@article { author = {Darvishi, B. and Naderpour, M. and Mohammadi, H. and Hasani, F. and Alipour, D. and Pargal, F.}, title = {Dispersion of Potato Leafroll Virus and Potato Y Virus in Potato Seed Production Fields of Hamedan Province}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {143-153}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.2021.32223.0}, abstract = {Introduction: Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is widely grown in different environments, forming the fourth largest crop in the world, with a production of almost 321 million metric tons. Seed potato degeneration, the reduction in yield or quality caused by an accumulation of pathogens and pests in planting material due to successive cycles of vegetative propagation, has been a long-standing production challenge for potato growers around the world. In developed countries this problem has been overcome by general access to and frequent use of the seed, produced by specialized growers, that has been certified to have pathogen and pest incidence below established thresholds, often referred to as certified seed. Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) and potato virus Y (PVY) are the most important viruses infecting potato crops and also reduce the size as well as a number of potato tubers with annual global yield losses of up to 20 million tonnes. In Iran, PLRV and PVY are widely distributed in most potato-growing areas in Iran and have caused severe yield losses of up to 40 percent.This study was carried out to evaluate the amount of potato seed field’s infection to potato leaf roll virus and potato virus Y in different regions of Hamedan province and to survey the sensitivity of cultivars to studied viruses.Materials and Methods: Leaf samples were prepared from potato seed field (S seed class) which has a 3-years rotation and 400 meters isolated distance from other potato growing fields. Studied potato seed fields were located in three regions of Hamedan province included: KaboodarAhang, Goltappe and Razan. These regions are the main potato production areas in Hamedan province of Iran. Leaf samples infection to potato leafroll virus and potato virus Y was determined by DAS-ELISA test using specific antiserum (Patho Screen Kit, supplied by Agdia Incorporated, USA) following the fundamental protocol outlined by Clark and Adams (1977) ELISA assay. The yield of all studied fields was determined after harvesting. Meteorological information of three seed production areas included average temperature, rainfall and wind speed was collected during the studied period.Results and Discussion: Results showed that infected potato plants by both studied viruses (potato leaf roll virus and potato virus Y) were seen in KaboodarAhang region, while potato plants infected by studied viruses were not seen in the other regions (Goltappe and Razan). The probable cause of higher virus infection in KaboodarAhang region could be due to the wider migration of carriers and their greater activity in the region which had higher average temperature and rainfall than the other two studied areas. In Goltappe region which was diseases free, the temperature means and the amount of rainfall was lower than the other regions during the growth period. Maximum wind speed (25 m.s-1) in the infected region (KaboodarAhang) was higher than regions which were free of diseases (Goltappe and Razan). The wind blowing provides the possibility of transmission of viral infection by aphids (especially Myzus persicae) from neighbor infected fields.  However, portable flight capacity such as the aphid Myzus persicae may rarely exceed 100 meters, but Wind-assisted flight can carry aphids for several hundred kilometers. Therefore, what matters more than the isolated distance between potato seed production fields is the health of the seed production area and the speed and direction of the wind.Among studied cultivars, Agria and Arinda cvs. were infected by both studied viruses, while the other studied cultivars (Sante, Banba and jelly) were not infected.In Agria cv. and in the range of infection between 1 and 3%, the relationship between yield and potato plants infection to PLRV and PVY was not found, but in Arinda cv., the yield of virus (PLRV and PVY) free fields were much higher than those of infected by PLRV and PVY.Conclusion: Since the Agria and Arinda cvs. were infected by potato leaf roll virus and potato virus Y, this can be concluded that these cultivars are sensitive to potato leafroll virus and potato virus Y. It seems Goltappe and Razan regions are suitable for potato seed production in Hamedan province. In the low range of viral infection, no logical relation was seen between potato plant’s yield and viral infection of plants. Among studied meteorological parameters, temperature mean and the amount of rainfall in the free of diseases region are lower than infected region.}, keywords = {Hamedan,Potato,Seed,virus}, title_fa = {پراکنش ویروس برگ قاشقی و ویروس وای سیب‌زمینی در مزارع تولید بذر سیب‌زمینی استان همدان}, abstract_fa = {از میان بیمارگرهای ویروسی، ویروس برگ قاشقی سیب­زمینی و ویروس وای سیب­زمینی در اغلب مناطق تولید سیب­زمینی ایران، خسارت اقتصادی به محصول وارد می­نمایند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی میزان آلودگی مزارع تولید بذر سیب­زمینی در مناطق مختلف استان همدان به ویروس برگ قاشقی و ویروس وای سیب­زمینی و نیز ارزیابی حساسیت ارقام مختلف مورد مطالعه به ویروس­های مذکور انجام شد. برای این منظور از کلیه مزارع تکثیر بذر سیب­زمینی کلاس بذری S در استان همدان که بر اساس استانداردهای ملی تولید بذر این محصول دارای فاصله ایزولاسیون 400 متر و تناوب 3 ساله بودند، نمونه برگی تهیه شده و از طریق آزمون ساندویچ دو طرفه الایزا و آزمون آی­سی- آرتی- پی­سی­آر آلودگی نمونه­ها به ویروس­های مورد مطالعه تعیین شد. نتایج نشان داد که در منطقه کبودرآهنگ آلودگی به هر دو ویروس وجود دارد، در حالی‌که در دو منطقه دیگر مورد مطالعه (گل‌تپه و رزن) آلودگی به ویروس برگ قاشقی و ویروس وای سیب­زمینی دیده نشد. در منطقه گل­تپه که منطقه عاری از بیماری­های مورد مطالعه بود، شرایط اقلیمی برای فعالیت و تکثیر ناقلین بیماری­های ویروسی نامطلوب بوده است بدین­ترتیب که میانگین دمایی و میزان بارندگی در این منطقه نسبت به مناطق دیگر مورد مطالعه پایین­تر بود. از بین ارقام مورد مطالعه ارقام آگریا و آریندا به هر دو ویروس مورد مطالعه آلوده شدند در حالی‌که آلودگی به ویروس برگ قاشقی و ویروس وای سیب­زمینی در ارقام سانته، بانبا و جلی مشاهده نشد. آلودگی به ویروس برگ قاشقی و ویروس وای سیب­زمینی عملکرد رقم آریندا را کاهش داد در حالی‌که عملکرد رقم آگریا تحت تأثیر آلودگی به ویروس­های مورد مطالعه قرار نگرفت.}, keywords_fa = {بذر,سیب زمینی,ویروس,همدان}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_39988.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_39988_e618442c13458c9c5d0ce7912c55284d.pdf} } @article { author = {Ramezani Avval Reiabi, J. and Mehrvar, M. and ZakiAghl, M. and Mohammadzadeh, A.R. and Hajimorad, M.R.}, title = {Reaction of Soybean Genotypes Containing Alleles of Rsv1-Resistance Gene Inoculated with Three Strain of Soybean Mosaic Virus}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {155-167}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.2021.32763.0}, abstract = {Introduction: Among legumes, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is an important plant that grown throughout the world. There are many pathogens that reduce soybean yield. Plant viral diseases cause serious economic losses in many major crops by reducing yield and quality. Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is amongst important pathogens that infect soybean. Plants use resistance genes against the invasive pathogens. The identification mechanism is based on gene-for-gene hypothesis. Plant resistance (R) genes direct recognition of pathogens harboring matching avirulent genes (signals) leading to activation of host defense responses. It has long been hypothesized that under selection pressure the infidelity of RNA virus replication together with large population size and short generation times results in emergence of variants (mutants) capable of evading R-mediated recognition. Four R gene including Rsv1, Rsv3, Rsv4 and newly Rsv5 have found in soybean operating against SMV.Materials and Methods: In this study, Rsv1/Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) pathosystem was used to investigate this hypothesis. Infectious cDNA clones of SMV-N (pSMV-N) and SMV-G7 (pSMV-G7) inoculated biolistically on Essex (rsv1) and SMV-G7d (pSMV-G7d) on Williams82 (rsv1) served as the sources of parental viruses. Sap containing viral progenies in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, derived from the infected tissues of biolistically inoculated Essex (rsv1) and Williams82 (rsv1) served as inoculum to mechanically inoculate carborundum-dusted primary leaves of other soybean genotypes. Soybean genotypes containing alleles of Rsv1 were inoculated with SMV strains N, G7 and G7d. Soybean genotype Williams82 (rsv1), susceptible to all strains of SMV and Rsv1-genotype soybean PI96983, Kwanggyo (Rsv1-k), Marshal (Rsv1-m), Ogden (Rsv1-t), Raiden (Rsv1-r), Suweon97 (Rsv1-sk) and Touson50 (Rsv1-n) were used in this study. All soybean seed were obtained from field-grown