@article { author = {Chitband, AliAsghar and Kalali, Seyed Behnam and Ghaemi, Alireza and JahediPoor, Saeed}, title = {Evaluation of weed control methods on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield at different levels of nitrogen}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {664-676}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.52258}, abstract = {Introduction: Weed competition is one of the major factors which limit sugar beet production in the world. Weed – crop interactions are based on competition for water, nutrients and light and allelopathic effects may also play a small role. In sugar beet weed interference, all these factors are important too, but the light is of prime importance. Due to the fact that a lot of weeds can grow above the sugar beet canopy and reduce the amount of photosynthetic radiation reaching the crop, these weeds are stronger competitors compared to smaller weeds. In much sugar beet growing areas dicot weeds of the families Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Polygonaceae are of major importance. The monocots are less important compared to dicot weeds. Competition from uncontrolled annual weeds that emerge within 8 weeks of sowing or within 4 weeks of the crop reaching the two-leaf stage can reduce root yields by 26–100% .Weeds that emerge 8 weeks after sowing, and particularly after the sugar beet plants have eight or more leaves, are less likely to affect yield. Although tractor hoeing and hand labour are still used in many production areas, herbicides have been the primary method of weed control in sugar beet. The effectiveness of pre-emergence residual herbicides decreases with reductions in rainfall or soil wet content. Therefore, less than 10 % of the total sugar beet crop is treated with pre-emergence herbicides. The remaining 90 % depends solely on a selection of post-emergence herbicides to maintain season-long weed control. The major herbicides are phenmedipham, chloridazon, metamitron. Mixtures of post-emergence, broad spectrum herbicides have to be applied to control the wide range of weed species in sugar beet crops. Materials and Methods: To study the effects of weeds control by hand weeding and herbicides combination with two selective herbicides at different levels of nitrogen application on sugar beet yield and quality characteristics, an experiment carried out in TorbateJam Township as statistical design with split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014. Experiment treatments included, the main factor involving four levels of different Nitrogen application (0, 100. 150 and 200 Kg.ha-1), sub factor involving combination of chloridazon + phenmedipham and metamitron + phenmedipham at 5 Kg.ha-1 herbicides. Four weeks after treatments, sampling of weeds and sugar beet carried out in middle of the plots with 0.5 × 0.5 quadrate. Then, samples were dried at oven-dried at 75 °C for 48 h and weighed. At the final harvest, to determine the grade, amino nitrogen, sodium, potassium with Betalyzr at sugar sector of Agricultural Center laboratory, sampling was removed from the middle of each plot. Results Discussion: The results showed that application of nitrogen fertilizer and herbicide treatments were significantly different from each other at 1% and 5% levels, respectively. Based on experiment results, the highest root yield of sugar beet was obtained hand weeding with 200 kg N.ha-1 treatments. In between treatments of weed chemical control, metamitron + phenmedipham herbicides with 200 kg N.ha-1 was showed the highest root yield of sugar beet. High net sugar beet yield also was obtained at complete weed control with 200 kg N.ha-1, and metamitron + phenmedipham herbicides application with 200 kg N.ha-1 treatments. Also, the highest net and gross sugars were obtained at without weed control + 0 kg N.ha-1 treatments. Conclusion: In conclusion, According to results of this study root yield and net and gross sugar were increased by increasing 200 kg nitrogen per hectare. Also, the highest net and gross sugar yield related to the using of hand weeding and combination herbicides of metamitron + phenmedipham and chloridazon + phenmedipham and application of 200 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer with weed control as well. Between weed controls treatments, root yield were increased by hand weeding compared to herbicide application and between herbicide treatments at Nitrogen different levels, by using of metamitron + phenmedipham than chloridazon + phenmedipham. Between chemical treatments, net and gross sugar yield, shoot dry weight and dry matter yield of sugar beet were more in combination of metamitron + phenmedipham than chloridazon + phenmedipham. While, weeds density and biomass were lesser in herbicide combination of metamitron + phenmedipham compared to chloridazon + phenmedipham. On the other hand, among treatments interaction, the highest root yield and percent of sugar and pure sugar were obtained by 200 kg per hectare Nitrogen fertilizer accompanied weeds control and without weeds control with lack of Nitrogen application respectively.}, keywords = {Broad leaf,Hand weeding,Herbicide,sugar percent,Weed}, title_fa = {ارزیابی روش های کنترل علف های هرز بر عملکرد چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.) در سطوح مختلف نیتروژن}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی اثر کنترل کامل علف های هرز به وسیله وجین دستی و همچنین دو ترکیب علف کش انتخابی در مبارزه با علف های هرز پهن برگ چغندرقند در سطوح مختلف مصرف نیتروژن بر میزان عملکرد و خصوصیات کیفی چغندرقند، آزمایشی در سال 1393 در شهرستان تربت جام بصورت طرح آماری کرت های یکبار خرد شده در قالب بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار به اجرا درآمد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل 4 سطح مختلف نیتروژن (0، 100، 150 و 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به عنوان عامل اصلی، استفاده از تیمارهای علف کشی کلریدازون + فن مدیفام (هر یک به مقدار 5 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و متامیترون + فن مدیفام (هر یک به مقدار 5 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به عنوان عامل فرعی در نظر گرفته شد. چهار هفته پس از اعمال تیمارها، نمونه برداری از علف هرز و گیاه زراعی با استفاده از کوادرات 5/0× 5/0 از خطوط وسط هر کرت انجام شد. نمونه ها پس از برداشت برای تعیین وزن خشک، در آون با 75 درجه سانتی گراد به مدت 48 ساعت خشک و سپس وزن شدند. در برداشت نهایی، نمونه برداری از نیمه انتهایی خطوط وسط هر کرت انجام برداشت شده و جهت تعیین عیار، نیتروژن مضره، سدیم، پتاسیم با استفاده از دستگاه بتالایزر به آزمایشگاه بخش چغندرقند مرکز تحقیفات کشاورزی انتقال یافت. