@article { author = {Gerami Nooghabi, M. and Mehrvar, M. and Zakiaghl, M.}, title = {Evaluation the Efficiency of Different Methods of RAN Extraction for the Identification of the Squash Mosaic Virus}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {145-152}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v34i2.72088}, abstract = {Introduction: Squash mosaic virus (SqMV) is a member of the genus Comovirus in the family Comoviridae. It is a seedborne and beetle-transmitted virus infecting most plants in the genera Cucurbita and Cucumis. Like other comoviruses, SqMV has a bipartite positive-strand RNA genome consisting of RNA1 and RNA2, which are separately encapsidated in isometric particles of 28 nm in diameter. The genomes contain a poly (A) tail at the 3-terminus and the genome-linked viral protein (VPg) attached to the 5end. ELISA has been used widely in plant virus diagnosis but it has relatively low sensitivity which is not suitable for detection of trace amounts of the virus in single viruliferous aphid vectors and mix infection. By contrast, PCR is an effective and efficient tool for in vitro amplification of DNA templates and has been extensively used for the diagnosis of viral and subviral pathogens with DNA and/or RNA genomes. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) are powerful tools for highly sensitive detection of plant viruses with DNA and RNA. The first step in a successful PCR test is to have an extraction method and the major problem in RNA extraction is contamination by polyphenols and polysaccharides. So, in this study, we investigated the effectiveness of various extraction methods in identifying the Squash mosaic virus. Materials and Methods: Plant material and virus isolates RT-PCR and sequencing Twenty-five samples of Melon from Khorasan Razavi and Jonubi provinces under the cultivation of Melon have been collected in spring and summer of 2017. The samples had typical virus types, severe mosaic spasms, complexity and deformity, and entered the process of extraction of the genome of the dandruff as a positive example. The leaves samples were used for different RNA extraction methods using Chang et al. method, Dena Zist and Qiagen Kit, Triasol and dsRNA cellulose method and were used directly or stored at minus 70 0C. Two specific RT-PCR was set up for amplifying an amplicon of 1900 and 1300 bp in order to detect infected samples, as this region is conserved among all SqMV isolates, and determine the best method for extraction virus RNA. The SqMV partial coat protein gene and partial genome of RNA1 has been sequenced to confirm the results. Here, we employed the Chang et al. procedure which is based on CTAB buffer. We also followed the manufacturer's protocol to extract the genome by Dena Zist and Qiagen kit. Triasol is a mono-phasic solution of phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate. It is a ready-to-use reagent for the isolation of total RNA from cells and tissues. After addition of Triasol and chloroform, phase separation is created by centrifugation. RNA is present in the aqueous phase and can be recovered by precipitation with isopropanol or ethanol. The extraction protocol used for DsRNA is a modification of the non-phenol batch protocol reported by Morris et al. (1983) and was compared with two other dsRNA extraction protocols.   Results and Discussion: The destruction of the nucleic acid during the process of extracting from the plant tissue and the presence of inhibitory substances are the major problems in purifying the genome of the viral viruses. In order to effectively detect Squash mosaic virus from melon tissue at the contaminated fields, four RNA extraction methods were compared and then the nucleic acid extraction method was optimized. The quality of the nucleic acid was extracted by polymerase chain assay with reverse transcription and using two pairs of different primers. Among the methods of extraction, there were significant differences in the way that some of the methods were not able to detect the virus from the plant tissue. Among the investigated methods, the method of extracting dsRNA with cellulose resulted in the highest and most excellent nucleic acid due to the exclusive purification of the viral genomic from the plant tissue, making it possible to detect the virus in most of the samples. We concluded that the modified dsRNA extraction protocol is efficient, fast, economic, versatile, and requires small amounts of tissue. The protocol was successfully used to extract dsRNAs from the plants infected with acute and persistent viruses such as SqMV in Melon samples.  }, keywords = {Keywords: Extraction RNA,Squash mosaic virus,Khorasan}, title_fa = {بررسی کارایی روش‌های مختلف استخراج آر.ان.آ در شناسایی ویروس موزاییک کدو (Squash mosaic virus)}, abstract_fa = {تخریب اسید نوکلئیک در طی فرآیند استخراج آن از بافت گیاهی و نیز وجود مواد بازدارنده از عمده‌ترین معضلات خالص‌سازی ژنوم ویروس‌های گیاهی است. به منظور ردیابی موثر ویروس موزاییک کدو از بافت خربزه از مزارع آلوده، چهار روش مختلف استخراج RNA با یکدیگر مقایسه و روش استخراج اسیدنوکلئیک از این گیاه بهینه شد. کیفیت اسیدنوکلئیک استخراج شده به وسیله آزمون زنجیره‌ای پلی‌مراز با نسخه‌برداری معکوس و به کمک دو جفت آغازگر متفاوت تعیین شد. در بین روش‌های استخراج تفاوت چشمگیری وجود داشت به نحوی‌که بعضی از روش‌ها قادر به ردیابی ویروس از بافت گیاهی نبودند. در بین روش‌های مورد مقایسه، روش استخراج dsRNA با سلولز به علت خالص‌سازی انحصاری اسیدنوکلئیک ویروسی از بافت گیاه، بیشترین و بهترین اسیدنوکلئیک را در پی داشت و ردیابی ویروس در اغلب نمونه‌ها را ممکن می‌نمود.}, keywords_fa = {واژه های کلیدی: استخراج نوکلئیک اسید,مقایسه,ویروس موزاییک کدو}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37711.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37711_4be58a1632726532d345462523db3cb1.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammad Alian, Y. and banihashemian, seyedeh najmeh and Banihashemian, S.M. and Golmohammadi, M. and Jourbonian, I.}, title = {Evaluation of Aliado Fungicide in Control of Citrus Gummosis Disease}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {153-168}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v34i2.74707}, abstract = {Introduction: Effect of Aliado fungicide (Masio, Spain) with active ingredient of Mancoezbe 40%, chlorothalonil 20% and simoxanil 5% as a 65% WP formulation for control of citrus gummosis disease in laboratory, greenhouse and orchard conditions was compared with common fungicides (copper oxychloride and Bordeaux mixture in ratios of 100 and 50 g/l respectively). The growth of Phytophthora parasitica and P. citrophthora was controlled in the culture media containing the recommended doses of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 g/l. Results of greenhouse experiment with one-year-old sweet orange seedlings of Siavaraze (a local variety) indicated that Aliado is effective on prevention of the wound development at the doses of 25 and 35 g/l for P. parasitica and 20 and 35 g/l for P. citrophthora. The best result was obtained with painting of 15 grams per liter of the fungicide twice a year (spring and autumn) in the field assessment. Materials and Methods: In this study, P. parasitica and P. citrophthora were isolated from the infected soil. The fungi were stored after purification and cultivation in the test tube for the next steps. To evaluate the effect of Aliado in laboratory conditions, different doses of the fungicide containing 0, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 grams per liter were added to the CMA medium and distributed in petri dishes. Then, 5 mm discs were prepared from the 7-day-old pragmatic margin of the fungus-like and placed in the center of Petri dishes. After maintaining them at 24 °C for 4 days, the radial growth of mycelium was measured. In order to investigate the effect of the fungicide in greenhouse condition, seeds of Siavaraze local sweet orange as a sensitive variety was prepared and treated with 0.5 percent sodium hypochlorite solution and cultivated in a soil composition disinfected with water vapor in a controlled greenhouse of Citrus and subtropical Fruit Research center. Evaluation of the effect of fungicides was carried out after seedlings reached about 20 centimeters. For staining treatments, 24 one year old seedlings of Siavaraze were used. First, at 15 cm above the surface of the soil, a part of the bark was removed from the trunk and discs of the same size from the fungi-like colonies were placed instead. In the control plants, the culture medium without mycelium was placed on the surface of the wood. To evaluate the treated seedlings, about 40 days after application of the fungicides, the size of the new wound was calculated. To study the effect of Aliado in orchard condition, 24 trees of 12 years old with Bakraee and Lime rootstocks infected with trunk gummosis in Kerman (Jiroft) and Fars (Jahrom) provinces were used in a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments in 3 replications. The wound of the trunk marked and bark of the infected area was gently scratched and painted by a brush with the same treatments and doses of the laboratory test. Six months after application, the size of the new wound was recorded. The analysis of variance and the mean comparison were performed based on MSTATC statistical program and the Tukey's test. Results and Discussion: Laboratory studies showed that Aliado fungicide completely prevented the growth of fungi-like in the recomended doses of the company. Under greenhouse conditions, painting of Aliado with 25 and 35 grams per liter for P. parasitica and 20 and 35 grams per liter for P. citrophthora have