plants shown to be free of SMV by indexing. The inoculated plants were maintained in a growth chamber operating at 22°C with a photoperiod of 16h light and 8h dark. After twenty one days of post-inoculation, plants were examined by indirect ELISA and RT-PCR. Nested PCR was done and after Sanger sequencing of PCR products, results were analyzed by using Finch TV and MEGA7 software. Total RNA was isolated from top fully-developed systemically infected trifoliate leaves using an RNeasy Plant mini kit (Qiagen) as instructed by the manufacturer. RT-PCR was done in the presence of Superscript reverse-transcriptase III (Invitrogen) as instructed by the manufacturer. Nested PCR amplification of the entire HC-pro and P3 cistrons was done using two pairs of primers, SMV-239s / SMV-3910a and SMV-482s / SMV-3840a, in the presence of EX Taq polymerase (Takara Bio). The resultant amplicons were purified with a QIAquick-PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen) or MinElute® PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen) and sequenced using primers SMV-1468s, SMV-1614a, SMV-2289s and SMV-2916s. Sequencing was done at The University of Tennessee DNA Sequencing Facility.Results and Discussion: One out of ten York and Kwanggyo plants and two out of thirty Ogden plants inoculated with viral progeny derived from the reproduction of soybean mosaic virus strain N complementary DNA (c-DNA) molecule on susceptible soybean plants, which was cloned in the laboratory (molecularly cloned SMV-N or pSMV-N) showed viral symptoms and were positive in indirect ELISA. In mechanical inoculation using the sap from these plants, the virus was again transferred to York, Kwanggyo and Ogden plants and subsequently was adapted to these plants. After performing RT-PCR test and determining the full-length sequence of the HC-Pro (Helper Component-Protease) and P3 cistrons of the virus, the position of the point mutation and the amino acid encoded by the nucleotide exchange at the mutation point, using MEGA7 software, was identified. In York and Kwanggyo plants, a point mutation was observed in the HC-Pro whereas in the Ogden plant in the P3 cistron.Conclusion: The evolution of viruses is unavoidably linked to the evolution of their hosts. Due to the mutations in virus genome and the breakdown of resistance of various soybean genotypes, as well as the fact that the genome of the soybean mosaic virus is RNA type and the possibility of mutation is high, it can be a warning sign for plant breeders producing soybean plants with resistance genes to different strains of the virus. RNA viruses apply all known mechanisms of genetic variation to ensure their survival. Also, the intersection of resistant and susceptible genotypes and the study of the allele of resistance genes can be effective in producing resistant genotypes. The identities of different Rsv genes need to be revealed and the key components in SMV resistant signaling pathway need to be identified. So, a good breeding-for-resistance strategy would aim to develop cultivars with resistance against a wide range of strains of SMV. Transgenic soybean lines expressing part of the P3 and HC-Pro genes have been showed a stable and enhanced resistance to several strains of SMV and have the potential to significantly increase soybean yield.}, keywords = {Point mutation,Rsv1-resistance gene,Soybean,Soybean mosaic virus}, title_fa = {واکنش ژنوتیپ‌های سویای دارای آلل‌های ژن مقاومت (Rsv1) به آلودگی با سه سویه از ویروس موزائیک سویا}, abstract_fa = {ژن‌های مقاومت گیاه (R)، شناسایی هشدارهای (Signals) غیر بیماری‌زایی (Avirulent) مربوط به بیمارگرها را که منجر به فعال‌سازی پاسخ‌های دفاعی گیاه می‌شوند، برعهده دارند. از مدت‌ها پیش تصور بر این است که تحت‌فشار انتخاب، نرخ موتاسیون بالای ویروس‌های دارای ژنوم آران‌ای (RNA)، به همراه اندازه بزرگ جمعیت و فاصله کوتاه تولید نسل، باعث ظهور جهش‌یافته‌هایی (Mutants) از عوامل بیماری‌زا می‌شود که قادرند از شناسایی به‌وسیله ژن‌های R میزبان فرار کنند. در این مطالعه، پاتوسیستم Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) /Rsv1 برای شناسایی این فرضیه بکار برده شد. ژنوتیپ‌های سویای دارای آلل‌های مقاومتRsv1 با عصاره دارای نتاج ویروسی همسانه عفونی سویه‌های N، G7 و G7d ویروس موزائیک سویا روی گیاهان سویای حساس، مایه‌زنی شدند. بعد از گذشت بیست و یک روز از مایه‌زنی، گیاهان فاقد علایم ویروسی توسط آزمون الیزای غیرمستقیم (Indirect ELISA) بررسی شدند. یکی از ده گیاه York و Kwanggyo و دو گیاه از سی گیاه Ogden مایه‌زنی شده با عصاره دارای نتاج ویروسی به‌دست‌آمده از تکثیر مولکول دی‌ان‌ای مکمل (cDNA) سویه N ویروس موزائیک سویا روی گیاهان سویای حساس که در آزمایشگاه همسانه‌سازی شده بود (molecularly cloned SMV-N یا pSMV-N)، علایم ویروسی را نشان دادند و در آزمون الایزای غیر‌مستقیم، مثبت بودند. در مایه‌زنی مکانیکی انجام شده با استفاده از عصاره به‌دست‌آمده از این گیاهان، مجدداً ویروس به گیاهان York، Kwanggyo و Ogden منتقل شده و توانست با این گیاهان سازگار شود. بعد از انجام آزمون آرتی پی‌سی‌آر (RT-PCR) و پی‌سی‌آر آشیانه‌ای (Nested PCR) و تعیین ترادف طول کامل سیسترون‌های HC-Pro (Helper Component-Protease) و P3 ویروس، موقعیت جهش نقطه‌ای ایجادشده و اسیدآمینه رمز شده در اثر تغییر نوکلئوتید در نقطه جهش، با استفاده از نرم‌افزار MEGA7 مشخص شد. در گیاهان York و Kwanggyo، جهش نقطه‌ای در سیسترون HC-Pro و به ترتیب در موقعیت‌های نوکلئوتیدی 1138T و 1210A و در گیاه Ogden، در سیسترون P3 ویروس و در موقعیت نوکلئوتیدی 3079A مشاهده شد.}, keywords_fa = {جهش نقطه‌ای,ژن مقاومت Rsv1,سویا,ویروس موزائیک سویا}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_39432.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_39432_3dd9d6c4ed36dcf4e4794ed6f9fa7826.pdf} } @article { author = {Safavi, S.A. and Afshari, F. and Hasanpour-Hossni, M.}, title = {Characterization of Dry-Land Wheat Germplasm for Stripe Rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) Resistance in Ardabil}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {169-183}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.2021.32761.0}, abstract = {Introduction: Yellow (stripe) rust, caused by P. striformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most important foliar diseases of wheat. The disease has been reported in temperate, cool, and higher altitudes regions, where wheat is grown. The widespread of the disease has always threatened wheat production and resulted in 30 to 100% losses in yield. Although chemical method is common throughout the world, it is not practical by farmers in developing countries. The most alternative practical way is to use genetic resistance which is economical and safely to environment. Two types of genetic resistance, including race-specific and non-race-specific resistance, are well known. Race-specific resistance operates based on the gene for gene hypothesis. Following the evolving of new races of pathogens, race-specific resistance becomes almost ineffective within 3–5 years. Non-race-specific resistance is controlled by small-effect (additive) genes and is long lasting. The wisely use of genetic resistance through the combination of race-specific and non-race-specific genes is suggested for the effective management of rusts. In view of the above, it is important to determine the properties of wheat germplasm for the detection of such diverse resistance. Therefore, the present study was performed to identify genetic sources with different resistance types to enhance the improvement of breeding operations for the release of cultivar in Iran.  Materials and Methods: In order to study of seedling reactions, a total of 191 dry land wheat lines were used. Seeds of each genotype (5-7 seeds) were planted in 7× 7 cm pots under controlled conditions in the greenhouses of Karaj. Seedlings were inoculated with two pathotypes of pathogen (6E158A+ and 6E150A+, Yr27). The inoculated Plants were transferred to a growth chamber at 10­°­C with 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness for 24 h. Plants were then transferred to greenhouses at 6–10­°­C temperature. 