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد که کاربرد کود ازته و تیمارهای علف کشی، اختلاف معنی داری با هم در سطوح پنج و یک درصد داشتند. بر اساس نتایج حاصل شده، تراکم علف هرز تحت تأثیر مقادیر مختلف نیتروژن قرار نگرفت در حالی که افزایش نیتروژن مصرفی باعث افزایش وزن خشک علف های هرز در واحد سطح شد، بطوری که بالاترین آن در تیمار کاربرد 200 کیلوگرم کود نیتروژن در هکتار به همراه عدم وجین علف های هرز به مقدار 292 گرم در هر متر مربع حاصل شد. بیشترین عملکرد ریشه چغندرقند مربوط به تیمار کنترل کامل علف های هرز و کاربرد 200 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار به مقدار 56980 کیلوگرم در هکتار بود. در بین تیمارهای کنترل شیمیایی علف های هرز، بیشترین عملکرد ریشه چغندرقند در تیمار علف کش متامیترون + فن مدیفام و مصرف 200 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار به میزان 47880 کیلوگرم در هکتار حاصل شد. بیشترین عملکرد قند خالص به ترتیب در ترکیب تیماری کنترل کامل علف های هرز و کاربرد 200 کیلوگرم نیتروژن به میزان 9760 کیلوگرم در هکتار و نیز استفاده از علف‌کش متامیترون + فن مدیفام همراه با کاربرد 200 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار به مقدار 7720 کیلوگرم در هکتار بدست آمد. همچنین بالاترین درصد قند خالص و ناخالص در تیمار عدم کاربرد نیتروژن به همراه عدم کنترل علف-های هرز به ترتیب به مقدار 71/18 و 34/21 درصد حاصل شد.}, keywords_fa = {Broad leaf,Hand weeding,Herbicide,sugar percent,Weed}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36512.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36512_d24394cc384a95eb5e298bfa4be545cc.pdf} } @article { author = {aslani, saeid and saeedipour, saeed}, title = {Competitive Interaction of Canola (Brassica napus) against Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis) using Replacement Series Method}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {677-683}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.53099}, abstract = {Introduction: Increasing costs of herbicide inputs in intensive crop production systems and the incidence of herbicide resistance in weeds have renewed interest in exploiting crop competitiveness to reduced herbicide use. Two factors contribute to crop competitiveness against weeds: ability to withstand competition (AWC), or the ability to maintain high yields in the presence of weeds, and weed suppressive ability (WSA), the ability of the crop to reduce weed biomass and seed production. Wild mustard is a dominant weed in rapeseed fields of Iran bringing about major yield losses. A strongly persistent seedbank, competitive growth habit, and high fecundity all contribute to its weedy nature ensuring that it will be a continuing problem. In addition to yield losses in rapeseed, wild mustard can reduce crop quality even at its low densities. The main objective of the current paper is to investigate the competitive ability of the canola against wild mustard, and evaluating of empirical yield loss model in predicting the effect of different densities of wild mustard on canola yield. Materials and Methods: The experiment was performed in a randomized complete blocks design with four replications using replacement series in which wild mustard and rapeseed were planted in different ratios of 8:0, 6:2, 4:4, 2:6 and 0:8 plants per pot in 2014. Wild mustard and rapeseed seeds were planted in 35 cm diameter plastic pots filled with a sandy clay loam soil and 1 and 2 cm deep, respectively. Plants were harvested from the soil surface at maturity and were oven dried at 75 ͦ C for 48h, while total shoot biomass for each species being determined. Measurements included shoot and root dry weight, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pod per plant, number seed per pod and plant seed yield in rapeseed. Relative Yield (RY), Relative Yield Total (RYT) and Relative Crowding Coefficient (RCC) were calculated. Relative yield (RY) is a measure of the relative competitive ability of the two species. RY was calculated using the equation: where Ymix and Ymon are yields in mixture and monoculture. Relative Yield Total (RYT) describes how the species pair utilizes resources. RYT was calculated using the equation: RYT= Relative Crowding Coefficient (RCC) is a measure of competitiveness between the two species. The RCC was calculated using the equation: RCC= Where YAmix and YBmix are average yield per plant of A and of B grown in mixture, respectively, YAmon and YBmon are average yield per plant of A and B grown in monoculture, respectively. Means were compared using Duncans, Multiple Range Test (P 0.05) (SAS, 2002). Results and Discussion: Results showed that the relative yield of rapeseed decreased in the density ratio of 25 and 50 percent compared to same densities of wild mustard. In comparison, rapeseed in a lower or even equal density was more sensitive to competition than wild mustard and hence it faced to sharp yield decrease. However, in the higher planting densities of 75 percent the relative yield of rapeseed increased and the value reached to 0.497. Regarding the higher values of wild mustard compared to rapeseed’s relative yield in higher density ratios of 50 and 75 percent it can be concluded that wild mustard possesses a higher competitive strength, as a consequence, was able to better use nutrition resources. Grain yield influenced markedly by density ratios (P}, keywords = {Density,Dry weight,Relative competition coefficient,Relative yield}, title_fa = {بررسی اثرات متقابل رقابتی کلزا (Brassica napus) در برابر خردل وحشی (arvensis Sinapis) با استفاده از روش سری جایگزینی}, abstract_fa = {آزمایشی گلخانه‏ای به منظور بررسی اثر رقابتی تراکم های مختلف خردل وحشی در مقابل کلزا در سال 1393-1394 در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شوشتر انجام شد. آزمایش در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار با استفاده از سری‏های جایگزینی که در آن خردل وحشی و کلزا به ترتیب در نسبت های مختلف از 8:0، 6:2، 4:4، 2:6 و 0:8 با مجموع 8 بوته در هر گلدان کاشته شدند، انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که حداکثر وزن خشک، ارتفاع، تعداد شاخه، تعداد غلاف در بوته و تعداد دانه در غلاف و عملکرد در کلزا در کشت خالص آن به دست آمد. حضور 25 و 75 درصدی خردل وحشی در ترکیب کشت، عملکرد کلزا را به ترتیب تا 50 و 96 درصد کاهش داد. ارزیابی کلی از عملکرد نسبی نشان داد که هر دو گونه به روش مشابهی از منابع بهره برداری نموده و از این رو دارای اثرات آنتاگونیستی متقابل هستند. ضریب رقابت نسبی کلزا در برابر خردل وحشی تنها در نسبت 2:6 بیشتر از دیگر نسبت‏های گیاهی بود. از طرفی شاخص رقابت نشان داد که خردل از توانایی رقابتی بالاتری نسبت به کلزا برخوردار بوده و مدیریت این علف هرز در مراحل ابتدایی رشد کلزا برای حصول عملکرد مطلوب امری اجتناب ناپذیر است.