been effective in stopping the development of stem wounds. This research was also conducted in field conditions in the orchards with gummosis symptoms in Kerman and Fars provinces. In the orchard condition, two times application of all treatments containing Aliado fungicide (even a dose of at least 15 g/l) was effective. The results of the experiment are in agreement with those of the world's researchers, which have reported the use of fungicide as an effective method for controlling phytophthora fungus-like of gummosis. Therefore, in citrus cultivation areas of the country, especially the southern provinces, where the climatic conditions are favorable for the activity of the fungi-like, treatment of the crowns of citrus trees with Aliado in the spring and the autumn with the minimum proposed dose of the fungicide is recommended. Observations showed that all treatments of Aliado are effective by drying the gum in controlling disease progression through disinfection. In some treatments, the emergence of gum in the new places was observed with a little distance from the previous wounds. It can be because the effect of fungicide has decreased after a few months. In climatic conditions of the southern regions of the country the fungi-like are active throughout the year. So the use of fungicide in spring and autumn is recommended. The use of Aliet fungicide in two doses of 160 and 200 g in 100 liters of water had a protective effect less than one year.}, keywords = {Citrus,gummosis,Phytophthora,Aliado ctl}, title_fa = {ارزیابی کارایی قارچ‌کش آلیادو در کنترل بیماری شبه قارچی گموز مرکبات}, abstract_fa = {در این پروژه تأثیر قارچ‌‌کش آلیادو با ماده مؤثره مانکوزب 40% + کلروتالونیل 20% و سیموکسانیل 5% به‌صورت فرمولاسیون پودر وتابل 65 درصد تولیدی شرکت ماسوی اسپانیا در مقایسه با قارچ‌کش‌های رایج اکسی کلرور مس (Cupravit) با فرمولاسیون پودر وتابل 35 درصد و مخلوط بردو (Bordeaux Mixture) با فرمولاسیون W/V 18 درصد Sc به غلظت‌های100 و50 گرم در لیتر، درکنترل شبه قارچ‌های Phytophthora parasitica و P. citrophthora، عوامل بیماری گموز مرکبات، در شرایط آزمایشگاهی، گلخانه‌ای و باغی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. نتایج بررسی آزمایشگاهی نشان داد که رشد این بیمارگرها در محیط کشت حاوی دزهای 15، 20، 25، 30 و 35 گرم در لیتر، متوقف می‌گردد. نتایج آزمون گلخانه‌ای با گیاهچه‌های یک ساله رقم پرتقال سیاورز نشان داد که رنگ‏آمیزی محل زخم با دزهای 25 و 35 گرم در لیتر و 20 و 35 گرم در لیتر به ترتیب برای گونه‌های  P. parasiticaوP. citrophthora ، نسبت به سایر تیمارها بهترین تأثیر را در توقف توسعه زخم ساقه داشته است. در شرایط باغ، بهترین نتیجه با رنگ‌آمیزی 15 گرم در لیتر قارچ‌کش، به‌صورت دو بار در سال (بهار و پاییز) به‌دست آمد.}, keywords_fa = {مرکبات,گموز,فیتوفتورا,آلیادو}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37716.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37716_b671438c8541dbf4c7d78e8e63afcd97.pdf} } @article { author = {Bagheri, A. and Babaei, Gh.}, title = {Survey of Frequency of some Pathogens Associated with Potato Purple Top Disease}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {169-181}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v34i2.78540}, abstract = {Introduction: Several pathogens, including fungal, viral, and prokaryotic agents, can cause disease in potatoes. Purple top disease associates with the formation of air glands, stubborn, leaf rolling, in potato fields is visible and several pathogens has reported reported to be the cause of this disease. Potato leaf roll virus, purple top wilt Phytoplasma and Rhizoctonia solani fungi are the most important agents. Plants in response to pathogen infection, show a wide range of symptoms. Symptoms of purple or purple leaves usually indicate contamination of the host plant with phytoplasmic agents. Materials and Methods: Symptoms of purple top wilt, stubborn, yellowing and leaf rolling, witches broom, big bud and formation of aerial tubers were observed in potato fields of Chaharmal Va Bakhtiari, Hamedan and Fars provinces during 2006-2011. Some samples also showed symptoms of root rot and stem canker, Wilting accompanied by stubborn, color change of the yellow leaves or purple, leaf rolling and formation of aerial tubers at the base of the plant near the surface of the soil or in the lateral buds of the base of the petioles and of course, it was different in different cultivars. Symptoms of disease in the Marfona variety, mostly include the formation of aerial tubers and yellow leaves, and in the most of plants stolon canker was also seen. In Agria, Diamont, Maradona, Sante, Raja, Navita, and Kozima varieties, symptoms of purple top accompanied formation of aerial tubers in some plants were stubborn the witches broom and wilt. In some other cultivars, symptoms of witches broom, rosette and hairy of the roots were observed. Symptoms of disease also weeds in the margins of potato fields. Symptoms of witches broom, phyllody, stubborn and rosette in Dandelion (Taraxacum officinalis), Salsify (Tragopogon graminifolius), Black night shade (Solanum nigrum), Wild raddish (Raphanus raphanistrum), hare's ear mustard (Conringia orientalis) and witches broom and stubborn in alfalfa were observed. Scales of symptoms varied in different regions depending on the region and sampling time. Symptoms of purple top and formation of aerial tubers at the end of the season. Yellowing symptoms and the formation of aerial tubers in the Navita cultivar in the late growing season has reached to 40% in some areas. Results and Discussion: 460 samples tested by ELISA against PLRV, PCR (using P1/P7 followed R16F2n/R16R2 universal primers) for presence of phytoplasma and cultured on PDA for isolation of fungi caused root rot and canker. Investigation showed presence of phytoplasmas, fungi and PLRV with abundance of 136, 245 and 61(28.7, 53.25 and 13.2 %) respectively. Most of the symptoms caused by phytoplasmas and Rhizoctonia have a symptom of purple top and aerial tubers. Association of PLRV in some cases produced symptoms of leaf roll and purpling. Aerial tuber formation and purple top symptoms in different potato cultivars were seen in various ratio, while fungal and phytoplasmas agent were main casual agents in Marfona and Navita cultivars, respectively. From the samples of  potato with roots and stems of rot and canker symptoms, fungi Rhizoctonia solani,  Fusarium solani, F.oxysporom and Colletotrichum  sp. isolated  that 32.9% of the infection was related to Rhizoctonia and 20.3% was related to other fungi. Inoculation of these fungi in greenhouse conditions caused potato plants to cause plant death and drying out, and no symptoms of purple top or aerial tuber formation were observed. It seems that occurrence of such symptoms is possible only in farm conditions. Plants that showed purple top, stubborn, and rolling of the end leaves were infected with PLRV, the symptoms of the virus are varied in many varieties. In some plants, disease is accompanied by yellowing and degeneration and in some leaf roll and purple top were observed. In no case, the symptoms of the aerial tuber formation in plants that were infected with the virus were not observed. In transfer with dodder and grafting to tomatoes and potatoes, samples with stem canker and root rot did not cause any symptoms in healthy plants. But those examples were no symptoms of purple top and aerial tuber in the plant that did not show any symptoms of stolon and rooting of root canker and in the ELISA test, they did not respond positively to PLRV, tomatoes and potatoes were transplanted in greenhouse conditions with dodder and grafting. Potato plants have shown graft symptoms of yellow, stubborn, leaf roll and purple top in greenhouse conditions, but the formation of the aerial tuber was not observed in greenhouse conditions. After dormancy the tubers from plants with symptoms of purple top showed only a small number of these tuber showing symptoms of hairy sprouting. This condition can only be infected in some tubers from an infected plant due to the occurrence of these symptoms but the selection of plants in terms of symptoms and the uncertainty of infection with phytoplasma can be a reason. These two pathogen group caused purple top and aerial tuber formation in other potato cultivars in different region with various ratio. The PCR products of R16F2n/R16R2 from phytoplasma detected in potato, alfalfa and weeds samples were used in restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP, by digestion with AluI, HaeIII, HhaI, RsaI, KpnI, MseI and Hae III restriction enzymes. Results indicated presences of two distinct phytoplasma group in potato samples (16SrI-B and 16SrXII-A) and 16SrXII-A phytoplasma from Alfalfa samples, 16SrI-C from salsify (Tragopogon graminifolius) and 16SrVI-A from here's ear cabbage (Conringia orientalis). Contamination of different agents were seen also in some samples. This is the first report of presence of phytoplasma group 16SrI-B and 16SrXII-A in potato in Iran. Conclusions: Despite the similarities between the symptoms of purple top and the formation of air glands in potato fields, the disease is caused by phytoplasmic agents, PLRV, and rhizoctonia fungi, in its management, the cause of the disease should be identified.