14-17 days later, seedling infection types were recorded based on a 0-4 scale (Stakman et al., 1962). The same number of studied lines at the seedling stage, were also used to evaluate the adult plant responses. The germplasm was cultivated at Ardebil Agricultural Research Station during the 2015-2016 cropping year. About eight grams seeds of each entry were planted in two-row plots of 1 m length with 30 cm distance. Plots were spaced at 65 cm. Infection types were recorded in the adult plant stage according to the method of Rolfs et al. Disease severity data were used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The relative area under the disease progress curve was also compared by comparing each line with the susceptible cultivar (assuming 100% susceptible cultivar value). In order to determine different resistance groups according to the method of Bux et al. (2012), lines with rAUDPC between 0-10 was considered as resistant group, rAUDPC = 11-30 as intermediate and lines with rAUDPC values above 30 were classified as susceptible. Results and Discussion: Seedling evaluation using pathotype 6E158A+ showed that of 63 resistant genotypes, 31 genotypes were from winter wheat, 4 from durum wheat and 28 genotypes of spring bread wheat. The seedling reactions using pathotype 6E150A+, ­Yr27 indicated that of 64 resistant genotypes, 26 genotypes were of winter bread wheat, 8 genotypes of durum wheat and 30 genotypes of spring bread wheat. The results at seedling stage also revealed that 51 genotypes were resistant to both pathotypes, of which 24 were genotypes of winter bread, 4 genotypes of durum wheat and 23 genotypes of spring bread wheat. Of the 191 genotypes studied, 24 (12.5%) genotypes also showed resistance at both seedling (against to two pathotypes) and adult plant stages. In field conditions, 81 genotypes were susceptible and 110 (57.6%) were resistant. Among the resistant genotypes, the differences were observed based on the values of the relative area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC). The response of winter wheat, spring wheat and durum wheat varied. Among the winter bread wheat, spring and durum wheat genotypes, 9 (12.5%), 38 (44.2%) and 4 (12.1%) genotypes had low levels of the area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC = 0-10), respectively, and were classified as resistant group. A group of genotypes also had moderate values of the area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC = 3-11), of which 16 (22.2%), 37 (43%) and 11 (33.3%) genotypes were of winter, spring, and durum wheat genotypes, respectively. Conclusion: A number of genotypes having seedling resistance were identified with probability of resistance gene/genes; Yr3v, Yr3a, Yr4a, Yr4, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr16, YrCV, YrSD, or unknown genes. Most winter wheat genotypes lacked seedling resistance. Some of the genotypes had adult plant and slow rusting resistance (Non-race- specific or durable resistance) and this percentage was higher among spring bread wheat than winter wheat and durum wheat genotypes. This germplasm with various sources of resistance will be useful in integrating both types of resistance through the pyramiding of genes for durable resistance and eventually high-yielding resistant varieties will be introduced to farmers.}, keywords = {Dryland wheat؛ Durable resistance؛ rAUDPC,Stripe rust؛ Seedling resistance}, title_fa = {بررسی ویژگی‌های ژرم پلاسم گندم دیم جهت مقاومت به بیماری زنگ زرد در اردبیل}, abstract_fa = {زنگ زرد با عامل P. striiformis f. sp. tritici یکی از مهم­ترین بیماری­های برگی گندم است که کاهش عملکرد قابل توجهی را در نواحی گندم خیز سراسر جهان موجب می­شود. در ایران نیز در سال­های همه­گیری، بیماری زنگ زرد یکی از عوامل مهم کاهش عملکرد گندم به شمار می­رود. مطالعه حاضر به منظور تعیین منابع مقاومت ژنتیکی نسبت به زنگ زرد انجام شده است، تا برنامه به­نژادی برای آزادسازی رقم با موفقیت بیشتری انجام شود. ژرم پلاسم گندم دیم شامل 191 لاین پیشرفته و امیدبخش (شامل گندم نان زمستانه، بهاره و گندم دوروم) تحت شرایط مزرعه­ای در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی آلاروق اردبیل طی سال زراعی 1394-95 ارزیابی شدند. در ارزیابی­های مزرعه­ای برای مقایسه لاین­ها از مقادیر نسبی سطح زیر منحنی پیشرفت بیماری (rAUDPC) استفاده شد. همان تعداد ژرم پلاسم، در مرحله گیاهچه­ای نیز برای پاتوتیپ­های­6E158A+  و 6E150A+, Yr27 در شرایط گلخانه مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. هر دو تیپ مقاومت مرحله گیاهچه و گیاه بالغ در بین لاین­های مورد بررسی شناسائی شدند. واکنش گیاهچه­ای نشان داد که تعداد 34 لاین (18­%) دارای مقاومت گیاهچه­ای نسبت به هر دو پاتوتیپ و با احتمال وجود ژن­/ژن­های مقاومت Yr3v، Yr3a،Yr4a ، Yr4، Yr5، Yr10، Yr15، Yr16، YrCV و YrSD ­می­باشند. تعداد 23 ژنوتیپ در مرحله گیاهچه­ای در برابر حداقل یک پاتوتیپ حساس بوده و در مرحله گیاه بالغ واکنش مقاومت با مقادیر پایین rAUDPC (0-10) نشان دادند و به عنوان ارقام دارای مقاومت گیاه بالغ (APR) انتخاب شدند. همچنین تعداد 27 ژنوتیپ در مرحله گیاه بالغ مقادیر متوسط rAUDPC (11-30) و در مرحله گیاهچه­ای در برابر حداقل یک پاتوتیپ حساس بودند و به عنوان گروه دارای مقاومت تدریجی (SR) انتخاب شدند. بقیه ژنوتیپ­ها دارای مقادیر بالای rAUDPC و یا بدون مقاومت گیاهچه­ای بودند. منابع ژنتیکی امیدبخش برای تجمیع هر دو تیپ مقاومت جهت دستیابی به مقاومت پایدار و کنترل پایدار علیه زنگ زرد در ایران استفاده خواهند شد.}, keywords_fa = {گندم دیم,زنگ نواری,مقاومت گیاهچه‌ای,مقاومت پایدار,rAUDPC}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_39986.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_39986_f46a48ae987e2a457fae27df1c0e1a39.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammadi, R. and Keshavarzi, M. and Hassanzadeh, N. and Hassani, D. and Farhadnejad, A.}, title = {Relative Resistance Level to Bacterial Blight in a Number of Walnut Cultivars and Selected Genotypes}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {185-195}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.2021.68825.1012}, abstract = {Introduction: The major disease of Persian walnut is walnut blight caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis. This disease limits walnut production in many regions of the world in particular those with warm and humid springs. All succulent tissues including recent shoots, fruits and catkins may be attacked but their sensitivity decreases over time. Symptoms on leaves begin as small, water-soaked spot that can expand to form angular necrotic lesions surrounded by a yellow hallo. Infection on the hull of the unripe fruits is initiates as a dark spot, which rapidly creates dark sunken lesions. If fruit infection occurs before shell hardening, the kernels are usually destroyed, infection after shell hardening results in dark kernels and poor-quality nuts, while the kernel is until consumable. The main current strategy for walnut blight control is to protect succulent tissues by copper-based sprays from bud-burst. However, multiple copper sprays do not always control the disease and there is the risk of development of copper resistant bacterial strains. Cultivation of resistant cultivars is the most practical, environmental friendly and economical approach for controlling of this disease. So far, there have not been any cultivar completely resistant or immune to this disease. However, variation in susceptibility level has been shown to occur, worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine leaf and unripe fruit resistance of Iranian promising walnut genotypes in response to controlled inoculation with X. arboricola pv. juglandis in orchard and laboratory conditions. Material and Methods: In this research, the relative resistance of leaf and unripe fruits to bacterial blight were studied in a number of promising walnut genotypes replicated during two years of 2015 and 2016. The local genotypes have been selected through massive surveys of native orchards in different provinces of the country. The main selective criterion for walnut selection was late leafing trait. In addition, correlation between leaf blight and unripe fruit blight severities were studied. The material included H1-7, H2-1, SHK2, Vina, Round de montignac (RDM), Lara, G4, G5, B10 and K15 genotypes and cultivars. From this material, KZ3, 88-2, 88-1 and G3 were registered and released in year 2019. Also, Serr, Chandler and Hartley cvs. were used as controls. A mixture of four local bacterial isolates originated from Qazvin, Karaj, Zanjan and Urmie was used as inoculum. The bacterial strains have already been characterized using different phenotypical and molecular tests. They were cultured on Nutrient Agar (NA) plates at 28 ℃. After 72 hours of cultivation, the colonies were suspended in distilled water; the concentration of the suspensions was read by spectrophotometer and after equalization, mixed and used as inoculum. Assessing leaf resistance was performed by spraying one year old grafted seedlings in glasshouse condition and lesion area was recorded 21 days after inoculation. Three leaves (contacting leaflets) of three seedlings were used per genotype. Assessing unripe fruit resistance was achieved by inoculating 45 days old fruits in laboratory condition and lesion diameter data was read 15 days after inoculation. 