}, keywords_fa = {Density,Dry weight,Relative competition coefficient,Relative yield}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36519.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36519_b36b35786f6bb99386e134514a20a965.pdf} } @article { author = {Heidari, Ali and gharanjik, shahrokh and Derakhshan Shadmehri, Ali and Shabaninejad, Alireza}, title = {Optimization of Factors Affecting Beauveria bassiana Fungus Ability in Control of Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella L.) by Response Surface Method}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {684-692}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.52462}, abstract = {Introduction: Stored product pests are a major problem in the storage of agricultural products that cause damage from harvest until consumption. Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella L.) is one of the most important pests of stored products and beehives. The most common method to control this pest in many countries is use of chemical compounds. However, these compounds have disadvantages such as pesticide residues in wax, the development of resistance in pest and irreversible effects on the environment and humans. The use of insect pathogenic fungi due to its low risk on mammals and natural enemies can be a good alternative to conventional chemical pesticides. Response surface methodology (RSM) is a statistical technique that is employed to optimize processes that are affected by several variables. This technique uses regression analysis to obtain optimal equations to estimate the values. Using this method, while maintaining the quality in the experiments, the number of those could be reduced. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate response surface methodology to determine the effect of optimum lethal level of concentration of B. bassiana conidia, temperature as well as humidity variables on the mortality of fifth instar larvae of greater wax moth. Materials and Methods: Wax moth-eating insects were raised in plastic containers containing artificial food and old black wax at 30 ± 1 ° C and a relative humidity of 85 ± 1 % and photoperiod of 14:10 h (L: D). Isolation of insect pathogenic fungus B. bassiana was done by using Galleria Bait Method (GBM). For this purpose, after preparation of the fungus suspension from the infected larvae, 1 ml volume of the suspension was transferred to the water-agar 1.2% and then sealed petri dishes incubated at 30 ° C for three days. After identifying the single colony and formation of pure isolates, microscopic slides were prepared and eventually recovered isolates were recognized as B. bassiana. The bioassay was performed by determining the lethal concentrations of the B.bassiana that cause 20% to 80% casualties with a lot of concentration by immersion method for 10 seconds. Concentrations 1×106 and 1×108 conidia/ml were identified as high and low lethality ranges, respectively. In this study, the central composite design and response surface methodology with three independent variables including temperature (25-35°C), humidity (70-80 percent) and concentration (1×106-1×108 conidia/ml) and six replications in the central point of the design (to calculate the repeatability of the process) were used to evaluate the increase in mortality. The number of experiments was twenty and the dependent variable (response) was the mortality of the fifth instar larvae of greater wax moth. For each experiment, 10 last instar larvae were randomly selected and then 10 sterile petri dishes containing sterile wax to feed insect were prepared. Larvae were immersed for 10 seconds in a solution containing the fungus and then were placed in containers. Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the quadratic response surface model to factor mortality of the fifth instar larvae of greater wax moth showed that quadratic model is statistically significant (P≤0.001). Also high R2 (R2 = 0.9430) and coordination of adjusted R2 (Adj R2 = 0.9211) indicates the strength of the model to predict. According to tests, the optimal conditions for achieving maximum mortality of the fifth instar larvae of greater wax moth is 25 ° C temperature, 75% humidity and 1×108 conidia/ml concentration, respectively. Settings applied to the optimization process, was including maximum mortality. The effect of temperature on mortality of the fifth instar larvae of this insect showed that the mortality rate decreased with increasing temperature. Cause of mortality reduction as increasing the temperature is probably related to the characteristics of this fungus that could be affected by temperature, so that the impact of this fungus increases with decreasing temperature. The impact of the concentration on mortality rates showed that by gradually increasing of concentrations, the amount of mortality increases. This is because at the high concentrations of conidia, many more conidia could contact with the body of fifth instar larvae of this insect and could infect and destroy the larvae very quickly. Conclusion: The results of current research indicate the efficiency of response surface method to optimize the use of insect pathogenic fungi. Among the conditions that were imposed on mortality, it was found that the increase in mortality is influenced by the quadratic response surface model of concentration and temperature, so that increasing the concentration caused increase in the mortality. Also increasing the temperature caused a decline in mortality rate.