}, keywords = {PCR,Phytoplasma,PLRV,Purple top,RFLP}, title_fa = {بررسی فراوانی برخی بیمارگرهای همراه با بیماری سرارغوانی سیب‌زمینی}, abstract_fa = {در برخی مزارع سیب­زمینی نشانه­های پژمردگی همراه با سرارغوانی، ریزبرگی، زردی و لوله‌ای شدن برگ، تورم جوانه­های جانبی و غده‌های هوایی مشاهده می­شود. بررسی460 نمونه‌ جمع‌آوری شده از مزارع سیب­زمینی استان­های چهارمحال و بختیاری، همدان و فارس طی سال‌های1390-1385با آزمون الیزا با آنتی‌سرم اختصاصی Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV)، کشت نمونه‌های ریشه‌ دارای علایم پوسیدگی و شانکر، روی محیط  PDAو بررسی نمونه‌ها با PCR با استفاده از پرایمرهایP1/P7 و R16F2n/ R16R2، وجود سه عامل فیتوپلاسما، قارچ رایزوکتونیا و ویروس برگ قاشقی سیب­زمینی را به ترتیب با فراوانی 132، 245 و 61 نمونه در بین نمونه‌های بررسی شده را نشان ‌داد. نتایج این بررسی نشان داد 7/28، 25/53 و2/13 درصد از علایم سرارغوانی و تشکیل غده هوایی به ترتیب توسط عوامل فیتوپلاسمایی، قارچی و ویروس برگ قاشقی سیب زمینی ایجاد می‌شود. علایم تشکیل غده هوایی و ارغوانی شدن برگ­های انتهایی بوته سیب­زمینی در ارقام مختلف به نسبت­های متفاوت دیده­شد. برش آنزیمی محصول PCR تکثیر شده توسط پرایمرهای R16F2n/ R16R2 مربوط به نمونه­های سیب‌زمینی و یونجه دارای علایم جاروک، گوجه فرنگی دارای علایم فیلودی و پیچیدگی برگ و علف‌های هرز همراه با علایم فیلودی، زردی و ریزبرگی حاشیه مزارع، با آنزیم‌های محدود کننده AluI، HaeIII، MseI، HhaI،  RsaI، KpnI و  HpaIIدر آزمون RFLP نشان دهنده وجود دو گروه فیتوپلاسمایی در نمونه‌های سیب‌زمینی شامل 16SrI-B (Aster yellows) و 16SrXII-A (Stolbur) است. نمونه‌های فیتوپلاسمای یونجه و گوجه­فرنگی همگی متعلق به گروه16SrXII-A  و نمونه‌های شنگ (Tragopogon graminifolius) و گوش فیل (Conringia orientalis) به ترتیب متعلق به گروه‌های 16SrI-C (Aster yellows group-Clover phyllody) و 16SrVI-A (Clover proliferation group-Clover proliferation) بودند.}, keywords_fa = {آر‌اف‌ال‌پی,پی‌ال‌آر‌وی,پی‌سی‌آر,سرارغوانی,فیتوپلاسما}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37720.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37720_c44edf69ade975a72acacad9b3b491c9.pdf} } @article { author = {Khalili, M. and Mirshamsi Kakhki, A. and Aghnoum, R. and Seifi, A.}, title = {Detection of Rdg1a and mlo Genes for Resistance to Leaf stripe and Powdery Mildew Diseases in Barley}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {183-194}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v34i2.80752}, abstract = {Introduction: Powdery mildew and Leaf stripe diseases are the most important of barley fungus diseases in Iran. Identification of new genetic resources and breeding for resistance is one of the most economical and adaptive methods for controlling these diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was an identification effective molecular marker for detection Rdg1a and mlo resistance alleles for Marker Assisted Selection against two diseases Leaf stripe and powdery mildew. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on F2 population derived from crosses the RIL-27 that has Rdg1a, mlo-11 resistance alleles and Yousef which has susceptible alleles (rdg1a, MLO). The RIL27 line is one of the lines of the recombinant inbred line population that derived from a cross between the VADA cultivar and the L94 Ethiopian line. 60 samples of F2 population were divided into two populations of 30 for genotyping and phenotyping against two diseases. We used HVCSG and mlo-6 and mlo-10 markers for the presence detection Rdg1a and mlo-11 respectively. Also Manchuria cultivar, which is susceptible to powdery mildew was used to produce inoculum powdery mildew. Genomic DNA of the plants was extracted from non-infected leaves in a two-leaf stage by using the CTAB method. Then, the quantity and quality of extracting DNA were studied by using (Thermoscientific (USA)) and Agarose gel (1%). The HVCSG, mlo-6 and mlo-10 markers amplified fragments 705, 440 and 380 base pairs respectively. Phenotyping evaluation against P.‌graminea was performed by using the sandwich method and for phenotyping evaluation against B. graminis was done using Aghnoum and et al method. And then the percentage of infect plants were counted. Results and Discussion: In this study at first, HVCSG marker was used to distinguish Rdg1a resistance allele in parents and F2 population. This marker amplified the 705 base pair band that the result obtained was corresponding to what Biselli and et al showed in 2010. Biselli et al. Developed the HVCSG molecular marker to identify the Rdg1a resistance allele in the RIL population from the VADA × L94 crosses by rice EST sequence and they said, this marker amplifies the region from 4500 to 5025 sequences encoding the Shalcone synthase gene. But in this study, the results of using this marker in the F2 population are completely inconsistent with what Biselli and et al have stated. The results show that the HVCSG marker has a low efficiency. Second to check and confirm the presence of mlo-11 allele of mlo-6 and mlo-10 markers were used. The size of amplified regions (440 of the mlo-11 gene and 380 base pairs of the MLO gene) was corresponding to the results of Reinstadlr and et al. showed that these markers amplified 380 and 440 base pair fragments. After of inoculation test and the appearance of the symptoms of the diseases the percentage of infect plant for phenotyping against leaf stripe disease was counted. The Yousef cultivar, which was infected with P. graminea as a susceptible parent, showed success in the inoculation test. In other samples, 24 days after planting, symptoms of leaf stripe disease appeared in the five leaf stage. First, on the infected leaves, a yellow strip appeared, and most of the leaves that were later formed showed signs of the disease. Then the yellow strips on the leaves infected joined each other and caused the death of the leaf. Two resistant parents, RIL27 and VADA showed very low symptoms of leaf stripe disease. The results of inoculation test in this study was corresponding with studies from Arru and et al (2002) and Biselli and et al (2010). Arru et al showed that VADA was showing very little about 7% of the symptoms disease due to the presence of the resistance gene. Biselli and et al (2010) also reported that the percentage of infections in VADA parent is 2%. For phenotyping evaluation against powdery mildew disease after infecting the seedlings with B. graminis fungus, in the Yousef parent, symptoms were observed as white fluffy dots on the leaf surface. In the VADA variety, there were necrotic points. L94 and RIL-27, which had mlo-11 resistance gene, did not show any symptoms of the disease. L94 is a native Ethiopian cultivar that allele carries mlo resistance, so it is resistant to powdery mildew. The F2 population showed different signs based on the presence and absence of allele resistance. The samples with resistance allele, there were appeared mildew cholestasis and necrosis symptoms, and those that did not have resistance alleles were appeared necrotic and fluffy symptoms. In mlo-11 resistance alleles, the necrotic symptoms can be due to the presence of the Ml (La) resistance gene and also the pleiotropy effects of the molecular gene. Xintian et al reported that the mlo genes were not without pleiotropic effects, and necrotic symptoms on leaves of plants with mlo-11 resistance gene could be due to the effect Overlapping of the mlo gene with other QTLs. Conventional plant breeding methods are based on phenotypic selection of superior genotypes in segregation generation. Phenotyping methods are often costly and time-consuming for specific traits, but Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) is one of the methods developed to prevent of common problems in conventional plant breeding techniques. In some studies, the researchers pointed to use of molecular markers for facilitating of plant breeding programs. Conclusion: Molecular markers are used as a new tool for increasing the efficiency of breeding programs to identify genetic resources. In addition, shortening the duration of breeding programs and the selection of recessive alleles, the molecular markers helps to facilitate the pyramiding of resistance genes to provide a broad and durable resistance. In general, the development of efficient molecular markers and the identification of different genetic resources against plant diseases and the pyramiding of resistance resources are preventing of the increasing use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers to control the pathogen.}, keywords = {Leaf stripe,Marker assisted selection,Powdery Mildew}, title_fa = {ردیابی ژن‌های Rdg1a و mlo در جو برای مقاومت به بیماری‌های لکه قهوه‌ای نواری و سفیدک پودری}, abstract_fa = {بیماری­های سفیدک پودری  (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei)و لکه قهوه­ای نواری  (Pyrenophora graminea)از جمله بیماری‌های مهم قارچی جو در ایران می­باشند و شناسایی ارقام مقاوم یکی از اقتصادی­ترین و کارآمدترین روش­­ها برای کنترل این بیماری­ها می­باشد. این تحقیق، با هدف ردیابی الل­های مقاومت Rdg1a و mlo-11 در جمعیت F2 حاصل از تلاقی والد مقاوم RIL-27 با رقم حساس یوسف انجام شد. ابتدا ارزیابی ژنوتیپی با استفاده از نشانگر HVCSG برای الل مقاومت Rdg1a انجام گردید و به ترتیب در نمونه­های مقاوم و حساس قطعاتی به اندازه‌ی 705 و 480 جفت باز تکثیر شدند همچنین جهت بررسی الل مقاومت mlo از نشانگر­های mlo-6 و mlo-10 استفاده شد این نشانگرها قطعاتی به اندازه­ی440 جفت باز از ژن mlo (الل مقاومت) و380 جفت باز از ژن MLO (الل حساسیت) را تکثیر کردند. نتیجه­ی واکنش والدین و جمعیت F2 در برابر آلودگی به بیمارگر لکه قهوه­ای نواری نشان داد که شدت بیماری در نمونه­های مقاوم دارای الل مقاومت Rdg1a خیلی پایین است. در بررسی واکنش این نمونه­ها به بیمارگر سفیدک پودری جو،  لاین L94 به دلیل حضور الل مقاومت mlo-11فاقد علایم بیماری بود که احتمالاً ناشی از تأثیر این الل در ایجاد مقاومت است. به طور کلی نتایج حاصل از ارزیابی ژنوتیپی به پتانسیل نشانگر­های mlo-6 و mlo-10 برای شناسایی الل مقاومت mlo-11 در لاین های انتخابی اشاره می­کند. نشانگر HVCSG از کارایی پایینی برخوردار بود که لازم است با طراحی نشانگر مولکولی مناسب ژنوتیپ­های مقاوم را شناسایی کرد.}, keywords_fa = {سفیدک پودری,گزینش به کمک نشانگر,لکه‌ قهوه‌ای نواری}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37723.