15 fruits per genotype were used and three lesions were created in each fruit. Statistical analysis of data was performed by Duncan Multiple test range using SAS software. Result and Discussion: Based on the results, leaf and unripe fruit blight severities were different among different cultivars and genotypes in both years of evaluation. Combined analysis of blight severity data indicated that G3 (Alvand) and 88-2 (Persian) genotypes had the most leaf blight severity and thus, rated as the most susceptible, while Hartley cultivar had the least leaf blight severity and thus, as the most resistant. Based on combined analysis of data, H1-1 and SHK2 genotypes had the most blight diameters of unripe fruits and thus rated as the most susceptible and resistant genotypes, respectively. Leaves of newly released cultivars of Persian, Caspian, Alvand and Chaldoran were rated as susceptible, relatively resistant, susceptible and relatively susceptible, respectively. On the other hand, unripe fruits of Persian, Caspian, Alvand and Chaldoran were classified as resistant, resistant, relatively resistant and susceptible, respectively. Mean leaf blight severities were not different between the two years of study and also there was no difference between unripe fruit severities between two years of the experiment. No significant correlation was found between leaf blight and unripe fruit blight severities. }, keywords = {Cultivar,susceptibility,Walnut,Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis}, title_fa = {سطوح نسبی مقاومت به بلایت باکتریایی در تعدادی از ارقام و ژنوتیپ‌های انتخابی گردو}, abstract_fa = {کاشت ارقام مقاوم یکی از مهم­ترین راهکارهای کنترل بیماری بلایت باکتریایی گردو با عامل Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis است. در این تحقیق، سطوح نسبی مقاومت به بلایت باکتریایی در برگ و میوه نارس برخی ارقام تجاری و ژنوتیپ­های انتخابی گردو در دو سال تکرار بررسی شد. ارقام و ژنوتیپ­های مورد بررسی شامل KZ3، 88-2، 88-1، G3، SHK2، C25، H2-1، H1-7، H1-1 و رقمShinova  بوده و ارقام تجاری Serr، Hartley و Chandler به­عنوان شاهد به­کار برده شدند. برای ارزیابی مقاومت میوه نارس، علاوه بر مواد فوق، ارقام و ژنوتیپ­های Vina، Round de montignac (RDM)، Lara، G4، G5، B10، K15، H1-8 و H2-12 نیز گنجانده شدند. از میان مواد گیاهی ارزیابی شده، چهار ژنوتیپ داخلی KZ3، 88-2، 88-1 و G3 در سال 1398معرفی شدند. مخلوط جدایه­های باکتری عامل با منشا قزوین، کرج، زنجان و ارومیه در تهیه مایه تلقیح به­کار برده شد. ارزیابی مقاومت برگ در شرایط گلخانه و با اسپری نهال­های پیوندی انجام شد و بررسی مقاومت میوه نارس در شرایط آزمایشگاهی و با مایه­زنی میوه­های 45 روزه صورت گرفت. بر اساس نتایج، شدت بلایت برگ و میوه نارس در ارقام و ژنوتیپ­های مختلف در هر دو سال ارزیابی متفاوت بود. نتایج تجزیه مرکب داده‌ها نشان داد که ژنوتیپ­های G3 (الوند) و 88-2 (پرشین) حساس­ترین و رقم Hartley مقاوم­ترین برگ و ژنوتیپ­های H1-1 و SHK2 به­ترتیب حساس­ترین و مقاوم­ترین میوه نارس را داشتند. میانگین شدت بلایت برگ و میوه نارس در سال­های اول و دوم تفاوت معنی­داری نداشت. بر اساس مقایسه ارقام صورت گرفته در این تحقیق، ارقام داخلی تازه معرفی شده پرشین، کاسپین، الوند و چالدران از نظر مقاومت نسبی برگ به­ترتیب حساس، نسبتاً مقاوم، حساس و نسبتاً حساس و از نظر مقاومت نسبی میوه نارس به­ترتیب مقاوم، مقاوم، نسبتاً مقاوم و حساس بودند. ارتباط آماری بین شدت بلایت برگ و میوه نارس دیده نشد.}, keywords_fa = {حساسیت,رقم,گردو,Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_40210.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_40210_61c47491512771d80ef3a1497ca55e68.pdf} } @article { author = {Akbari Oghaz, N. and Rahnama, K. and Habibi, R.}, title = {First Report of Isolation and Identification of Fusarium wilt and Root Rot of Garlic Fields from Sari Area}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {197-202}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.2021.32779.0}, abstract = {Background and Objectives: Garlic (Allium sativum) is one of the most common and high consumption vegetables in the world specializing in the northern provinces of Iran. Various civilizations and cultures throughout history have realized the importance of this valuable plant in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. One of the most important environmental stresses on garlic plant specialty at the fields of Sari countryside, are different species of soil-borne plant pathogen fungi, which are causing damage to crops and even in the storage of the post-harvest. The most important parts that are damaged by these pathogens are bulbs and roots. Identifying these fungi that cause plant stress and weaken the plant in production or cause drought and eventually plant death, has been a very important issue in plant protection science. In this research, for the first time, an attempt has been made to isolate and identify the cause of garlic wilt and root rot at the farms in Sari countryside, Mazandaran province, Iran.Materials and Methods: At the time of harvesting garlic (spring of 2018) several samples were taken from purple garlic farms of Tarom cultivar at Sari countryside. The fungi were isolated and purified on Water-Agar and PDA medium respectively, then transferred to CLA medium to stimulate the production of macro-conidia. The morphological characters of the fungi as the shape, type and size of the spores (length and width), the color of the mycelia and shape of chlamydospores determined by keys of Barnett and Hunter and Nelson et al., DNA of fungus was extracted by CTAB method, amplified and sequenced by the ITS4, ITS5, EFGR and EF1-983F primers. The similarity of the genome compared with other sequences in the NCBI gene bank. In order to test prove the pathogenicity of the fungus, the interaction of the fungus and purple garlic plant (Tarom cultivar) was evaluated by the effect of 30 and 60 g/kg of pathogenic fungus inoculum during seed germination and growth of this plant into the soil.Results and Discussion: The morphological characters of the fungus were; purple colony color, cottony growth of mycelia, four to six cell macro-conidia and chain shape chlamydospores, which were confirmed in accordance by the identification keys close to the Fusarium oxysporum fungus. ITS genome aligned with 100 and TEF genome aligned approximately with 98-99 percent similarity to F. oxysporum, which were recorded at the GenBank with NCBI accession number; MK790682.1 and isolate code;7391. Symptoms at pathogenicity test included; wilting, yellowing, necrosing leaf and finally drying of garlic plant appeared at 30g/kg inoculum compared to healthy control treatment. Bulbs were rotted by 60g/kg inoculum and the plant did not grow. It was observed that reducing the amount of inoculation caused damage over a long period.. Garlic plants with few symptoms are usually harvested and transferred to the storehouse which probably causes the spreading of pathogen spores and makes storage rot even on healthy crops. Fewer symptoms are very important at farms and the fungus should be controlled before causing more damage. Also, the transmission of diseased plants with fewer symptoms should be avoided to the storehouse. Therefore, based on morphological and molecular characteristics and pathogenicity test probably F. oxysporum 7391 is one of the important factors of wilt and root rot of garlic plants in Mazandaran province.Conclusion: Farmers take serious damages from soil-borne plant pathogens every year at the time of harvesting crops especially at the garlic farms from Mazandaran province. The importance of soil-born plant pathogen fungi on garlic has been reported from all around the world. High production of garlic in Sari, storage for planting at the next agricultural year and most important export of these garlic bulbs to other cities of Mazandaran and even neighboringprovinces, will probably cause the spreading of pathogenic fungi inoculum. For the first time, this study reports the fungus F. oxysporum 7391 as one of the important factors in causing the disease of the Garlic-Tarom plant in Sari. More comprehensive studies are needed to identify, diversify and distribute specific forms and subspecies of the fungus F. oxysporum in farms at Mazandaran province. Epidemy criteria need to be defined for these Fusarium spp., and bulbs must be carefully inspected before export or storage. Quarantine should be used to prevent the spread of inoculum to other provinces until the pathogen is completely controlled.}, keywords = {Garlic Plant,Root rot,Wilting,ITS,TEF}, title_fa = {اولین گزارش از جداسازی و شناسایی عامل پوسیدگی ریشه و پژمردگی فوزاریومی گیاه سیر از مزارع شهرستان ساری}, abstract_fa = {گیاه سیر یکی از سبزی‌های پرمصرف بوده که هر ساله خسارت بالای بیمارگر‌های خاکزاد در این گیاه دیده می­شود. در بهار سال 1397، طی بازدید از مزارع حومه شهرستان ساری، علایم پژمردگی و خشکیدگی گیاهان سیر مشاهده و از بوته­های بیمار نمونه­ برداری شد. پس از جداسازی روی محیط کشت آب-آگار و خالص‌سازی روی محیط سیب زمینی-دکستروز-آگار، قارچ­ها به محیط میخک-آگار جهت تولید ماکروکنیدیوم انتقال و شاخص­های ریخت‌شناسی با کلیدهای شناسایی معتبر بررسی گردید. DNA قارچ به روش CTAB استخراج و با آغازگر‌های ITS4، ITS5، EFGR و EF1-983F تکثیر و توالی‌یابی شد. اثبات بیماری­زایی در گیاه سیر رقم طارم با اثر دو میزان 30 و 60 گرم مایه تلقیح قارچ بیمارگر (اسپان گندم) در یک کیلوگرم خاک ارزیابی گردید. ویژگی­های ریخت شناسی شامل پرگنه ارغوانی، رشد پنبه­ای، ماکروکنیدیوم­های چهار تا شش سلولی و کلامیدسپورهای زنجیری مشابه قارچ Fusarium oxysporum بود. توالی ژنوم در ناحیه ITS با تشابه 100 درصد و در ناحیه TEF با تشابه 99-98 درصد به قارچ F. oxysporum با رس شمار MK790682.1 و کد جدایه 7391 در بانک ژن (NCBI) ثبت گردید. با میزان g/kg30 مایه تلقیح در مقایسه با شاهد سالم پس از 45 روز علائم پژمردگی، زردی و در نهایت خشکیدگی گیاه مشابه شرایط مزرعه ظاهر گردید. در میزان g/kg60 مایه تلقیح نیز پس از 30 روز حبه‌ها رشدی نداشتند و قبل از جوانه‌زنی حبه کاملا پوسیده گردید. بنابر داده‌های حاصل، عامل بیمارگر F. oxysporum 7391، احتمالا یکی از عوامل مهم پژمردگی و پوسیدگی فوزاریومی گیاه سیر در مزارع حومه شهرستان ساری می‌باشد.}, keywords_fa = {پژمردگی,پوسیدگی ریشه,گیاه سیر,ITS,TEF}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_40020.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_40020_75549048fd9bbf5ef32a6159521aecd4.pdf} } @article { author = {Yazdanian, M. and Reihani, M.}, title = {Chemical Composition of Myrtle Essential Oil and its Insecticidal Activity in Combination with Diatomaceous Earth against Adults of the Granary Weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.)