}, keywords = {Beauveria bassiana,Galleria mellonella,Response surface method}, title_fa = {بهینه سازی فاکتورهای مؤثر در کارایی قارچ Beauveria bassiana در کنترل شب پره موم خوار بزرگ(Galleria mellonella L.) با روش سطح پاسخ}, abstract_fa = {شب پره موم خوار بزرگ(Galleria mellonella L.) یکی از آفات بسیار مهم محصولات انباری و کندوهای عسل است که برای کنترل آن از سموم شیمیایی استفاده می شود. در این پژوهش روش سطح پاسخ به منظور تعیین نقاط بهینه غلظت های مختلف کنیدی قارچ Beauveria bassiana جهت دستیابی به بیشینه مرگ و میر مورد بررسی و تأثیر فاکتورهای دما (35-25 درجه سانتی گراد)، رطوبت (80-70 درصد) و غلظت-های 108×1 -106×1 کنیدی/میلی لیتر بر روی میزان مرگ و میر لارو سن پنجم شب پره موم خوار مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. آزمایش ها بر اساس طرح کامپوزیت مرکزی و روش سطح پاسخ، انجام شد. بر اساس آزمایش های انجام شده شرایط بهینه جهت دستیابی به بیشینه مرگ و میر لارو سن پنج به ترتیب دمای 25 درجه سانتی گراد، رطوبت 75 درصد و غلظت 108×1 کنیدی/میلی لیتر تعیین گردید. نتایج آزمایش، بیانگر تأثیرات خطی و درجه دوم غلظت مصرفی و دما روی مرگ و میر لارو سن پنج شب پره موم خوار بزرگ بود.}, keywords_fa = {Beauveria bassiana,Galleria mellonella,Response surface method}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36528.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36528_90d046be75bea59190366d03b37fb94b.pdf} } @article { author = {hajian, mohammad and Gangi, Ebrahim and Afzali, Hamid}, title = {Evaluation of Reaction Thirty Dwarf Mahaleb Genotypes to Root and Crown Rot Phytophthora Disease using Laboratory Methods}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {701-963}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.54379}, abstract = {Introduction: Iran is one of the biggest sweet cherry producers in the world. Turkey, the U.S.A and Iran are among the major producers of cherry in the world. Mahaleb(Prunus mahaleb L.) is used as a principal rootstocks for sweet and sour cherries in Iran. Mahaleb is a good rootstock on light, calcareous soils and arid climates in Iran. Since pathogenic species, P.citricola, P.cryptogea, P.dreschleri, P.cactorum, P. syringae, P.cinnammomi, P.megasperma, P.cambivora on mahaleb been reported by different researchers (Sajadinejad et al., 2011) According to the pathogenesis of four species of P. nicotianae, P.citricola, P.cactorum and P.citrophthora on stone fruit trees in Iran and other countries, based on the hypothesis that the relative resistance to Phytophthora species in selected dwarf Mahaleb genotypes adapted to environmental conditions exist and can be introduced as resistant rootstocks to crown rot disease, this study was conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of 30 selected dwarf Mahaleb genotypes to P.nicotianae, P.citricola, P.cactorum and P. citrophthora. Sofar, the selection of resistant or tolerant to Phytophthora cherry rootstock, studies have not been done. Therefore, it is appropriate to introduce the cherry trees for planting in various parts of the country, the need to evaluate several species of Phytophthora resistance or tolerance to the grades mentioned above. Considering the history of the pathogenesis off our species of P. nicotianae, P.citricola, P.cactorum and P.citrophthora the stone fruits this study aimed to evaluate the reaction of 30 cultivars of dwarf Mahaleb to P.nicotianae, P.citricola, P.cactorum, P.citrophthora was carried out. Materials and Methods: In this study, the reaction of 30 dwarf Mahaleb genotypes were investigated to disease caused by four species of the fungus Phytophthora root and crown rot. Excised twig, annual and perennial shoots to measuring resistance using laboratory methods. Excised twig, excised annual and perennial shoots assessment based on Jeffers et al., (1981) and Matheron and Mircetich(1985) respectively. Results and Discussion: In evaluating the reaction of excised twig, excised annual and perennial shoots dwarf mahaleb genotypes to four species of Phytophthora, rot and discoloration symptoms were observed, All control shoots of Mahaleb genotypes were evaluated in this trial did not show any symptoms of discoloration and Phytophthora rot but shoots treated with four species of Phytophthora showed that different degrees of light brown to dark discoloration and decay. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the genotypes of disease progression on the tissues of all three types of excised shoots inoculated with four species of Phytophthora were difference statistically significant. Also, the results of comparing the length average of progression of symptoms (necrosis) on this experiment were as follows which are outlined below. P.cactorum On the test assessment the reaction of excised twig, excised annual and perennial shoots dwarf mahaleb genotypes, least amount of sensitivity to species belongs to genotype199 with an average contamination of 12.44%, 162 with an average contamination of 1.42% and 162 with an average contamination 0.01 %, respectively. P.citrophthora On the test assessment the reaction of excised twig, excised annual and perennial shoots dwarf mahaleb genotypes, least amount of sensitivity to species belongs to genotype 265 with an average contamination of 15.67%, 155 and 162 with an average contamination of 0.01% and 262, 228, 224 and 188 with an average contamination 0.01 %, respectively. P.citricola On the test assessment the reaction of excised twig, excised annual and perennial shoots dwarf mahaleb genotypes, least amount of sensitivity to species belong to genotype 124 with an average contamination of 11.80%, 100 with an average contamination of 0.60% and 266 with an average contamination 3.13 %, respectively. P.nicotianea On the test assessment the reaction of excised twig, excised annual and perennial shoots dwarf mahaleb genotypes, least amount of sensitivity to species belong to genotype 120 with an average contamination of 16.15%, 100 and 95 with an average contamination of 0.01% and 188 with an average contamination 0.87%, respectively. There were significant differences between the genotypes of disease progression in the tissues of all three types of excised shoots inoculated with four Phytophthora species. Conclusion: The results showed that, some mahaleb genotypes (100, 124, 155, 162, 188, 195, 199, 224, 266 and 265) have potential resistance to species P.nicotianae, P.citricola, P.cactorum and P.citrophthora, that can be considered in breeding programs.