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37723_062ce32586a8723346f534c87fa1b52d.pdf} } @article { author = {Latifizadeh, R. and Khanjani, M. and Zahiri, B.}, title = {umigant Acute Toxicity of Rosemary and Lavender Essential Oils and a Synergism between them Against Adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (Col.: Chrysomelidaed) under Laboratory Conditions}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {195-205}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v34i2.58875}, abstract = {Introduction: Cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) is one of the key pests in the grain storage warehouses, which feeds on a variety of crops, including cowpea, pea, lentil, mung bean, and bean and causes damage on them. Sometimes this pest could destroy 100% of the stored bean seeds within 5-6 months. Currently, fumigants pesticide are used to control of cowpea weevil. This kind of control method has different adverse effects for consumers and does not provide effective control on the target pest. In order to control this pest in recent years, environmentally friendly pesticides, especially of plant origin are considered by researchers. In this regard, the pesticide effects of the rosemary essential oils (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) and their synergistic effects on the adults of Callosobruchus maculatus were studied. Material and Methods: Bean beetles of this study were provided from Plant, Pest and Disease Research Institute in Karaj and then were transferred to laboratory of entomology of plant protection department of Jahad Keshavazi, Gom, Iran. The provided bean beetles were reared in laboratory condition to get mass production. Bioassay experiments of essential oils were performed with concentrations of 12, 25, 45, 86, 166, and 320 microliters per liter of air on adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (1-3 days) in 27±1°C temperature, 65±5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16 hours of darkness and 8 hours of light. The experiments were done on a mixture of mung bean and cowpea seeds into 60 ml glass containers in incubators. LC50 and LC90 index of each of the essential oils were calculated by POLO-PC software and analysis of variance was performed using SAS 9.1 software. Results: The results indicated rosemary and lavender essential oils had insecticidal effect on the bean beetle and the insect mortality rate increased with increasing concentration. Rosemary essential oil was more toxic than lavender essential oil. The LC50 values of rosemary and lavender were 17.39 and 40.39 microliters per liter of air, respectively. To investigate the interaction effect of these two essential oils, another experiment was performed at previous concentrations in equal proportions (1: 1) of each essential oil and the LC50 value of the mixture was obtained 15.84 microliters per liter of air. Conclusion: The synergistic ratio (SR) of lavender and rosemary essential oils was the equal to 1.82, which indicates that these essential oils intensify the effect of each other. The mean mortality due to respiratory toxicity of lavender and rosemary and their mixtures were 61.29, 77.38 and 81.58%, respectively.}, keywords = {Essential oils,Lavender,Rosemary,Callosobruchus maculatus,Synergist}, title_fa = {سمیت تنفسی حاد اسانس‌های رزماری و اسطوخودوس و هم‌افزایی آن‌ها روی حشره‌ی کامل سوسک چهارنقطه‌ای حبوباتCallosobruchus maculatus (Col.: Chrysomelidae) در شرایط آزمایشگاه}, abstract_fa = {سوسک چهارنقطه‌ای حبوبات، Callosobruchus maculatus یکی از آفات کلیدی انواع مختلف حبوباتی مانند لوبیا چشم بلبلی، نخود، عدس، ماش و باقلا بوده و می­تواند خسارت وارد کند. برای کنترل آن در سال­های اخیر از آفت‌کش‌های سازگار با محیط زیست به ویژه با منشاء گیاهی مورد توجه محققین قرار گرفته است. در این پژوهش سمیت اثرات تنفسی حاد اسانس‌های گیاه رزماری،Rosmarinus officinalis L.  و اسطوخودوس، Lavandula angustifolia Mill و برهم‌کنش آن­ها روی حشرات کامل سوسک چهارنقطه­ای حبوبات مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. آزمایش­های زیست‌سنجی اسانس­ها با غلظت­های 12، 25، 45، 86، 166، 320 میکرولیتر لیتر هوا روی حشرات کامل 1 تا 3 روزه این آفت در دمای 1 ± 27 درجه سلسیوس، رطوبت نسبی 5 ± 65 درصد و دوره­ی نوری 16 ساعت تاریکی و 8 ساعت روشنایی انجام شد آزمایش­ها روی مخلوطی از دانه‌های ماش و لوبیا چشم بلبلی درون ظرف‌های شیشه‌ای درب‌دار به حجم 60 میلی­لیتر، داخل انکوباتور انجام شد. شاخص‌های LC50 و LC90 اسانس‌ها با نرم‌افزار POLO-PC محاسبه و تجزیه واریانس آن­ها با نرم‌افزار SAS 9.1 انجام شد و سمیت تنفسی اسانس­ها مورد ارزیابی قرارگرفت. نتایج نشان داد که رابطه مستقیمی بین غلظت اسانس و درصد مرگ‌ومیر وجود دارد. اسانس رزماری نسبت به اسانس اسطوخودوس دارای سمیت بالاتری بود. مقادیر LC50 رزماری و اسطوخودوس به ترتیب 39/17 و 39/40 میکرولیتر بر لیتر هوا بدست آمد. برای بررسی اثرات متقابل این دو اسانس، آزمایش دیگری در غلظت­های پیشین و به نسبت مساوی (1:1) از هر اسانس انجام شد و مقدار LC50 مخلوط دو اسانس 84/15 میکرولیتر بر لیتر هوا به­دست آمد. نسبت هم‌افزایی (SR) این دو اسانس معادل 82/1 بود که نشان می‌دهد اسانس‌های مذکور اثر یکدیگر را تشدید می‌نمایند. میانگین مرگ‌ومیر ناشی از سمیت تنفسی اسانس‌های اسطوخودوس، رزماری و مخلوط آن‌ها به ترتیب 29/61، 38/ 77 و 58/81 درصد به­دست آمد.}, keywords_fa = {اسانس,اسطوخودوس,رزماری,سوسک چهار نقطه‌ای حبوبات,سینرژیست}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37729.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37729_b9da12ffbb60895f1c681747c0a2c64d.pdf} } @article { author = {HelmiJadid, M. and Musavi Baygi, M. and Sadeghi Namaghi, H.}, title = {Calculation of the Base Temperature and Investigation of Changes in Number of Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella) Generations, with Degree-Day Model in Chenaran}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {207-217}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v34i2.84704}, abstract = {Introduction: Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) is one of the most important agricultural pests which annually damages apples, pears, and walnuts orchards. Like other pests, coldling moth development depends to the air temperature. Climate changes have many impacts on the environment and pests are affected by these changes, too. Codling moth has two generations in cold regions and 4 to 5 generations in warm regions per year. The number of this pest generations and the damages which it caused in the orchards depends on the amount of received cumulative temperature during a growing season. Increasing the average daily temperature will increase the cumulative degree-day and subsequently, this can increase the number of pest generations annually. The increase in the number of pests as a result of global warming can damage the environment and food security significantly. One of the effects of climate changes on the pest can be identified with an overview of the codling moth generation and its changes over the past years. Materials and Methods: Maximum and minimum temperature data of Golmakan synoptic station (Khorasan Razavi) were used to calculate the number of codling moth generations (1989-2018). Average daily temperature was calculated using maximum and minimum temperatures. To estimate the degree-day, the base temperature was obtained by the growth rate method at different temperatures. In this method, the growth rate of one stage of pest life (egg laying to egg hatching) was recorded at different temperatures and the temperature in which the growth rate becomes zero was considered as the base temperature. Then, degree-day was calculated by subtracting the base-day temperature from daily mean temperature and cumulative degree-day for each year was obtained by summing degree-days biofix to harvest. The biofix date in 2019 was obtained by the pheromone traps and the first male trapped in the pear orchard near Golmakan station. Pest activity initiates at temperatures higher than the base temperature, so the biofix date for each year (1989–2018) was selected based on the mean daily temperature that reached the base temperature and then increased. Biofix in the pear orchard also occurred under these circumstances. Trend of cumulative degree-day was analyzed by Mann-Kendall nonparametric test in the statistical period 1989-2018 to examine cumulative degree-day changes. Pheromone trap data in pear orchards in 2019 and previous studies show that codling moth need about 650˚C degrees-day temperature to complete each generation. Consequently, the number of pest generations for each year was calculated by dividing the cumulative degree-day by 650 DD. The number of male trapped in pheromone traps from biofix to harvest and flight peaks shows the number of the codling moth generations in the area of observation. Finally, the number of codling moth generations in 2019 were compared to the number of generations of this pest in the statistical period 1989–2018. Results and Discussion: The average annual temperature in Golmakan station varied from 13.9˚C to 16.7˚C from 1989 to 2018. Considering the codling moth growth rate from laying to hatching at 8, 10, 12, 14 16, 18˚C, base temperature in which the growth rate was zero, was obtained 8.4° C. The cumulative degree-day for codling moth from biofix to harvest in the statistical period 1989–2018 was between 1780˚C in 1992 and 2456˚C in 2008. Recorded air temperature data by data logger in pear orchard showed that the pest received 2251˚C degree-day in 2019. The results of Mann-Kendall test showed an increasing and significant trend for cumulative degree-day. After calculating the cumulative degree-day, it was determined that the codling moth had three generations in the past 30 years except one year. The mean cumulative degree-day was 2067˚C in 1989-1998, 2215˚C in 1999-2008, and 2300˚C in 2009-2018. This shows that the average cumulative degree-day increased by 143˚C in the first ten years and 85˚C in the second ten years. According to the results of this study, at the beginning of the statistical period, pest's life cycle stops at the beginning of the third generation and it enters the pupal and overwintering stage. Toward the end of the statistical period, pest life cycle is going to complete and reach to the fourth generation. In 2019, pheromone traps registered 3 pike flights for codling moth in the pear orchard near the Golmakan station. Thus, in 2019, there were three generations of this pest in the area of observation. If these conditions continue, the fourth generation may be presented in the area of observation in next years. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that increasing the mean of daily temperature increases the cumulative degree-day and if the temperature continues to rise, the occurrence of fourth generation will not be unexpected in the coming years. Damage to apple, pear, and walnut orchards increases by increasing number of codling moth. Therefore it will be more difficult to control this pest. Under these conditions, using pesticides will increase in agriculture and there will be environmental problems. According to the results of this study in order to manage codling moth, it is necessary to determine the exact number of generations and the appropriate time of spraying due to the time of egg hatching in each region.}, keywords = {Climate change,Base temperature,Degree day,Codling Moth}, title_fa = {محاسبه دمای پایه و بررسی روند تغییرات تعداد نسل کرم سیب(Cydia pomonella) ، با استفاده از مدل درجه-روز در شهرستان چناران}, abstract_fa = {جنبه‌های متعدی از تغییر اقلیم و آثار آن بر اکوسیستم ها بررسی شده است، لکن تأثیر آن بر روی آفات، خصوصاً در ایران کمتر موردتوجه قرار گرفته است. تغییر اقلیم در دهه‌های اخیر تأثیرات متعددی را بر روی جامعه گیاهی و آفات گذاشته است. کرم سیب به‌عنوان یک آفت کلیدی مانند سایر آفات کشاورزی وابستگی زیادی به دمای هوا دارد. این آفت برای کامل شدن یک نسل و طی مراحل مختلف زندگی نیاز به دریافت حدود 650 درجه-روز دما دارد. به‌منظور بررسی روند تغییرات تعداد نسل کرم سیب، پس از محاسبه دمای پایه، تعداد نسل این آفت در یک دوره آماری 30 ساله (1397-1368) با استفاده از داده‌های هواشناسی  ایستگاه‌ گلمکان و مدل درجه-روز تعیین گردید و نتایج به‌دست‌آمده با نتایج تله‌های فرمونی نصب‌شده و دیتالاگر ثبت‌کننده دما در باغ گلابی در سال 1398 مقایسه گردید. دمای پایه برای کرم سیب 4/8 درجه سلسیوس به دست آمد. این آفت در دوره 30 ساله گذشته به‌جز یک سال دارای 3 نسل کامل بوده و روند درجه-روز دریافتی آن مثبت و معنادار است. در ابتدای دوره آماری زندگی آفت در ابتدای نسل سوم متوقف شده و با نزدیک شدن به اواخر دوره آماری مراحل زندگی آفت رو به تکمیل شدن پیش می‌رود.  میانگین درجه-روز تجمعی دریافتی در ده سال دوم دوره نسبت به ده سال اول 143 درجه و در ده سال سوم نسبت به ده سال دوم 85 درجه افزایش داشته است. در صورت ادامه روند افزایش دما وقوع نسل چهارم  آفت نیز  دور از انتظار نخواهد بود. در این شرایط استفاده از سموم و هزینه‌ها افزایش خواهد یافت.}, keywords_fa = {تغییر اقلیم,دمای پایه,درجه روز,کرم سیب}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37734.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37734_af4d21bf4d1e5bf2cf189ccdcf11d1d8.pdf} } @article { author = {Fakhrrad, F. and Izadi Darbandi, E. and Rasshed Mohhasel, M.H. and Hassanzade Khayat, M. and nassirli, hoorieh}, title = {Investigation of Biological and Chemical Degradation of Metribuzin in Soil and the Effect of Organic Manure on its Half- Life and its Degradation in Controlled Conditions}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {219-227}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v34i2.31780}, abstract = {Introduction: persistence of herbicide in the environment is one of the most important consequences of the release of herbicide in the soil. This is more important particularly, in soil consumer herbicides such as metribuzin. Metribuzin is from the group of photosystem Π inhibitors and is widely used for controlling broadleaf weeds in many crops such as potatoes, tomatoes and wheat. According to available information, metribuzin has medium and high persistence in soil and the high potential for contaminating groundwater resources as well as damaging crops in the rotation. Therefore, using strategies for reducing harmful effect of this herbicide is essential. In this regard, attention to factors affecting the fate of herbicide such as evaporation, distillation, leaching, surface runoff, absorption by soil and plant matter and especially the role of chemical analysis and biodegradation is essential and has important role in management of   persistence and remains of herbicide. Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with factorial arrangement and three replications. Treatments included the soil at two levels (sterile and non- sterile), cow manure amount at four levels (0, 1, 5 and 10 based on soil percentage weight), and soil incubation periods at 8 levels (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 36, 64, 90 days). To perform the test, after preparing the soil to a depth of 0 to 10 cm from the place that has no history of using herbicide for at least 5 years, the soil samples were transferred the laboratory to determine the physiochemical properties. For Sterile soil, soil samples were taken at 121 ° C and 2.1 bar pressure in the autoclave for 45 minutes, and this was repeated three times. For contaminated soil to metribuzin, after preparing the soil, at interested different levels of organic fertilizers (including 50 g dry soil), the soil samples were contaminated with metribuzin  at amount of 5 mg per kilogram of soil (the equivalent of 0.25mg metribuzin  in 50 g soil). The sterile water at 75% field capacity soil was then added and the bottles were closed with vent aluminum paper and placed in the incubator in darkness at 27 ° C for 90 days. After leaving the soil samples at specific time periods, the extraction of metribuzin from the soil samples was stored in freezer at -25 °-C to be used for Hplc analyses. Result: There was no difference in the several levels of organic matter. Extraction efficiency of metribuzin at levels of 1, 5 and 10% was, respectively, 92.52, 91.76 and 91.51 % compared with the control without the use of organic fertilizers (95.52). According to the results, degradation rate was more rapid in non-sterile soil, therefore, metribuzin soil residue was 59.12, 38.18 and 28.55 %, after 36, 64 and 90 days incubation period, respectively, in non-sterile soil relative to sterile soil. No significant differences in metribuzin residues in the soil, in the first days of incubation of soil samples, may be related to the lack of a history of herbicide application and need of compatibility of soil microorganisms to metribuzin. Using 1, 5 and 10 %  of cow manure amendment to  non-sterile soil, decreased metribuzin halflife  from 85.57 days  to 47.80, 57.28 and 38.08 days, respectively, and in sterile soil its half-life decreased from 83.51 to 91.03, 49.50 and 51.34 days, respectively. Khoury et al. reported that by increasing the organic matter, the half-life of metribuzin decreases. In this experiment, increasing the organic fertilizers from 0 to 25, 50.75 and 100% resulted in a reduction of half-life from 15.4 to 12.4, 9.6, 7 and 3.1 day, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of this experiment, addition of cow manure can increase metribuzin degradation in soil and decrease its half-life.}, keywords = {: Residue,Chemical degradation,Biological degradation}, title_fa = {بررسی تجزیه بیولوژیکی و شیمیایی متری‌بیوزین در خاک و تأثیر کود آلی بر نیمه عمر و تجزیه آن در شرایط کنترل شده}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی تجزیه بیولوژیکی و شیمیایی متری‌بیوزین در خاک و نقش کود دامی در روند تجزیه و نیمه‌عمر آن، آزمایشی در شرایط کنترل‌شده در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی در 3 تکرار انجام شد. عوامل مورد بررسی شامل نوع خاک در دو سطح (سترون‌شده و غیرسترون)، مقدار کود دامی (کود ‌گاوی) در چهار سطح (0، 1، 5 و 10درصد وزنی خاک) و زمان برداشت نمونه‌ها از داخل انکوباتور، در 7 سطح (صفر، 2، 4، 8، 16، 36، 64 و 90 روز) بودند. بر اساس نتایج آزمایش، روند تجزیه در خاک غیرسترون سریع ‌تر از خاک سترون‌شده بود، بطوریکه باقیمانده متری‌بیوزین در روز‌های 36، 64 و 90 روز بعد از نگهداری در خاک غیر‌سترون به ترتیب 12/59، 18/38 و55/28 درصد و در خاک سترون‌شده 13/67، 38/49 و 76/34 درصد بود و کاربرد 1، 5 و 10درصد کود دامی به خاک غیرسترون منجر به کاهش نیمه‌عمر متری‌بیوزین از 57/85 روز به ترتیب به 80/47، 28/57، 08/38 روز شد و در خاک سترون‌شده از 51/83 روز به 03/91، 50/49 و 34/51 روز شد. بر مبنای این آزمایش اضافه‌کردن کود گاوی می تواند تجزیه متری بیوزین را  در خاک افزایش و  نیمه‌عمر آن را کاهش دهد.}, keywords_fa = {باقیمانده,تجزیه شیمیایی,تجزیه زیستی}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37739.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37739_31e54253b8b276f0e80ab407f78a8f6f.pdf} } @article { author = {Fathi, M.A. and Elahifard, E. and Siahpoosh, Abdolreza}, title = {Evaluating Seedbed Preparing Methods and Herbicide Application in Weed Management of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {229-241}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v34i2.75813}, abstract = {  Introduction: Phaseolus vulgaris L., known as the common bean and green bean among other names, is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds or unripe fruit. Weeds are one of the most important factors in reducing the yield of common bean. Since tillage promotes germination of many weed species, tillage followed by destruction of weed seedlings with minimal further soil disturbance often leads to lower weed density in the crop. This is referred to as the stale seedbed method of planting. In false seedbed technique, preparation of a seedbed is followed by one or more superficial cultivations as about one-week intervals prior to planting the crop. Although these procedures are widely used by farmer, they have received little scientific study. This experiment was conducted to investigate the combined method of using seed bean bed preparation with application of herbicides such as EPTC, linuron, and trifluralin, in order to bean weeds control in Aleshtar region. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of seedbed preparing methods and soil applied herbicides in weed management and yield of common bean, an experiment was carried out as factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications in 2015-2016 growing season in Hatam Abad village, Selseleh, Aleshtar, Lorestan, Iran. Experimental factors included seedbed at two levels (fasle seedbed and stale seedbed) and soil applied herbicides at three levels (EPTC (3 L ha-1), linuron (1.5 L ha-1), and trifluralin (1.5 L ha-1)). Two treatments including weed infested (as control) and weed free (as treatment), are also considered. Each plot was divided into two parts, one infested with weed (as contaminated control) and the other treated with herbicide. The percent reduction of weed density and dry weight were calculated at 30 and 60 days after spraying. The studied traits were plant height, number of pods per plant, number of branches per plant, length of pod per plant and number of seeds per pod, economic and biological yield and harvest index. The SAS9.2 software was used to analyze the data. Results and Discussion: The results showed that weed dry weight reduction (79.09% and 78.57%) was greatest in stale seedbed plus EPTC and trifluralin at 30 days after herbicide application (DAHA), respectively. While, the lowest reduction in weed dry weight (28.27% and 35.41%) was observed in stale and false seedbed with linuron application. Weed dry weight reduction at 60 DAHA in false seedbed (76.58%) was lesser than stale seedbed (84.34%). The highest and lowest weed density and dry weight reduction percentages (90.38% and 89.69%) and (64.48% and 64.48%)) were obtained trifluralin and linuran, respectively. The highest percentage of increase in number of pods per plant belonged to weed free (52.01%), followed by linuron (42.5%), EPTC (40.43%) and trifluralin (34.34%). The highest percentage of increase in the number of seeds per pod belonged to weed free (36.14%) and then EPTC (29.54%), linuron (28.06%), and trifluralin (28.06%). Regarding grain yield, the highest percentages were weed free (52.92%), EPTC (44.11%), linuron (31.13%) and trifluralin (30.30%), respectively. The highest percentage of biological yield increase belonged to weed free (32.46%), linuron (25.5%), EPTC (20.81%), and trifluralin (17.83%), respectively. The highest percentage of harvest index belonged to weed free (34.33%), followed by linuron (21.37%), EPTC (19.55%), and Trifluralin (18.23%). Conclusion: The result of present study showed that trifluralin could control weed more than EPTC and linuron. The weed dry weight reduction percentage in the stale seedbed was also higher than that of the false seedbed. In all treatment, the percentage of yield increase of weed free was higher than the other treatments. Except for grain yield, which showed a significant difference in herbicide treatments, other treatments did not differ significantly. Totally, the false seedbed technique has several limitations. First it can only be effective if the soil is warm and moist enough to allow germination of weed seeds. A second limitation is that the soil is kept bare and loose for a more period, and this may lead to more erosion. A third limitation is that yield may be lost if planting is delayed by the pre-plant cultivation. A fourth problem is that although cultivation prior to planting may greatly reduce one set of species, if planting is delayed, a new set of species may become physiologically ready to germinate.}, keywords = {grain yield,stale and false seedbed,weed density and dry weight}, title_fa = {ارزیابی شیوه‌های تهیه بستر بذر و کاربرد علف‌کش در مدیریت علف‌های هرز لوبیا (Phaselous vulgaris L.)}, abstract_fa = {علف‌های هرز یکی از مهمترین عوامل کاهش دهنده عملکرد لوبیا می‌باشند. به منظور بررسی اثر روش‌های تهیه بستر کاشت و مصرف علف‌کش‌های خاک کاربرد بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد لوبیا آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار، در سال زراعی 1395-1394 در روستای حاتم آباد، واقع در بخش فیروزآباد شهرستان سلسله، در استان لرستان اجرا شد. عوامل مورد بررسی شامل تهیه بستر کاشت در دو سطح (دائم و غیردائم) و علف‌کش‌های خاک کاربرد در سه سطح شامل ]لینوران (5/1 لیتر در هکتار)، ای‌پی‌تی‌سی (3 لیتر در هکتار)، تریفلورالین (5/1 لیتر در هکتار)[ بودند. همچنین دو تیمار عدم کنترل علف‌های هرز (به عنوان شاهد آلوده) و وجین دستی به عنوان تیمار مهار علف‌های هرز در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین درصد کاهش وزن خشک علف‌های هرز در 30 روز پس از سمپاشی به ترتیب متعلق به بستر بذر دائم به همراه کاربرد علف‌کش‌های ای‌پی‌تی‌سی (09/79 درصد)، و تریفلورالین (57/78 درصد) بود. درصد کاهش وزن خشک علف‌های هرز 60 روز پس از کاربرد علف‌کش در بستر کاشت غیردائم (58/76 درصد) کمتر از بستر کاشت دائم (34/84 درصد) بود. بیشترین درصد افزایش تعداد غلاف در بوته نسبت به شاهد آلوده متعلق به تیمار وجین (01/52 درصد) و پس از آن به لینورون (05/42 درصد)، ای‌پی‌تی‌سی (43/40 درصد) و تریفلورالین (34/34 درصد) بود. بیشترین درصد افزایش تعداد دانه در غلاف متعلق به تیمار وجین (14/36 درصد) و پس از آن ای‌پی‌تی‌سی (54/29 درصد)، لینورون (06/28 درصد) و تریفلورالین (06/28 درصد) بودند. در خصوص عملکرد دانه، بیشترین درصد افزایش به ترتیب متعلق به وجین (92/52 درصد)، ای‌پی‌تی‌سی (11/44 درصد)، لینورون (13/31 درصد) و تریفلورالین (30/30 درصد) بودند. بیشترین درصد افزایش عملکرد بیولوژیک به ترتیب متعلق به به وجین (46/32 درصد)، لینورون (50/25 درصد)، ای‌پی‌تی‌سی (81/20درصد) و تریفلورالین (83/17 درصد) بود. بیشترین درصد افزایش شاخص برداشت متعلق به وجین (33/34 درصد) و پس از آن لینورون (37/21 درصد)، ای‌پی‌تی‌سی (85/19 درصد) و تریفلورالین (23/18 درصد) بودند. به طورکلی، تریفلورالین نسبت به ای‌پی‌تی‌سی و لینوران به میزان بیشتری علف‌های هرز را مهار نمود. همچنین، درصد کاهش وزن خشک علف‌های هرز در بستر بذر دائم نسبت به بستر بذر کاذب بیشتر بود.}, keywords_fa = {بستر بذر دائم و غیر دائم,تراکم و وزن خشک علف‌های هرز,عملکرد دانه}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37744.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37744_8586e9da85072ed3dbccfad97944d188.pdf} } @article { author = {Moradi, K. and Mohammadvand, E. and Asghari, J.}, title = {The Efficacy of some Herbicides and Cultivation on Weed Control and Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Yield}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {243-258}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v34i2.84924}, abstract = {Introduction: Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) represents considerable diversity in vigorous potential depending on field management practices, such as herbicides application which is an effective option in rapeseed production. Herbicides types determine time and application method; thereby utilizing different types of herbicides influences competitive ability of rapeseed against weeds and subsequently alters the outcome of the competition depending on agro-ecological conditions and existent weed populations. Moreover, response to different type of herbicides can vary among weed populations, and one or more population might be more constrained, which would change the weed population dynamics. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of some preplant, preemergence and postemergence registered herbicides (in Iran) besides cultivation on weed control and rapeseed yield. Materials and Methods: A randomized complete block design with 20 treatments each in three replications was established in Mahidasht region of Kermanshah Province. The treatments included preplant soil incorporated application of trifluralin+ postemergence application of haloxyfop (treatment 1), preplant soil incorporated application of trifluralin+ postemergence application of sethoxydim (treatment 2), preemergence application of pendimethalin + postemergence application of haloxyfop (treatment 3), preemergence application of pendimethalin + postemergence application of sethoxydim (treatment 4), postemergence application of clopyralid + postemergence application of haloxyfop (treatment 5), postemergence application of clopyralid + postemergence application of sethoxydim (treatment 6), postemergence application of clopyralid + postemergence application of cycloxydim (treatment 7), postemergence application of clopyralid + postemergence application of clethodim (treatment 8), postemergence application of clopyralid + postemergence application of cycloxydim quizalofop (treatment 9), postemergence application of clopyralid + postemergence application of fluazifop (treatment 10), postemergence application of haloxyfop (treatment 11),postemergence application of sethoxydim (treatment 12), postemergence application of cycloxydim (treatment 13), postemergence application of clethodim (treatment 14),  postemergence application of quizalofop (treatment 15),  postemergence application of fluazifop (treatment 16), one (treatment 17) and two cultivation (treatment 18), and weed infested (treatment 19) and weed free (treatment 20) conditions. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that the clopyralid application with grass herbicides effectively reduced both density and dry weight of broadleaf weeds. Clopyralid application along with haloxyfop-methyl decreased wheat (as a weed in canola, and the prior crop in the field) density and dry weight as much as weed-free conditions. Applying clopyralid with other grass herbicides also resulted in significant reduction compared to weed infested control. Application of trifluralin and pendimethalin with each of haloxyfop and sethoxydim was not significantly different in terms of density and dry weight of broadleaf weeds and total weeds (total weed-plants except wheat), and also density of total weed-plants (including wheat). Thus, they caused substantially reduction in density and dry weight of broadleaf weeds and total weed-plants. However, they were not as effective as weed free treatment. As compared with sethoxydim, application of Haloxyfop accompanied by either trifluralin  or pendimenthalin was more effective for wheat control (as a weed); as density and dry weight of wheat and dry weight of total weed-plants in treatments of trifluralin along with haloxyfop were significantly lower than with sethoxydim. Using acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors alone which did not control the broad-leaf weeds properly. The haloxyfop caused a higher decrease in density and dry weight of wheat (as a weed), while the least impact was found for fluazifop. The effect of twice cultivation on weed density and dry weight was not significantly different from once cultivation, therefore, weed density and dry weight were higher than weed free condition. However, they were less than weed-infested condition. In general, Although none of the treatments were able to decrease total weed-plants (including wheat as a weed) density and dry weight up to the weed-free condition, but applying clopyralid with grass herbicides considerably reduced the total weed density (total weed-plants minus weeds) as well as the level of weed-free conditions. For canola traits, hand weeding treatment showed superiority to the other treatments. The magnitude of loss occurred in plant height, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, Silique number per plant, grain number per plant, 1000-grain weight and grain oil percentage was 26, 48, 81, 63, 59, 6, 51, and 5 %, respectively. The maximum reduction in rapeseed measured traits was observed to be 7 % for clopyralid applied along with haloxyfop, 11 % for quizalofop, 16 % for fluazifop, 17 % for clethodim, and 20 % for the other grass herbicides. Using trifluralin and pendimethalin with each of haloxyfop and sethoxydim was not significantly different from the individual application of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors; and consequently it does not appear to be an appropriate option. Conclusion: Weed competition not only reduces grain yield, but also grain oil (5% loss). Since a yield reduction between 5% and 10% is acceptable with herbicide application, it is possible to utilize clopyralid along with haloxyfop-methyl in rapeseed fields particularly where wheat has been previously cultivated.}, keywords = {Chemical weed management,Clopyralid,Grass herbicides,Pendimethalin,trifluralin}, title_fa = {اثر برخی علف‌کش‌ها و کولتیواسیون بر کنترل علف‌های هرز و عملکرد کلزا (Brassica napus L.) در استان کرمانشاه}, abstract_fa = {این تحقیق در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 20 تیمار و سه تکرار در منطقه ماهیدشت کرمانشاه به اجرا در آمد. تیمارها عبارت بود از کاربرد تری‌فلورالین+ هالوکسی‌فوپ‌آرمتیل‌استر (تیمار1) یا ستوکسیدیم (تیمار2)، کاربرد پیش‌رویشی پندی‌متالین + هالوکسی‌فوپ‌آرمتیل‌استر (تیمار3) یا ستوکسیدیم (تیمار4)، کاربرد کلوپیرالید + هالوکسی‌فوپ‌آرمتیل‌استر (تیمار5) یا ستوکسیدیم (تیمار6) یا سیکلوکسیدیم (تیمار7) یا کلتودیم (تیمار8) یا کوییزالوفوپ-اتیل (تیمار9) یا فلوآزیفوپ-پی-بوتیل (تیمار10)، کاربرد هالوکسی‌فوپ‌آرمتیل‌استر (تیمار11) یا ستوکسیدیم (تیمار12) یا سیکلوکسیدیم (تیمار13) یا کلتودیم (تیمار14) یا کوییزالوفوپ-اتیل (تیمار15) یا فلوآزیفوپ-پی-بوتیل (تیمار16)، یک‌بار‌ (تیمار17) و دوبار کولتیواسیون (تیمار18) و شرایط آلوده به (تیمار19) و عاری از علف‌هرز (وجین دستی) (تیمار20). هیچ یک از تیمارها قادر به کاهش تراکم و وزن خشک کل گیاهان هرز (شامل گندم خودرو) تا حد شرایط عاری از علف‌هرز نشد؛ اما کاربرد توام کلوپیرالید با باریک‌برگ‌کش‌ها سبب کاهش تراکم کل علف‌های هرز (کل گیاهان هرز بجز گندم) تا حد شرایط عاری از علف‌هرز شد. در بررسی صفات کلزا، میزان کاهش ارتفاع بوته، عملکرد بیولوژیک، عملکرد دانه، شاخص برداشت، تعداد خورجین در بوته، تعداد دانه در خورجین، وزن هزار دانه و درصد روغن دانه کلزا در نتیجه آلودگی به علف‌‌های هرز به‌ترتیب 26، 48، 81، 63، 59، 51،6 و 5 درصد بود. حداکثر مقدار کاهش صفات در کاربرد کلوپیرالید با هالوکسی‌فوپ هفت، با کوییزالوفوپ 11، با فلوآزیفوپ 16، با کلتودیم 17 و با سایر باریک‌برگ‌کش‌ها 20 درصد بود. لذا می‌توان از کاربرد توام کلوپیرالید و هالوکسی‌فوپ در مزارع کلزا به‌ویژه در شرایطی که کشت قبلی گندم بوده و احتمال حضور این گیاه در کلزا وجود دارد، بهره برد.}, keywords_fa = {پندی‌متالین,تری‌فلورالین,علف‌کش‌باریک‌برگ‌کش,کلوپیرالید,مدیریت شیمیایی علف‌های هرز}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37749.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37749_4be97398a54a78ab1a00c9eebb0de66e.pdf} } @article { author = {Moradi Kalbolandi, M. and Makarian, H. and Baradaran Firouz Abadi, Mehdi and Asghari, H.R.}, title = {Spatial Dependence of Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat and Weeds Using Geostatistical and Remote Sensing Methods}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {259-271}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v34i2.85286}, abstract = {Introduction: Understanding the spatial relationship of weed populations and crop growth and yield within fields is increasingly important as methods are being developed for the site-specific management of weeds. Knowledge of spatial variability helps to improve weeds and crop management efficiency. It is well known that weed populations have a patchy distribution and a weed patch is considered stable if is consistent with density and location over time. Most of the spatial variability studies about weed populations have provided very precise information for site-specific recommendations and they are referred to as density data. The knowledge of spatial patterns within a field is critical not only to farmers for potential variable rate applications, but also to select homogenous zones within the field to run crop models with site-specific input to better understand and predict the impact of weeds, soil and landscape characteristics on spatial and temporal patterns of crop yields to enhance resource use efficiency at field level. Remote sensing and geostatistic methods have been widely explored as a tool for detection and mapping of weeds distribution in agricultural crops. Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon under investigation. Thus, on the basis of different types of platforms carrying specific sensors, agricultural remote sensing could generally be categorized into satellite, aerial, and handheld or tractor mounted remote sensing. The cross-semivariogram analysis is one of geostatistical methods to describe the joint spatial dependence, or continuity between two variables such as crop yield and density of weeds and other pairs of variables that are influenced by the same local conditions or spatial processes. The objective of this study was to describe the spatial relationship between winter wheat and weeds using geostatistic and remote sensing. Material and Methods: Geostatistic and remote sensing techniques were used to describe spatial relationship between weeds distribution and wheat biological and grain yield on a winter wheat fields located in Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology in growing season 2017-2018. Wheat traits such as biological and grain yield, weed density, and biomass were measured at 110 points of field based on an 8×8 m grid. Also, in order to investigation of biological and grain yield of wheat using remote sensing, an aerial image was taken by a quadcopter from the height of 120 m and then numerical values of aerial image pixels extracted and analyzed using geostatistics methods. Before subjecting data to spatial statistical analysis, they were log-transformed and detrended by a median polishing procedure as described previously. To describe the co-continuity of two variables (wheat yield and weeds populations) cross-semivariance was used. Semivariograms and cross-semivariograms were calculated both using GS+ and Variowin (Software for spatial data analysis in 2D, Spring Verlag, New York, USA) softwares, respectively. Results and Discussion: Semivariogram analysis showed that total weed density and biomass had patchy patterns on the field. Cross-semivariograms showed weed density and biomass had negative spatial correlation of 75.89 to 62.50% with wheat biological yield and negative spatial correlation of 91.9 and 56.25 with grain yield of wheat, respectively. Remote sensing data showed a strong correlation of 88.23 and 78.12% with biological and grain yield of wheat, respectively. High spatial dependence was observed between the maps of biological and grain yield of wheat. Also, weed density and biomass patterns on the maps of weeds were similar to patterns of wheat biological and grain yield on the maps. Competition for resources among plants has long been considered to generate stress for plants and to be important for determining the distribution of species, as well as their evolution. Weeds reduce crop yields primarily by competing with the crop for limited resources (light, water, nutrients, etc.). Knowledge of the distribution of weeds across the field creates an opportunity for site-specific weed management. One potential way to utilize this information is through variable-rate herbicide application (VRA). While mapping weeds via field scouting or remote sensing for precisely varying application can be expensive, photographs taken from an airplane at times when weed-crop discrimination is good may be a more affordable method of roughly mapping weed patches to allow for some reduction in herbicide use. Conclusion: Base on this experiment results, weed density and biomass had a patchy distribution and so they can, depending on their impact degree, affect the growth and yield patterns of wheat in a non-uniform manner. Also geostatistical and remote sensing data has great potential for study of plant distribution and their relationships on the fields.