}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {203-216}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.2021.69214.1015}, abstract = { Introduction: The granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.), is one of the most destructive insect pests of stored grains worldwide. The larvae feed inside the grain kernels. Larvae and adults feed from grain kernels such as wheat, barley, buckwheat, rice, maize, millet, oat, and rye. This pest causes heavy damages especially to wheat and barley kernels. Due to the negative side effects of chemical pesticides on human health and environment, efficacy of substitution compounds with acceptable insecticidal effects have been evaluated extensively during past two decades. Diatomaceous earths and plant essential oils are amongst the most important substitution compounds that having delayed effects and instability, respectively, and cause problems during their application. Using the two insecticidal agents in combination is a method for solving this problem. Plant essential oils are odorous and volatile compounds that present only in 10% of plant species. Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) essential oil has shown significant effects on different human and plant pests and pathogens, including insecticidal effects. Diatomaceous earths, in the other hand, are inert dusts that absorb insect cuticle lipids and as a result, disrupt the waterproofing nature of the integument. Treated insects with diatomaceous earths finally go to death due to losing their body water content. These materials are not toxic to mammals that is an important privilege in comparison to conventional insecticides. Due to the economic importance of the granary weevil in Iran and the limitations of the application of diatomaceous earths and plant essential oils, in the present research insecticidal efficacy of the diatomaceous earth Sayan® in combination with myrtle essential oil was evaluated against adults of this pest. Materials and Methods: GC-MS analysis carried out using a Varian CP-3800 gas chromatograph equipped with a Varian Saturn 2200 ion trap mass spectrometer (Helium as carrier gas; current rate 1:100 ml/min.; pressure 10 psi, and injection volume of 0.1 μl; with VF-5ms capillary column, 30 m × 0.32 mm, and 0.25 μm inner diameter; injector and detector temperatures 220 and 300°C, respectively). The granary weevil adults were initially obtained from a colony in Entomology laboratory, Plant Protection Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and reared on wheat kernels (Gonbad cultivar) for three generations (26 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% R.H., and L:D 16:8). Seven-day old adults of forth generation were used in bioassays. All experiments carried out on kernels of Gonbad cultivar under above mentioned conditions. In myrtle essential oil dose-setting bioassays, concentration causing 20 and 80% mortality (μl/l air) were determined. In each Petri dish (7 cm in diameter; 50 mL), a filter paper (Whatman no. 1; 2 cm in diameter) was attached to the inner part of the lid as evaporation surface. The two halves of petri dishes were sealed with parafilm to prevent essential oil loss. Experiments were repeated four times and adults mortalities were counted after 24 h. Adults that did not move their legs and antennae after a gentle poking with a fine pin were considered as dead individuals. After doing and collecting data via final bioassays, LC10, LC20, and LC50 values were estimated by using probit analysis (1267, 1790, and 3451 μL/L air, respectively). In combination effects experiments, five dose rates of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g Sayan®/kg grain in combination with myrtle essential oil at four concentrations of LC0, LC10, LC20, and LC50 (equal to 0.0, 1267.0, 1790.0 and 3451.0 µL/L air, respectively) were assessed. Adults’ mortalities were recorded after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure. To determine progeny production at F1 and F2 generations, dead and alive adults were counted and removed from treatment containers after the 72 hand containers were left at the same conditions for 45 and 90 days more. After these periods, emerged adults were counted and recorded as dead or alive. Probit analyses were done using PoloPlus ver. 2.0 software. Mortality data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA as factorial (dose rate × essential oil concentration). Means were separated using Tukey-HSD test at α= 0.01. Synergistic and/or antagonistic interactions were determined using Tallarida (2000) method and co-toxicity factor was proposed by Mansour et al. (1966).Results and Discussion: In myrtle essential oil, 46 compounds were identified that 1, 8- cineole (eucalyptol) (18.029%), Isoterpinolene (14.704%), and α-Fenchene (13.135%) showed the highest amounts. Application of Sayan® alone did not result in notable mortality even after 72 h, so that at the highest dose of 1.5 g/kg it was 1.03%. Application of Sayan® in combination with myrtle essential oil increased the mortality of adults significantly, so that after 48 and especially 72 h, it was highly notable and increased from 12.25% using LC10-0.125 g/kg after 48 h up to 92.50% using the LC50-1.5 g/kg. After 72 h, mortalities of adults using the combination of LC50 with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/kg were 98.25, 100, and 100%, respectively. Interaction between Sayan® in combination with myrtle essential oil, especially after 48 and 72 h, was mainly synergistic. After 45 days, progeny production using the combination of 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 g/kg of Sayan® with LC10, LC20, and LC50 of essential oil was very low (max. 7 adults), but their mortality was 100%. Combination of 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg of Sayan® with different concentrations of essential oil resulted to no progeny production. Compared to the combination treatments, percentage mortality of progenies using the Sayan® alone was much lower. The same trend was observed for progeny production after 90 days.Conclusion: Results of this study indicated that application of the diatomaceous earth Sayan® in combination with the myrtle essential oil significantly increased the insecticidal efficacy of Sayan® and remedied its delayed effect (it decreased the exposure interval form about more than 14 days down to about 72 h) (p < 0.0001). This indicates that due to the synergistic interactions, application of the two insecticide agents in combination can remedy the delayed effects of Sayan® and instability of myrtle essential oil that could be considered in control of the granary weevil.}, keywords = {Chemical components,Diatomaceous Earth,Myrtle essential oil,Sitophilus granarius,Synergistic effect}, title_fa = {ترکیب شیمیایی اسانس گیاه مورد و فعالیت حشره‌کشی آن در ترکیب با خاک دیاتومه علیه حشرات کامل شپشه گندم، Sitophilus granarius (L.)}, abstract_fa = {خاک­های دیاتومه و اسانس­های گیاهی جزو مهم­ترین ترکیبات جایگزین سموم شیمیایی می­باشند که مشکلات مهم فراروی استفاده از آن­ها به ترتیب شامل کنداثر بودن و ناپایداری می­باشند. استفاده ترکیبی از این دو عامل حشره­کش یکی از راه­حل­های این مشکلات می­باشد. در این پژوهش، اثر حشره‌کشی تماسی یک خاک دیاتومه ایرانی (با نام تجاری سایان) در ترکیب با اثر تنفسی اسانس گیاه مورد Myrtus communis L.، روی حشرات کامل شپشه گندم Sitophilus granarius (L.)، بررسی شد. اجزای شیمیایی تشکیل­دهنده اسانس به روش GC-MS شناسایی شدند. در اسانس 46 ترکیب شیمیایی شناسایی شدند که سه ترکیب 1,8-cineole (Eucalyptol) (%029/18)، Isoterpinolene (%704/14) و α-Fenchene (%135/13) بیشترین مقدار را داشتند. درصد مرگ­ومیر در اثر استفاده انفرادی از دزهای خاک دیاتومه (گرم بر کیلوگرم) حتی پس از 72 ساعت قابل توجه نبود ولی استفاده ترکیبی باعث افزایش معنی‌دار مرگ­ومیر شد. در ترکیب‌های تیماری غلظت LC50 اسانس مورد (3451 میکرولیتر بر لیتر هوا) با دزهای 5/0، 1 و 5/1 گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک دیاتومه پس از 72 ساعت، به ترتیب 25/98، 100 و 100 درصد مرگ­ومیر مشاهده شد. برهمکنش خاک دیاتومه در ترکیب با اسانس به ویژه پس از 48 و 72 ساعت عمدتا از نوع سینرژیستی بود. تولید نتاج 45 روز پس از حذف حشرات کامل تیمارشده از ظروف آزمایش (تولید نتاج در نسل اول) در ترکیب دزهای 125/0، 25/0 و 5/0 گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک دیاتومه با غلظت­های LC10، LC20 و LC50 اسانس (به ترتیب 1267، 1790 و 3451 میکرولیتر بر لیتر) بسیار پایین بود (با حداکثر 7 عدد حشره کامل ظاهرشده) ولی مرگ­ومیر این حشرات کامل ظاهرشده در تمام موارد 100 درصد بود. در تیمارهای ترکیبی دزهای 1 و 5/1 گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک دیاتومه با سه غلظت مختلف اسانس نیز تولید نتاج مشاهده نشد. درصد مرگ­ومیر نتاج تولیدی در اثر استفاده انفرادی از دزهای مختلف خاک دیاتومه در مقایسه با تیمارهای ترکیبی بسیار کمتر بود. تولید نتاج 90 روز پس از حذف حشرات کامل تیمار شده از ظروف آزمایش (تولید نتاج در نسل دوم) نیز مشابه نتایج نسل اول بودند. نتایج این تحقیق به خوبی نشان می­دهند که استفاده ترکیبی از این دو عامل حشره­کش به دلیل بروز اثرات سینرژیستی می­تواند کنداثر بودن خاک دیاتومه سایان و ناپایداری اسانس مورد را برطرف سازد.}, keywords_fa = {اثر سینرژیستی,اجزای شیمیایی,اسانس مورد,خاک دیاتومه,Sitophilus granarius}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_40195.