}, keywords = {Crown,Mahaleb,Phytophthora,Resistance,Root rot}, title_fa = {ارزیابی عکس العمل سی ژنوتیپ پاکوتاه محلب به بیماری پوسیدگی فایتوفتورایی طوقه و ریشه به روش آزمایشگاهی}, abstract_fa = {محلب پایه مهمی برای گیلاس و آلبالو محسوب می‌شود. این پایه در خاک‌های سبک‌، آهکی‌، سنگلاخی که پایه گیلاس سازگاری خوبی ندارد، از سازگاری خوبی برخوردار است‌. اما به پوسیدگی ریشه ناشی از فایتوفتورا حساس می‌باشد. این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی عکس العمل 30 ژنوتیپ پاکوتاه محلب به بیماری پوسیدگی طوقه و ریشه ناشی از چهار گونه قارچ فایتوفتورا (P.cactorum، P.nicotinae ،P.citricola و‌P.citrophthora) بر اساس روش‌های آزمایشگاهی، اجرا گردید. در این پژوهش، ارزیابی های آزمایشگاهی شامل اندازه گیری میزان فعالیت گونههای مختلف فایتوفتورا روی سرشاخه‌های بریده جوان، دوساله و چندساله چوبی شده ژنوتیپ‌های مورد نظر، در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 4 تکرار انجام شد. نتایج ارزیابی سر‌شاخه‌های جوان، دوساله و چند‌ساله ژنوتیپ‌های محلب نسبت به گونه‌های P.nicotianae، P.citricola،P.cactorum و P.citrophthora وجود پتانسیل مقاومت به گونه‌های فوق را در بین ژنوتیپ‌های 100، 124، 155، 162، 188، 195 ،199، 224، 266 و 265 نشان داد. نتایج کلی این تحقیق نشان داد، بیماری‌زا‌ترین گونه‌های فایتوفتورا روی ژنوتیپ‌های محلب P.citricola و P.cactorum بودند و سه ژنوتیپ 266، 224 و 188 بالاترین پتانسیل مقاومت به گونه‌های P.nicotianae،P.citricola، P.cactorum و P.citrophthora را داشتند.}, keywords_fa = {Crown,Mahaleb,Phytophthora,Resistance,Root rot}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36534.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36534_ed1ba0c75480109a788eee42cd658ec3.pdf} } @article { author = {Sadeghi, Reza and Taghizadeh, Masoud}, title = {The Effect of Microwave Heating on the Mortality of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. and Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. and Determination of Energy Consumed for Raisin Product}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {702-708}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.53325}, abstract = {Introduction: The suitable weather conditions of Iran makes it as one of the most talented country in producing of the various agricultural products such as grapes and raisins and has a great history in this field. Raisin is a commercial dried fruit, produced by drying of ripe seedless grapes by the moisture content of 16%. A major problem in the production, storage and marketing of stored products is infestation by insect pests. A number of insect species pose a potential threat to a variety of stored products. The Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. Have a widespread distribution in the most part of the world. These species are recognized as the cosmopolitan pests attacking stored-products and cause serious losses both in quantity through feeding damage and quality by contaminating the product with its cast skin and frass. Considering economic importance of pests and problems arising from the use of chemical insecticides and fumigants, it is necessary to replace them with the other appropriate methods. The traditional methods of pest control, while having many advantages such as ease of operation and low cost, have some disadvantages such as slow operations, creation of environmental pollution residues, negative impact on product quality and health hazards on the operator. The use of alternative methods seems to be necessary because of concerns about the health hazards of chemical pesticides and its environment pollution. The researches has been conducted on the ionizing radiation, controlled atmosphere, cold treatment, conventional hot air or water heating and novel radio frequency and microwave dielectric heating for controlling the insects. The microwave heating is based on the transformation of alternating electromagnetic field energy into thermal energy by affecting the polar molecules of a material. The most important characteristic of the microwave heating method is volumetric heating. Dielectric heating which covers both radio frequency and microwave has been investigated for insect control in foods. Microwaves radiation are a part of electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths less than radio waves and more than infrared waves, which their frequency range are 300MHz to 30GHz. Materials and Methods: Two insect species, the lesser grain borer, O. surinamensis L. and mediterranean flour moth, E. kuehniella Zeller. Were reared under the laboratory condition at temperature of 27±2 C and relative humidity of 65%±5. The lesser grain borer was reared on the medium contains 99% wheat flour mixed along with 1% brewer’s yeast and the mediterranean flour moth were reared the medium contains on 90% wheat flour mixed along with 10% brewer’s yeast. In this study, the microwave oven (Media -MW-F-282ELKS) was used which operates at 2450 MHz and variable power levels. The samples were exposed to microwave treatments at three power levels (450, 270 and 900W) for four exposure times (20, 30, 40 and 50s). Each treatment (power and exposure time combination) was replicated three times. Results and Discussion: The mortality of E. kuehniella at the highest level of microwave power (900W) and for 20, 30, 40 and 50s exposure times were 51.67%, 71.63%, 91.53% and 100%, respectively. For the microwave power of 900W and exposure time of 20, 30, 40 and 50 s the mortality of O. surinamensis was 68.03%, 88.23%, 91.67% and 100%, %, respectively. The results showed, at a power level of 450W and an exposure time of 20s, the mortality of E. kuehniella and O. surinamensis were 20% and 33.33%, respectively. As the power increases to 720 and 900W, the mortality of E. kuehniella and O. surinamensis enhances to 33.33% and 56.63%, respectively. With increasing the exposure time, higher mortality was achieved at lower power levels. For the microwave power of 720W and exposure time of 40s, the mortality of E. kuehniella was 61.53%. When the exposure time was increased to 50s, the mortality of E. kuehniella was achieved 86.63% for the power of 720W. Also for the microwave power of 450W and the exposure time of 50s, the mortality of O. surinamensis was obtained 78.33%. When the microwave power was increased to 900W, the mortality of 100% was obtained. Conclusion: The results showed the complete mortality for the insects, E. kuehniella and O. surinamensis, were at 900 W and exposure time of 50s. The lowest rate of mortality for both of them was observed at 450 W and exposure time of 20 s. The increase of microwave power and exposure time or both together lead to increase of mortality. It can be concluded that the mortality was affected by microwave power and exposure time.