}, keywords = {Aerial image,Growth heterogeneity,spatial distribution,Yield map}, title_fa = {مطالعه ارتباط مکانی رشد و عملکرد گندم زمستانه با علف‌های هرز با استفاده از روش‌های زمین آماری و سنجش از دور}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی همبستگی توزیع مکانی رشد و عملکرد گندم زمستانه با علف­های هرز با استفاده از روش­های زمین آماری و سنجش از دور، آزمایشی در سطح یک مزرعه گندم واقع در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود در سال زراعی 97-1396 انجام شد. بدین منظور عملکرد بیولوژیک و دانه گندم منطبق بر محل اندازه‌گیری تراکم و زیست توده علف های هرز در 110 نقطه در سطح مزرعه در محل تقاطع سیستم شبکه‌ای 8 × 8 متر اندازه‌گیری و ثبت شد. به منظور بررسی عملکرد بیولوژیک و دانه گندم با استفاده از سنجش از دور نیز عکس هوایی با کوادکوپتر از ارتفاع 120 متری از سطح مزرعه تهیه شد و سپس ارزش عددی پیکسل های تصویر هوایی استخراج و مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد جمعیت و زیست توده علف­های هرز با عملکرد بیولوژیک گندم همبستگی مکانی منفی 89/75 و 50/62 درصدی و با عملکرد دانه گندم همبستگی مکانی منفی 9/91 و 25/56 درصدی نشان داد. داده‌های حاصل از عکس هوایی نیز همبستگی مکانی قوی 23/88 و 12/78 درصدی به‌ترتیب با عملکرد بیولوژیک و دانه گندم نشان داد. براساس نتایج این پژوهش روش­های زمین آماری و داده‌های تصویر هوایی به خوبی نشان داد که توزیع ناهمگون تراکم و زیست توده علف­های هرز در سطح مزرعه می‌تواند سبب توزیع مکانی ناهمگون عملکرد بیولوژیک و دانه گندم گردد.}, keywords_fa = {تصویر هوایی,توزیع مکانی,نقشه عملکرد,ناهمگونی رشد}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37752.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37752_d1013564f92b01331b75e22bad7f4b4a.pdf} } @article { author = {Yadegar, P. and Ghorbani, R. and Ghanbari, A. and Rahimiyan mashhadi, Hamid}, title = {Effect of Planting Pattern and Density on Control of Weeds and Yield of Red Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Varieties in the Presence of Bentazon Herbicide}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {34}, number = {2}, pages = {273-285}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.vi0.84843}, abstract = {  Introduction: Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is so sensitive to intercompetition especially with weed species. Weed management is an essential factor for the success of an agricultural production system. The use of high competitiveness figures is one of these approaches. Another way to manage properly is just to reduce herbicide dose using through the mixed herbicides in crops. By intercropping, filling the empty space prevents weed development in the area. Mixing or simultaneous cultivation of two or more species in one plot of land is one of the oldest agricultural systems in the world. Planting density is another important factor in determining plant yield. Planting density not only determines competition for light and nutrients, but also controls the distribution and allocation of dry matter between plant organs. The studies showed that by increasing bean planting density from 20 to 30 and 40 plants m2, yield increased by 15.4% and 24.7%, respectively, and the weed biomass also increased by a density of 20 to 40 by 30 percent. The use of high competitive cultivars and increasing planting density are the main strategies to increase the competitive ability of beans against weeds. This study was carried out to investigate the methods of pure and mixed cultivation of bean cultivars with different densities for their effect on reduction of bentazone herbicide dose, weed control and crop yield. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of planting density and reducing herbicide doses on weeds biomass and crop yield in pure and mixed cultivation of red bean cultivars, a field experiment was carried out at Agronomy Research Field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2013 - 2014. A factorial experiment (with three factors) was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 4 replications. Experimental treatments including bean planting densities in three levels consisting of optimum density (Goli 40 and Akhtar 50 /m2), 20 and 40 % higher than the optimum density of both Akhtar and Goli cultivars, and Bentazone herbicide concentrations (0, 50 and 100 %) based on the recommended dose (2.5 liters per hectare), and separate and mixed cultivation of Akhtar (standing) and Goli (ascending) cultivars were performed in rows (1:1). Weed biomass was evaluated every two weeks after spraying by 100*25 cm2 cadaver from two middle rows. At the end of the growing season, a 1*1 m2 staff was used to determine the performance. Data were analyzed by SAS 9.1 software and averages were compared with the LSD test at 5% probability level and the graphs were analyzed using SigmaPlot 12.0 software. Results and Discussion: The results showed that for the weed biomass, the mixed cultivation of Akhtar and Goli cultivars was more than pure cultivation due to its success in suppressing high competitive weeds through rapid space cover, which can be attributed to this feature. It was used to reduce the herbicide dose. Also, the highest and lowest grain yield (respectively 463 and 132 g/m2) were found for the pure cultivation of Akhtar cultivar at concentration of 100 and 0 % herbicide, respectively. However, in flowering and mixed cultivars, the highest grain yield was observed at 372.2 and 341.3 g/m2, at 50% herbicide concentration, which was also observed in biological yield. Results of interaction effect showed that the highest biological yield in intercropping (1166 g/m2) was observed for 50% herbicide concentration and 40% planting density. It can be, therefore, concluded that reduced doses of herbicides can only be used if the crop has high competitive ability and planting density is increased, which can reduce the competitive ability of weeds. The use of high competitive crops and increased density of crops have the greatest potential in suppressing weeds and reducing herbicide dosage. The previous studies also showed that limiting bean growth leads to a decrease in leaf area index and bean growth rate, which in turn reduces its competitiveness against weeds. Conclusion: The use of high-strength cultivars in mixed cultivation due to their overlap, space conquest, and ability to compete with weeds along with increased plant density has a high potential for weed suppression and can be used in other ways to reduce herbicide dose. The results of this experiment showed that there was no significant difference between biological yield at 50% and 100% herbicide concentrations in the mixed cultivation and the highest biological yield was observed in the mixed cultivation.}, keywords = {herbicide reduced dose,Intercropping,Planting density,Integrated Weed Management}, title_fa = {تأثیر تراکم و الگوی کاشت بر کنترل علف‌های‌هرز و عملکرد ارقام لوبیا قرمز (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) در حضور علف‌کش بنتازون}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی تأثیر تراکم، روش کاشت و دزهای کاهش یافته علف‌کش بنتازون بر زیست توده علف‌های‌هرز و عملکرد ارقام اختر (ایستاده) و گلی (رونده) لوبیا، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار، در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال 1393 انجام گرفت. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل تراکم کاشت لوبیا با توجه به تراکم بهینه رقم گلی 40 و رقم اختر 50 بوته در مترمربع شامل (تراکم بهینه، 20 و 40 درصد بیشتر از تراکم بهینه) و دز‌های علف‌کش بنتازون در سه سطح ( 0، 50 درصد (25/1 لیتر در هکتار) و 100 درصد (5/2 لیتر در هکتار) دز توصیه شده) و کشت جداگانه و مخلوط ارقام اختر (ایستاده) و گلی (رونده) به صورت ردیفی و با نسبت (1:1)، اجرا شد. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که افزایش تراکم کاشت و استفاده از رقم گلی در کشت مخلوط با اختر، موجب شد که زیست توده علف‌های‌هرز در کشت مخلوط نسبت به کشت خالص اختر کاهش بیش‌تری داشته باشند که می‌توان از این ویژگی در کاهش دز مصرفی علف‌کش استفاده نمود. همچنین بیش‌ترین و کم‌ترین عملکرد دانه به ترتیب با مقدار 463 و 132 گرم در مترمربع مربوط به کشت خالص رقم اختر در غلظت‌های 100 و 0 درصد علف‌کش بود. اما در رقم گلی و کشت مخلوط بیش‌ترین عملکرد دانه به ترتیب با 3/341 و 2/372 گرم در مترمربع در غلظت 50 درصدی علف‌کش مشاهده شد که این روند در عملکرد بیولوژیک نیز مشاهده شد. نتایج مقایسه میانگین اثر سه‌گانه نشان داد که بیش‌ترین عملکرد بیولوژیک در کشت مخلوط مربوط به غلظت 50 درصدی علف‌کش و تراکم 40 درصدی کاشت بود اما در کشت خالص اختر و گلی بیش‌ترین عملکرد بیولوژیک مربوط به غلظت 100 درصدی علف‌کش و تراکم 40 درصدی کاشت بود. با توجه به این نتایج، می‌توان گفت که امکان استفاده از دز‌های کاهش یافته علف‌کش تنها درصورت استفاده از گیاه زراعی با توانایی رقابتی بالا و افزایش تراکم کاشت، که بتواند قدرت رقابتی علف‌های‌هرز را کاهش دهند، امکان‌پذیر است.}, keywords_fa = {دزهای کاهش یافته,تراکم کاشت,کشت مخلوط,مدیریت تلفیقی علف‌هرز}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37759.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_37759_d80909cdf2da614a8d8d038a4862fcc2.pdf} }