.edu/btny/weedscience/documents/Water_Quality.pdf.
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7- Hall G.J., Hart C.A., and Jones C.A. 1999. Twenty five years of increasing glyphosate use: The opportunities ahead. Pest Management Science, 56: 351-358.
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8- Holm F.A., and Henry J.L. 2005. Water Quality and Herbicides. In: Government of Saskatchewan (Canada) Website [Online]. Available at http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=27120252-dc56-450b-8738-b9a6464aea25. (Visited 19 Janury 2014).
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9- Jordan T., Johnson B., and Nic G. 2011. Adjuvants Used With Herbicides: Factors to Consider. Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., USA. Retrieved 12 January 2014 from https://ag.purdue.edu/btny/weedscience/documents/adjuvants%20-%2011.pdf
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10- Kroschel J. (ed.). 2001. A Technical Manual for Parasitic Weed Research and Extension. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. 278pp.
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11- Monsanto. 2011. Importance of AMS with Rundup brand agricultural herbicides. In: Monsanto Weed Mangement Solution, Publication Code: 05312011SMK. Retrieved 14 June 2013 from http://www.merschmanseeds.com/pdfs/resources/agronomy/importance-of-ams-with-roundup-brand-agricultural-herbicides.pdf
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12- Nalewaja J.D., Matysiak R., and Szelenzniak E. 1994. Sethoxydim response to spray carrier chemical properties and environment. Weed Technology, 8:591-597.
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13- Nalewaja J.D., Woznica Z., Szeleznak E.F., and Ramsdale B. 2007. Sequence of tank-mixing water conditioning adjuvants and herbicides. In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Adjuvants for Agrochemicals (ISAA2007), 6-9 August 2007, Columbus, Ohio, USA. 8 pp.
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14- Penner D., Michael J., and Brown W.G. 2005. A novel water conditioning adjuvant for use with formulated and nonformulated glyphosate. Journal of ASTM International, 2(4): 128-134.
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15- Peterson D.E. 1988. Spray•Adjuvants with Herbicides. NDSU Extension Service A960. North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science, USA. 4pp.
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16- Petroff R. 2003. Water Quality and Pesticide Performance. Montana State University, USA. 4pp.
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17- Pinto de Carvalho S.J., Ribeiro Dias A.C., Damin V., Nicolai M., and Christoffoleti P.J. 2008. Glyphosate applied with different concentrations of urea or ammonium sulfate for weed desiccation (In Portuges, Abstaract in English). Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 43(11):1501-1508.
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18- Roskamp J.M. 2012. The Influence of Water pH, Water Hardness, and Co-applied Herbicides and Fertilizers on the Efficacy of Selected Herbicides. MSc Dissertation. Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., USA. 109 pp.
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19- Shilling D.G., Haller W.T., Willard T.R., and Mosser M.A. 1990. Influence of surfactants and additives on phytotoxicity of glyphosate to torpedograss. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 28: 23-27.
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20- Soltani A. 2010. Reconsideration in Statistical Methods Application in Agricultural Investigations. Jihad Daneshgahi Mashhad Press, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)
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21- Tao B., Zhou J., Messersmith C.G., and Nalewaja J.D. 2006. Efficacy of glyphosate plus bentazon or quizalofop on glyphosate-resistant Canola or Corn. Weed Technology, 21:97-101.
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22- Tharp C. 2013. Pesticide Performance and Water Quality. MSU Extension MT201305AG New 12/13, USA. 4pp. Retrieved 04 June 2014 from http://www.pesticides.montana.edu/Reference/pesticidesandwaterquality.pdf
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23- Williamson K. 2003. Water Quality for Mixing Herbicides. Agdex 641-14, Alberta Government, USA. 3pp.
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24- Woznica Z., Nalewaja J.D., Calvin G., and Milkowski P. 2003. Quinclorac efficacy as affected by adjuvants and spray carrier water. Weed Technology, 17: 582-588.
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25- Yeganeh M. (ed.) 2011. Guide to Iranian legal agricultural pesticides (Supplements). Iranian Plant Protection Organization, Tehran. 101 pp. (in Persian with English summary).
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26- Yelverton F., Lassiter B.R., Wilkerson G.G., Warren L., Gannon T., Reynolds J.J., and Buol G.S. 2008. White Clover (Trifolium repens L.). North Carolina State University, USA. Retrieved 12 December 2013 from www.turffiles.ncsu.edu.
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27- Zollinger R.K., Nalewaja J.D., Peterson D.E., and Young B.G. 2010. Effect of hard water and ammonium sulfate on weak acid herbicide activity. Journal of ASTM International, 7 (6) 10 pp. Abstract available at http://www.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/JOURNALS/JAI/PAGES/JAI102869.htm. (Visited 12 January 2014).
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