}, keywords = {Ephestia kuehniella,Oryzaephilus surinamensis,Microwave Heating,Pesticide,Stored pests}, title_fa = {اثر گرمادهی با امواج مایکروویو بر مرگ و میر شب پره آرد Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. و شپشه دندانه دار Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. و تعیین انرژی مصرفی آن در محصول کشمش}, abstract_fa = {کنترل آفات انباری یکی از مراحل مهم پس از برداشت محصول می‌باشد. گرمادهی با مایکروویو روشی سازگار با محیط زیست برای کنترل آفات انباری می‌باشد. در این تحقیق گرمایش مایکروویو برای کنترل دو گونه آفت مهم کشمش انبار شده مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. نمونه‌های 70 گرمی از کشمش به وسیله لارو سن پنجم شب پره آرد Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. و حشره کامل شپشه دندانه دار Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. آلوده شدند. این نمونه‌ها تحت تابش امواج مایکروویو با فرکانس 2450 مگاهرتز در توان‌های 900، 720 و 450 وات با زمان‌های 20، 30، 40 و 50 ثانیه قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد در همه آزمایشات، مرگ و میر با افزایش زمان تیماردهی افزایش می یابد. همچنین ارتباط مستقیمی بین نرخ مرگ و میر و سطوح توان‌های مایکروویو مشاهده شد. تلفات کامل آفات در توان 900 وات و زمان 50 ثانیه مشاهده گردید. با توجه به نتایج این تحقیق و مزایای منحصر به فرد روش تیماردهی مایکروویو از قبیل سرعت بالا و عدم ایجاد پسماند‌های مضر پیشنهاد می شود که این روش جایگزین روش‌های شیمیایی مبارزه با آفات گردد.}, keywords_fa = {Ephestia kuehniella,Oryzaephilus surinamensis,Microwave Heating,Pesticide,Stored pests}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36544.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36544_86e654a5f7134cf91c68a242bdc9ecbd.pdf} } @article { author = {Kamali, Hashem and Koliaei, Raoof and Taghadosi, M.}, title = {Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lep.:Tortricidae) Control by Mating Disruption Method by Synthetic Pheromones in Khorasan Razavi Province}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {646-653}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.50725}, abstract = {Introduction: Codling moth, Cydia pomonella is one of the key pests of apple in Khorasan Razavi province which annually causes severe fruit damage to apple crop. There are several ways that are used to control and prevent injury to apple products in the world. The most successful and widespread use of pheromones has been in monitoring traps. Mating disruption method by pheromones takes place when enough artificial sources of pheromone are placed in the area that the chance of finding a female by a male is high. Mating, and laying viable eggs is reduced below the point where economically significant damage occurs. Large-scale mating disruption implementation trials have yielded significant reduction in pesticide use while keeping crop damage levels acceptably low. Mating disruption works best if large areas are treated with the pheromones. Currently, chemical control is the most common method of the pest control by using insecticides. In this research, with the goal of eliminating codling moth and minimizing the use of chemical compounds on the apple fruits, the ability of artificial sex pheromones in controlling the codling moth based on mating disruption method was investigated and compared with chemical control in Ghochan County, Khorasan-e-Razavi Province, Iran, in 2013. Materials and Methods: The experiments were conducted in 20 replicates based on a CRB design. The treatments were mating disruption with pheromone dispensers mating disruption + chemical control and chemical control based on the local method. Adult moth was sampled using Delta traps with a sticky insert. 1000 pheromone, which is a two-strand wire rod was produced has been installed on trees per hectare. Pheromones were installed before the first appearance of male moths. 20 to 25 days after each pest generation, randomly 25 fruits were selected and recorded from different directions and heights base on healthy and infected fruits. Results and Discussion: The mating disruption system against the moths that devastate the crops is a portion of the global crop protection policy. The greatest number of insects captured were recorded in spraying treatments which were significantly different compared to the other treatments. The difference between treatments was significant in codling moths population and the percentage of infected fruits (p≤0.01). The lowest percentage of infected fruit was in to mating disruption treatment and mating disruption treatments + custom spraying treatment. The highest rate of infected fruit was observed in conventional spraying treatment that represents this treatment had less power for controlling the pest. Mating disruption and mating disruption + chemical control had the most effect on reducing the pest population and number of infested fruits with a significant difference compared to the chemical control. Codling moth was peak flight with three points. Mating disruption treatment and the disturbing + spraying during the growing season had the best controling on the pest population compared to the conventional treatment. Mating disruption is the most effective method when the pest population densities are low to moderate level. It has also been identified as a pest control method in which the insect does not become resistant. Conventional pesticide based control methods kills insects directly, whereas the mating disruption method confuses male insects from accurately locating a mating partner, leading to the eventual collapse of the mating cycle. Mating disruption, due to the specificity of the sex pheromone of the insect species, has the benefit of only affecting the males of that species, while leaving other non-target species unaffected. This allows for targeted pest management, promoting the suppression of a single pest species, leaving the populations of beneficial insects (pollinators and natural enemies) intact. Conclusion: Mating disruption method is considered to be the most environmentally friendly strategy in pest management and control. Pest management programs that use pheromones are generally thought to be most effective methods in controlling low to moderate levels of pest densities. The mating disruption method has a number of advantages such as uses possible in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and in organic farming, no direct lethal effect on the pests, the method is not destructive, the targeted pest is maintained at a level which is harmless and allows biodiversity, the risk of resistance is low because the main components of the natural pheromone blend are present, strict preventive method, by interrupting the reproduction cycle of the pest before any damage is done, only one application of the dispensers is necessary at the beginning of the season, the method allows a reduction of the number of spray. In this research, suppressing the codling moth population during its first and second generation was effective by the pheromone treatment. In the third generation, however, this effect was reduced probably due to the loss of pheromone in the environment.