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_40195_4af06f1baf45276f4c7a4881d98c0091.pdf} } @article { author = {Amini, V. and Zaefarian, F. and Rezvani, M.}, title = {Competitive Ability of Soybean and Three Species of Foxtail Setaria glauca, S. verticillata and S. viridis in Different Planting Ratios}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {217-230}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.2021.32844.0}, abstract = {Introduction: Competition for resources among plants has long been considered to generate stress for plants and to be important for determining the distribution of species, as well as their evolution. Competition can occur among the organs of a plant (intra plant competition), or negative interactions between the plants of a species (intra specific competition) or interference among different plant species (inter specific competition). Weeds have long been considered as the main competitor of crop plants. These plants can be problematic due to competition with crop plants over light, water and nutrients, decreases the quantity and quality of the product and the creation of a suitable refuge for insects and pathogens. The presence of weeds in soybean reduces seed yield and the rate of this decrease depends on weed density and stage growth stage. In agriculture areas, crop density is kept constant whereas weed density varies in accordance to local infestation degree. Therefore, variation in plant proportion of crops and weeds is established. Thus, in competition studies, it is important to measure the influence of plant density on the competitive process as well as the variation in plant proportion. There are several methodologies used to study plant competition. However, most researchers measured just the interference of weeds on crop growth and production without concerning about the competition process. Thus, it is important to use appropriate experimental designs and methods of analysis to understand the competition process not just by quantifying crop losses but in a mechanistic way. Replacement series experiments allow the control of plant density and proportion, where plant density is kept constant while plant proportion is changed for both studied species. This study aimed to investigate the response of soybeans to the interaction of three species of foxtail (Setaria glauca, S. verticillata and S. viridis) and competitions between the species of these three weeds.Materials and Methods: These pot experiments were carried out at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University based on a completely randomized design in three replications. The first experimental treatments included planting ratios: 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 (soybean-weed) and pure stand of soybean and weed and in the other three experiments, each of the weeds compared in pairs with the ratios listed above. Density of soybean and weed in the sole stand was four plants per pot and in the planting ratio of 50:05 soybean-weed, two plants were considered from each plant. Also, in the planting ratio of 75:25 soybean and weed, 4 seeds were cultivated in each pot, wherein planting ratio of 75% three seeds of soybean or weed and planting ratio of 25% one seed of soybean or weed was planted. The traits studied in this experiment included seed yield, number of sub-branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100- seed weight of soybeans. Weed biomass, height, number of leaves, number of spikes and number of tillers of weeds were also calculated in competition with each other. In addition, the ability of weed competition and the competition index were determined.Results and Discussion: The results showed that the competitive ability of three species with soybean showed that the maximum soybean seed yield (15.56 g plant-1) were obtained in weed-free conditions (soybean monoculture) and increasing soybean density in interference with three species of foxtail reduce weeds biomass compare to the monoculture of weed. Although, survey competitive withstand ability of soybean to different densities of three species of foxtail showed that soybean is more tolerant to low densities (25%) of S. glauca, S. verticillata and S. viridis, but the competitive ability of soybeans compared to these three species was S. glauca > S. verticillata > S. viridis; because the increasing density of S. glauca, caused decreasing soybean yield with a gentle slope while, increasing density of S. viridis, made a decrement of soybean yield with a steep slope. The competitive ability of three species of foxtail together showed that increasing density of any species will diminished the growth index of other species when maximum height, tiller number, leaf number, spike number and biomass of all three species was observed in their monoculture.Conclusion: The results of the competition of all three species of terns with each other show that inter-species competition has been more effective in reducing weed population life than the intra-species competition; Thus, S. viridis species could have a greater decreasing effect on S. verticillata and S. glauca species by creating more height, more tillers and leaves and as a result higher biomass production. So, the competitiveness between the three species was S. glauca S. verticillata > S. viridis بود؛ بطوریکه با افزایش تراکم گونه S. glauca عملکرد سویا با شیبی ملایم و با افزایش تراکم گونه S. viridis عملکرد سویا با شیبی تند کاهش پیدا کرد. مطالعه توان رقابتی گونه‌های دم‌روباهی با یکدیگر نشان داد که افزایش تراکم هر گونه سبب کاهش شاخص‌های رشدی گونه دیگر شد و حداکثر ارتفاع ساقه، تعداد پنجه، تعداد برگ، تعداد سنبله و زیست توده هر سه گونه در کشت خالص آن‌ها به‌دست آمد. نتایج به‌دست آمده از این مطالعه نشان داد که رقابت بین گونه‌ای در تراکم‌های متفاوت نسبت به رقابت درون گونه‌ای در کاهش زیست توده هر سه گونه مؤثرتر بود. نتایج آزمایشات بین گونه‌ای علف‌های هرز هم بیانگر این مطلب بود که قابلیت رقابتی بین این سه گونه به‌صورت S. glauca < S. verticillata < S. viridis بود.}, keywords_fa = {رقابت,عملکرد,علف هرز,نسبت‌های کاشت}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_39937.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_39937_e5449327c744b85c25f6c3437bff77a2.pdf} } @article { author = {Amini, E. and Taab, A, and Radicetti, E.}, title = {Evaluation the Effect of Wheat Intercropping with Bitter Vetch and Grass Pea on Weed Diversity and Density under Different Soil Tillage Systems}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {231-250}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.2021.68035.1004}, abstract = {Introduction: Weeds represent the major biotic problem in wheat cropping systems, especially when are managed under conservation tillage practices. Indeed, the excessive use of herbicides in agricultural fields caused hazardous consequences, such as loss of biodiversity and resistant plants, therefore, nowadays there is a tendency to adopt ecological based weed control measures to improve the sustainability of the agro-ecosystems. Previous studies showed that cover crops could be successfully intercropped with main cash crops as living mulch to improve weed management.  This experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd.) and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) intercropped in additive series with winter wheat under different soil tillage systems.  Materials and Methods: Two field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University, Iran, in 2018-19 and 2019-20. The experimental treatments included three soil tillage systems (no tillage, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage), and two intercropping patterns (wheat+grass pea and wheat+bitter vetch). Moreover, a pure stands of bitter vetch, grass pea, and wheat was adopted. A split plot layout based on randomized complete block design with three replicates was applied where soil tillage systems and intercropping patterns were arranged as the main and sub plots, respectively. Weed species density was used to calculate the species diversity indices including Margalef, Shannon-Wiener, Brillouin, Evenness and Simpson dominance indices. The multivariate analysis was performed to discriminate the difference among species in response to tillage systems and intercropping patterns.  