}, keywords = {Codling Moth,Khorasan Razavi,Mating Disruption,Sex Pheromone,Trap}, title_fa = {مهار آفت کرم سیب (L.) (Lep.:Tortricidae) Cydia pomonellaبا استفاده از روش اخلال در جفت گیری با فرمون های مصنوعی در استان خراسان رضوی}, abstract_fa = {کرم سیبCydia pomonella یکی از آفات کلیدی سیب در استان خراسان رضوی است که هر ساله خسارات فراوانی را به این محصول وارد می‏سازد. روش‏های متعددی در دنیا به‏ منظور کنترل کرم سیب و جلوگیری از ایجاد ضایعه و خسارت به محصول سیب مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. در حال حاضر کنترل شیمیایی با استفاده از انواع حشره‏کش‏ها از جمله متداول‏ترین روش‏های مدیریت این آفت کلیدی در کشور محسوب می‏گردد. لارو کرم سیب زمستان را در پناهگاه خود و زیر پوست تنه درختان و زیر کلوخه‏ ها می گذراند و همزمان با شکوفه کردن درختان سیب در اوایل بهار، لاروها تبدیل به شفیره می شوند. اولین پروانه ها، مصادف با ریختن آخرین گلبرگ‏ های درختان سیب در طبیعت ظاهر می گردند. شب پره‏-های ماده پس از جفت‏گیری، شبانه تخم‏های خود را روی برگ‏های نزدیک گل‏ها و در نسل‏های بعدی روی میوه یا دم میوه قرار می‏دهند. لاروهای جوان پس از مختصر تغذیه داخل میوه ‏ها جوان می شوند و از گوشت میوه تغذیه می نمایند لاروهای کامل پس از تغذیه، میوه را ترک نموده و به پناهگاه خود رفته و شروع به تنیدن پیله می نمایند. حشرات نسل دوم در تابستان ظاهر می‏شوند. در این تحقیق، با هدف حذف سمپاشی علیه کرم سیب و به حداقل رساندن استفاده از ترکیبات شیمیائی روی این محصول، میزان توانایی فرمون‏های جنسی مصنوعی در کنترل کرم سیب بر اساس روش اخلال در جفت‏گیری در شهرستان قوچان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و کارایی آن در مقایسه با روش شیمیایی در سال 1392 ارزیابی شد. آزمایش در قالب طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی در سه تیمار و 20 تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل اخلال در جفت‏گیری، اخلال در جفت‏گیری+ سم‏پاشی و سم‏پاشی طبق عرف محل بودند. تعداد 1000 عدد از محمل ها که به صورت مفتول سیمی دو رشته‌ای تهیه شده بود در هر هکتار روی درختان نصب شد. فرمون‏ها در ابتدای فصل و قبل از ظهور اولین پروانه ‏های نر نصب شدند. نمونه‏گیری از حشرات بالغ کرم سیب با نصب 3 عدد تله چسبی دلتا صورت گرفت. 20 تا 25 روز بعد از شروع فعالیت هر نسل آفت، 25 میوه به صورت تصادفی از جهت‏ها و ارتفاع‏های مختلف به تفکیک سالم و آلوده یادداشت شدند. بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق، بیشترین میزان صید در تله های مربوط به تیمار سمپاشی، با اختلاف معنی ‏دار نسبت به دو تیمار دیگر مشاهده شد. اختلاف بین تیمارهای اعمال شده در هر دو صفت جمعیت کرم سیب و درصد میوه‏های آلوده معنی‏دار شد )01/0(p≤، به‏طوری‌که دو تیمار اخلال در جفت‏گیری و اخلال در جفت‏گیری+ سم‏پاشی هر دو به یک نسبت و با اختلاف معنی‏دار، نسبت به تیمار سم‏پاشی عرف، در کنترل جمعیت آفت و کاهش درصد میوه‏های آلوده موفق‏تر بودند. کمترین درصد آلودگی میوه مربوط به تیمارهای اخلال در جفت‏گیری و اخلال در جفت‏گیری+ سم‏پاشی عرف بود. بیشترین درصد آلودگی در تیمار سم‏پاشی عرف محل مشاهده شد که نمایانگر کنترل ضعیف‏تر آفت در این تیمار می باشد. آفت دارای سه نقطه اوج پرواز بود. دو تیمار اخلال در جفت‏گیری و اخلال+ سم‏پاشی در طول فصل زراعی با اختلاف معنی داری نسبت به تیمار سم‏پاشی طبق عرف محل بهترین کنترل جمعیت آفت را داشتند. بر این اساس، تأثیر کنترلی فرمون‏های نصب شده در نسل‏های اول و دوم آفت مشهودتر بود و در نسل سوم، به دلیل عدم پایداری و کاهش تأثیر فرمون در محیط، میزان آلودگی، افزایش پیدا کرد.}, keywords_fa = {Codling Moth,Khorasan Razavi,Mating Disruption,Sex Pheromone,Trap}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36493.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36493_dc0191750d7b3725b4080054206511a2.pdf} } @article { author = {Hoseini, Vahid and Eini, Omid}, title = {Molecular Identification of Beet Curly top Iran Virus Associated with Bean in Zanjan Province}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {654-663}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.51762}, abstract = {Introduction: Plant diseases caused by geminiviruses are one of the main constraints of legume production in the world. They are responsible for a constraint on production of various crops. Geminiviruses are characterized by their twinned icosahedral particles and their single-stranded DNA genome. The family Geminiviridae is grouped into four genera: Begomovirus, Mastrevirus, Curtovirus and Topocuvirus (Brown and Moriones, 2012). Recent reports for geminiviruses show that viruses such as Spinach curly top Arizona virus (SCTAV) and Beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) (Yazdi et al., 2008) can be grouped in a new genus, Becurtovirus (ICTV 2012;http://www.ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp). Zanjan Province is one of the main regions for growing bean in Iran. Various geminiviruses have been reported from bean included: Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV), BCTIV, Bean Calico mosaic virus (BCaMV) and Bean dwarf mosaic virus (BDMV). In this study in order to determine the type and distribution of geminivirus/es causing bean diseases, samples were collected from Zanjan province and then tested for the presence of geminiviruses using polymerase chain reaction and rolling circle amplification systems. Materials and Methods: Some of the geminiviruses cause disease in the bean. To identify geminiviruses in the bean, sixty samples were collected from Zanjan, Khdabadeh, KhoramDareh and Abhar in summer 2014. These samples were collected according to the symptoms such as golden mosaic, curling, malformation, blistering, yellowing of leaves and plant stunting. After DNA extraction, viral infection was tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using degenerate primers, PAL1V 1978/ PAR1C 496 and Primer B/ Primer V181. Based on the disease symptoms and results of PCR, four samples were selected to confirm the presence of geminiviruses and also to amplify the full-length genome using a rolling cycle amplification (RCA) kit. The amplified DNA products were digested with EcoRI, PstI, and EcoRV enzymes. A 2800 bp DNA fragment was isolated from gel and cloned into EcoRI site of a pBlunt vector and then sequenced (Microgen, Korea). The resulted sequence was compared