Results and Discussion: The results showed that based on relative abundance, in both studied years under the no-till system, wild barley and oat weeds accounted for the highest weed population with the frequency of 11.84 and 10.53%, in the first year, and 11.97 and 12.68% in the second year,  respectively. Under the minimum tillage system, wild barley weeds in the first and second year with 10.62 and 8.29% relative abundance, respectively, had the highest weed population. Under conventional tillage conditions, in the first year, weeds of wild barley, Euclidium syriacum, wild oat, and Ceratocephalus falcatus were observed as the predominant weeds with the frequency of 10, 10, 9.4, and 9.4% respectively. In the second year, the highest relative abundance was related to weeds of wild oat and barley. The intercropping of wheat+bitter vetch reduces the weed density more than rest of the treatments under different soil tillage systems. The reductions in weed density due to intercropping of wheat+bitter vetch and wheat+grass pea were 77 and 69.9 % under no tillage, 80.1 and 76.1 % under reduced tillage, and 70.2 and 54.5 % under conventional tillage systems, respectively. This could be due to the density and competitive pressure by intercropping to reduce the ecological niche for weed species to occupy. The weed diversity indices (Shannon and Wiener, Brillouin, and Margalef indices) were highest in pure weedy and grass pea monocultures. Weed density and diversity were also highest under conventional tillage system. The highest Simpson dominance index (0.38) was found in wheat+bitter vetch intercropping in both years compared to the other treatments. No significant difference was found among the soil tillage systems in Simpson dominance index in the first year, while it showed a significant increase in no tillage (from 0.27 to 0.44), decreased in reduced tillage (from 0.24 to 0.17) and had no significant change in conventional tillage (0.21 to 0.20) systems in the second year. The pattern of Additive wheat+bitter vetch than wheat+grass pea intercropping reduced the density of weeds in different tillage systems. Probably due to the greater diversity of plants in intercropping patterns compared to monoculture, as a result, crops obtain more ecological niches and, by absorbing more available resources for growth, reduce growth and thus reduce population and weed density. According to the multivariate analysis, 100% of the variances was explained by the first function in 2018-19, which showed Hordeum spontaneum L. as the dominant species. In 2019-20, 96.2 and 3.8% the variances were explained by first and second functions, respectively, which showed Hordeum spontaneum L. and Avena ludoviciana L. as dominate species. Therefore, these two weed species might be well adapted to the cropping systems. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that intercropping patterns could reduce the weed density even if the reduction was higher in wheat+bitter vetch than wheat+grass pea intercropping. Therefore, bitter vetch can be considered as an efficient living mulch for intercropping with wheat to control weeds in different soil tillage systems. Similarly, weed diversity is also affected by soil disturbances and intercropping. Hordeum spontaneum L. and Avena ludoviciana L. tend to be the dominant weed species. It is concluded that weeds can be controlled to an appropriate level using wheat+ bitter vetch intercropping under conservation and conventional tillage systems. This approach can be used to design an efficient weed management strategies toward sustainable agriculture.}, keywords = {Conservation tillage,Cultivation Pattern,Legume,Weed population}, title_fa = {ارزیابی تأثیر کشت مخلوط گندم با گاودانه و خلر بر تراکم و تنوع علف‌های‌هرز در سامانه‌های مختلف خاک‌ورزی}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور بررسی اثر الگوهای مختلف کشت مخلوط سری‌های افزایشی گاودانه و خلر بر تنوع و تراکم علف‌های‌هرز در کشت گندم تحت سامانه‌های مختلف خاک‌ورزی، آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت‌های خردشده بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه ایلام در دو سال زراعی 98-1397 و 99-1398، اجرا شد. کرت‌های اصلی شامل خاک‌ورزی در سه سطح (خاک‌ورزی متداول، خاک‌ورزی حداقل و بدون خاک‌ورزی) و کرت‌های فرعی، شش سری کشت مخلوط افزایشی گاودانه، خلر با گندم (کشت خالص گندم، کشت مخلوط افزایشی 100 درصد گندم+50 درصد گاودانه، کشت مخلوط افزایشی 100 درصد گندم+50 درصد خلر، کشت خالص گاودانه، کشت خالص خلر و شاهد (بدون کشت گیاه زراعی) بودند. صفات مورد بررسی شامل جمعیت، تنوع و تراکم علف‌های‌هرز بودند. نتایج نشان داد کشت مخلوط افزایشی گندم+گاودانه موجب کاهش تراکم علف‌های‌هرز بیشتر از سایر تیمارها شد. میزان کاهش تراکم بوته علف‌های‌هرز در الگوی کاشت گندم+گاودانه و گندم+خلر تحت شرایط بدون خاک‌ورزی نسبت به شاهد به‌ترتیب 77 و 9/69 درصد بود. این میزان کاهش تحت شرایط خاک‌ورزی حداقل به‌ترتیب 1/80 و 1/76 درصد و در خاک‌ورزی متداول به‌ترتیب 2/70 و 5/54 درصد بود. بیشترین شاخص‌ تنوع علف‌های‌هرز (شانون-وینر، بریلویین و غنای گونه‌ای مارگالف) در شاهد و کشت خالص خلر مشاهده شد. خاک‌ورزی متداول بیشترین تعداد و تنوع علف‌های‌هرز را به خود اختصاص داد. در هر دو سال بیشترین شاخص غالبیت (38/0) در الگوی کاشت گندم+گاودانه مشاهده شد. بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق، کشت مخلوط افزایشی گیاهان بقولات با گندم می‌تواند گامی مؤثر در راستای مدیریت علف­های هرز در سامانه‌های کشاورزی پایدار باشد.}, keywords_fa = {الگوی کشت,بقولات,جمعیت علف‌های‌هرز,خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_39941.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_39941_5b96d9847c580e9cd6a4da4bb8d7e03f.pdf} } @article { author = {Hoseinian, S.A. and Yadavi, A. and Farajee, H. and Balouchi, H.R. and Hamidian, M.}, title = {Determination of the Critical Period of Weed Control in Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) in Yasuj}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {251-263}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.2021.68061.1005}, abstract = {Introduction: Due to the high sensitivity of linseed to weed competition, high costs are imposed for weed management of linseed production. Determining the critical period of weed control is a practical strategy that is considered as one of the main pillars of the integrated weed management system due to the limited chemical control of weeds. The critical period is the period of the plant growth season during which weeds must be controlled so that yield damage does not exceed a threshold. This threshold is determined based on the cost of weed control. Critical period estimation can play an important role in achieving sustainable and integrated weed management in crop production and reducing the costs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the critical period of weed control in order to stabilize the system as much as possible, minimize the use of chemical herbicides and reduce farmer costs on linseed in Yasuj. Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments and three replications in 2017 at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University.Treatments included periods of weed control (WF) and weed interference (WI) up to 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after linseed emergence and also two treatments of weed control and weed interference for the whole season (110 days). Three ridges (4 m long and 50 cm apart) were planted in each plot and two rows of linseed (row spacing and plant spacing of 25 and 4 cm) were planted on each ridge. Sampling was done to calculate the density and dry weight of weeds in the control treatment group (WF) at the end of the growing season and for interference treatments (WI) at the end of each stage before weeding. At the time of linseed maturing, yield components, biological yield, grain yield, oil yield, element content and protein of flaxseed were measured.The critical period of weed control was determined using Gampertz nonlinear regression equations (to determine yield response to weed-free periods) and Logistic nonlinear regression equation (to determine yield response to weed interference periods). Results and Discussion: Weed control and weed interference periods had a significant effect on weed dry weight. With increasing control and interference periods weed dry weight increased and decreased, respectively. Throughout the whole season weed interference treatment produced the highest amount of weed dry biomass (149 g m-2), and among the control treatments, the highest dry weight of weeds was observed in the 20-day control treatment. With increasing control periods, weed plants have the opportunity to grow in a situation where the relative competitiveness of linseed plants has improved due to the expansion of lateral branches, increase in height and more intense shading. For this reason, weed growth is limited. However, increasing the length of interference periods, weeds can grow easily due to the weakness of the initial linseed seedling at the beginning of the season and the lack of sufficient growth resources. The effect of weed interference and weed control treatments on grain content (P, K, Zn and Fe), grain protein, yield components, biological yield and grain yield, oil percentage and oil yield were significant. With increasing control periods and decreasing interference periods of all elements in linseed seed, the number of capsules per plant, the number of seeds per capsule and 1000-seed weight increased. Biological yield of linseed in 10 and 20 day interference treatments was not significantly different from 10 and 20 day control treatments, because weed competition in the first season has a very negative effect on growth and biomass production of linseed and seedlings linseed have poor competitiveness against weeds. Therefore with weed control measures at the beginning of the growing season can improve seed and biological yield of this plant.The critical period of weed control for linseed in Yasuj, based on a 10% reduction in grain yield, was determined from 5 days to 44 days after the emergence linseed, equivalent to 142.8 to 589.85 GDD from the time of linseed planting. Conclusion: In order to prevent weeds growth, improve the quality (elements, oil and protein) and quantity (yield) of linseed grain and reduce the costs, it is recommended that weed control start from five days after linseed emergence to 39 days after aforementioned time.}, keywords = {Critical weed free period,Crop-weed interaction,Duration of Weed Interference,Yield loss}, title_fa = {تعیین دوره بحرانی کنترل علف‌های هرز کتان روغنی (Linum usitatissimum L.) در یاسوج}, abstract_fa = {به منظور تعیین دوره بحرانی کنترل علف‌های هرز کتان روغنی (Linum usitatissimum L.) آزمایشی در سال زراعی 96-1395 در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 14 تیمار و سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه یاسوج اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل دو گروه، گروه اول به صورت حذف علف‌های هرز (عاری از علف هرز) تا 10، 20، 30، 40، 50 و 60 روز پس از سبز شدن کتان روغنی و سپس حفظ آن‌ها اعمال شد و گروه دوم، به صورت حفظ علف‌های هرز (تداخل) تا زمان‌های فوق و سپس حذف آن‌ها اعمال شد. دو تیمار شاهد تداخل و کنترل تمام فصل (110روز) نیز در نظر گرفته شد. با افزایش طول دوره‌های تداخل علف‌های هرز، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد روغن، پروتئین دانه، تعداد کپسول، تعداد دانه در کپسول، وزن هزار دانه و میزان عناصر‌غذایی دانه (آهن، روی، فسفر و پتاسیم) کاهش معنی‌داری یافتند. ولی افزایش طول دوره‌ی کنترل منجر به افزایش این صفات شد که در همه موارد جز در فسفر دانه این روند افزایشی، معنی‌دار بود. در کل تاثیر منفی رقابت علف هرز بر صفات عملکردی و جذب عناصر در اول فصل بیشتر از باقی طول رشد گیاه بود. با اینکه افزایش طول دوره‌های تداخل علف‌های هرز، باعث افزایش معنی‌دار وزن خشک علف‌های هرز گشت ولی اثر آن بر تراکم علف‌های هرز معنی‌دار نبود. با افزایش طول دوره‌های کنترل، وزن‌خشک علف‌های هرز و تراکم آن‌ها کاهش معنی‌داری یافت. دوره بحرانی کنترل علف‌های هرز برای کتان روغنی با در نظر گرفتن کاهش مجاز 10 درصد عملکرد دانه، 5 تا 44 روز پس از سبز شدن کتان روغنی تعیین شد.}, keywords_fa = {افت عملکرد,تعامل گیاه زراعی,علف‌هرز,دوره بحرانی عاری از علف‌هرز,دوره تداخل علف‌هرز}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_40045.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_40045_7867c09bb87dedd3f501c45afcce63a3.pdf} } @article { author = {Aliverdi, A. and Borghei, S.M.}, title = {The Effect of Spray Pattern and Volume on Haloxyfop-r-methyl Efficacy against Wild Barley (Hordeum spontaneum)}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {265-278}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.2021.67963.1003}, abstract = {Introduction: Herbicides should be sprayed on weeds after diluting in water. Since the spray volume can affect the efficacy of herbicides; therefore, selecting an appropriate spray volume has always been considered a simple, inexpensive and available method to optimize the efficacy of herbicides. Changing the sprayer speed and the nozzle size are two possible methods to adjust the spray volume. If a very low or high spray volume is required to achieve optimal herbicide efficacy, the applicability of the first method will be problematic. For this reason, the method of changing the nozzle size always seems to be more feasible.. When a graminicide is sprayed with a single flat fan nozzle, which is currently the most common type of nozzle available to most Iranian farmers, the spray droplets which move perpendicular to the ground are mostly oblique to the leaf surface of the grass, having erect leaves. Hence, it is likely that a large number of the spray droplets bounced from the leaf surface to the soil. A twin flat fan nozzle can create two non-vertical sprays, reducing the possibility of impacting obliquely the spray droplets to the leaf surface. Therefore, the bouncing of spray droplets from the leaf surface is significantly reduced. To date, the efficacy of twin symmetrical and asymmetrical flat fan nozzles has not been compared. On the other hand, the effect of spray volume on haloxyfop-r-methyl efficacy against wild barley has not been evaluated. Therefore, this experiment was intended to fill the gaps mentioned in science. Materials and Methods: To compare the efficiency of single, twin symmetrical and twin asymmetrical flat fan nozzles under different spray volumes, a dose-response experiment was performed in the Research Greenhouse of Bu-Ali Sina University. In this experiment, seven doses of haloxyfop-r-methyl (0, 10.8, 21.6, 43.2, 64.8, 84.4 and 108 g a.i. ha-1) were used using three types of nozzles (single flat fan, twin flat fan 2020 and twin flat fan 3070) in six sizes of them (110015, 11002, 110025, 11003, 11004 and 11005, which create the spray volumes of 150, 200, 250, 300, 400 and 500 L ha-1, respectively) were sprayed on wild barley at a three-leaf stage. Simultaneously with spraying 108 g a.i. ha-1, another experiment was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design. In this experiment, the amount of spray settling from three types of nozzles in six sizes of on moisture-sensitive papers was evaluated in three situations. Paper No. 1 was mounted horizontally on the ground and papers No. 2 and 3 were mounted vertically facing the back and back of the nozzle, respectively.  Results and Discussion: In paper No. 1, in all types of nozzles, more surface of the paper was wetted by increasing the nozzle size (spray volume). In all types of nozzles at 11003, 11004 and 11005, the highest wetting rate was provided (100%). The lowest wetting rate was obtained with twin flat fan 3070 at 110015 (7.3%). In paper No. 2, in all types of nozzles, more surface of the paper was wetted by increasing the nozzle size. The highest wetting rate (100%) was observed with single flat fan and twin flat fan 2020 nozzles at 11003, 11004 and 11005. The lowest wetting rate (24-19%) was observed with single flat fan nozzle at 110015 and 11002. In paper No. 3, in two twin flat fan nozzles, more surface of the paper was wetted by increasing the nozzle size. A single flat-fan nozzle could not wet the paper at all. In general, the performance of the nozzles used in this experiment is twin flat fan 2020 > single flat fan = twin flat fan 3070. In all types of nozzles, with increasing the size of nozzles (spray volume), the rate of haloxyfop-r-methyl is required to reduce 50 and 90% of the dry weight of wild barley (ED50 and ED90) increased significantly, indicating a decrease in the efficacy of haloxyfop-r-methyl against wild barley. As the best treatment, the lowest values of ED50 and ED90, which were equal to 9.34 and 38.21 g a.i. ha-1, respectively, were obtained with twin flat fan 2020 at 110015. Increased efficacy of haloxyfop-r-methyl when spray volume was reduced can be explained as follows small size nozzles create a greater small droplet. Smaller droplets may give better spray retention over the leaf surface, resulting in increased efficacy of haloxyfop-r-methyl. In low spray volume, the higher concentration of herbicide in the spray solution may create a greater concentration gradient between the spray solution and leaf, increasing the diffusion of herbicide into the leaf. Conclusion: Although the spray coverage increased with increasing spray volume for haloxyfop-r-methyl, it has an adverse effect on its efficacy. Therefore, smaller and more concentration droplets resulted in greater control of wild barley with haloxyfop-r-methyl than did larger and more dilution droplets.}, keywords = {droplet size,Graminicide,nozzle size,spray retention}, title_fa = {تأثیر الگو و حجم پاشش بر کارایی هالوکسی‌فوپ-آر-متیل علیه جودره (Hordeum spontaneum)}, abstract_fa = {در آزمایشی به صورت دُز-پاسخ، کارآمدی نازل­های تک بادبزنه و دو بادبزنه 2020 و 3070، هر کدام با شماره­های 110015، 11002، 110025، 11003، 11004 و 11005 بر کارایی هالوکسی فوپ-آر-متیل علیه جودره بررسی شد. همزمان، میزان خیس­شدگی کاغذهای حساس به رطوبت قرار گرفته در سه وضعیت (کاغذ 1 بطور افقی بر روی سطح زمین و کاغذهای 2 و 3 بطور عمودی به ترتیب روبرو و پشت به مسیر حرکت نازل) با تیمارهای مذکور بررسی شد. تمامی انواع نازل­ها با شماره­های 11003، 11004 و 11005 کاغذ 1 را کاملاً خیس­ کردند. نازل دو بادبزنه 3070 با شماره 110015 فقط 3/7 درصد کاغذ 1 را خیس کرد. نازل­های تک بادبزنه و دو بادبزنه 2020 با شماره­های 11003، 11004 و 11005 کاغذ 2 را کاملاً خیس کرد. کمترین میزان خیس­شدگی کاغذ 2 با نازل تک بادبزنه با شماره­های 110015 و 11002 حاصل شد (19-24 درصد). نازل­های دو بابزنه 2020 و 3070 با شماره­های 11004 و 11005 کاغذ 3 را کاملاً خیس کردند. نازل تک بادبزنه اصلاً نتوانست کاغذ 3 را خیس کند. بجز با نازل تک بادبزنه در کاغذ 3، در تمامی انواع نازل­ها، با افزایش شماره نازل سطح بیشتری از کاغذها خیس شد. براساس کارایی هالوکسی­فوپ-آر-متیل، کارآمدی نازل­ها به صورت دو بادبزنه 2020 > تک بادبزنه = دو بادبزنه 3070 بود. اگر­چه افزایش شماره نازل سبب افزایش خیس­شدگی کاغذهای حساس به رطوبت شد، ولی سبب افزایش مقدار ED50، یعنی کاهش کارایی هالوکسی­فوپ-آر-متیل، شد. در بین تیمارها، کمترین مقدار ED50 با نازل دو بادبزنه 2020 با شماره 110015 مشاهده شد (34/9 گرم هالوکسی­فوپ-آر-متیل در هکتار).}, keywords_fa = {اندازه قطره,باریک برگ‌کش,شماره نازل,نوع نازل,نشست پاشش}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_40243.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_40243_90c9c1bc2ce2290f1b8ce36ae84c340c.pdf} }