to other reported geminiviruses from databases such as Genbank. To find the phylogenetic relation of the identified virus with other reported geminiviruses, we made a phylogenetic tree using the aligned sequences in MEGA6 software by applying Neighbour-joining method with 1000 replicates. Results and Discussion: Using degenerate primers more than 15 percent of the collected samples showed amplification of DNA fragments with expected sizes. Gel electrophoresis for PCR products using BC and PCR V181 primers for bean samples showed production of a 550bp fragment. The PCR products size was 900 and 1100 bp using PaR1C 496 and PAL1V 1978 primers. The phenotype for theses samples was included geminivirus-like symptoms such as: abnormal and yellowing (S37), cup shape (S60), yellowing and mosaic (S34), blistering and abnormality (S62). The same abnormal shape of leaves was reported from bean plants infected with geminiviruses such as BCTIV and BGMV (Gharouni K. S., 2012). According to the results of the PCR and type of the symptoms, four samples (S26, S37, S61 and S65) selected to confirm the geminiviral infection using Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) reactions. The RCA reaction was performed using 200 ng of the DNA and followed the instruction of kit. The RCA product was digested with various restriction enzymes. Based on the digestion patterns of the amplified DNA in the presence of three restriction enzymes EcoRI, EcoRV, Pst1, a 2800 bp fragment from sample S37 was selected for cloning into a vector and sequencing. Analyzing of this sequence showed that the amplified DNA has the highest (98%) similarity to a Beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) isolated from sugar beet and a lower (89 %) similarity to an isolate of BCTIV from the bean in Khorasan-Razavi Province. Conclusion: Geminiviruses are limiting factors for crop production in the bean. The most common geminiviruses are Bean golden mosaic virus and Bean calico mosaic virus. In Iran, BCTIV has been recently identified as a dominant and widespread curly top producing agent in important crops (Heydarnejad et al., 2007; Kardani et al., 2013; Soleimani et al., 2013). This diversity and wide occurrence of BCTIV made a big challenge for breeders to produce resistance or tolerant traits (Strausbaugh et al., 2008). Our results also confirmed the widespread occurrence of BCTIV in Iran and also the genetic variation of virus isolates from the same host plant in various geographical regions.}, keywords = {Bean,Beet curly top Iran virus,Geminiviruses,Zanjan}, title_fa = {شناسایی مولکولی ویروس ایرانی پیچیدگی بوته چغندرقند مرتبط با لوبیا در استان زنجان}, abstract_fa = {بیماری های گیاهی ناشی از جمینی ویروس ها (Geminiviruses) از محدودیت های مهم تولید حبوبات در دنیا می باشند. با توجه به اهمیت استان زنجان به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین مناطق کشت لوبیا، در این تحقیق به منظور تعیین نوع و پراکندگی جمینی ویروس/های مولد بیماری در لوبیا، از مناطق عمده لوبیاکاری استان زنجان نمونه های گیاهی با توجه به علایمی مثل موزائیک طلایی، پیچیدگی، بدشکلی، تاولی، زردی برگ ها و کوتولگی بوته جمع آوری شد. پس از استخراج دئوکسی‌ریبونوکلئیک اسید (deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA)، آلودگی ویروسی در نمونه ها با استفاده از واکنش زنجیره ای پلی مراز و آغازگر های دجنره PAL1V 1978/ PAR1C 496 و Primer B/ Primer V181 بررسی گردید. با توجه به نتایج واکنش زنجیره‌ای پلی مراز و نوع علایم، چهار نمونه انتخاب و برای تأیید آلودگی و تکثیر ژنوم کامل ویروس از واکنش تکثیر دایره غلتان استفاده شد. سپس الگوی برشی DNA با استفاده از سه آنزیم برشی EcoRI،EcoRV و Pst1 مشخص گردید و بر این اساس قطعه 2800 جفت بازی برش یافته با آنزیم EcoRI مربوط به نمونه S37 انتخاب و در ناقل ژنی مناسب همسانه سازی و توالی یابی شد. بررسی توالی مذکور نشان داد که قطعه تکثیر یافته شباهت بالایی (98 درصد) به ویروس ایرانی پیچیدگی بوته چغندرقند (Beet curly top Iran virus) جدا شده از چغندر قند دارد ولی شباهت کمتری (89 درصد) به جدایه این ویروس از لوبیا در خراسان رضوی دارد. این نتایج بیان گر گسترش وسیع ویروس ایرانی پیچیدگی بوته چغندرقند در ایران و همچنین وجود تنوع در جدایه های این ویروس در یک میزبان می باشد.}, keywords_fa = {Bean,Beet curly top Iran virus,Geminiviruses,Zanjan}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36503.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36503_0c84e4247c40bfd6c4460dc977e12e97.pdf} } @article { author = {Soltaninejad, Paria and Shirvani, Asghar and Rashki, Maryam}, title = {Effect of Different Diets of Flour Moth on its Parasitoid Wasp Fitness, Trichogramma brassicae (Hym.:Trichogrammatidae)}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {709-717}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.53205}, abstract = {Introduction: Parasitoid wasp, Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko) (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) has excellent position in mass production technology, scope of application, wide geographical distribution and unmatched talent to adapt to different climatic conditions that can be easily reared on Mediterranean flour moth (MFM), Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lep.: Pyralidae). The parasitoid use is in order to control Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lep.: Pyralidae), Helicoverpa armigera (Lep.: Noctuidae), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lep.: Pyralidae), Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lep.: Phycitidae) and Cydia pomonella (Lep.: Tortricidae) (38). The studies have been shown that the quantity and quality of the host diet affect growth period, size of adults, adult longevity, fecundity and sex ratio of the parasitoid. The objective of current research was to evaluate the effect of four different MFM diets on the fitness of second and forth generations of the parasitoid wasp, T. brassicae. Materials and Methods: The four diets ((I) wheat flour, wheat bran, corn flour, bread yeast and glycerin; (II) wheat flour, wheat bran, barley flour, bread yeast and glycerin; (III) barley flour, bread yeast and glycerin and (IV) wheat flour, barley flour and corn flour) were sterilized at 51 °C for 24 hours. After cooling at ambient temperature, the diets were contaminated with the eggs of MFM and then were maintained at 25±1° C, 60±5 % RH and a photoperiod of 14 L: 10 D. The MFM adults emerged after 35 to 40 days and their eggs were collected daily to use for investigation of the parasitoid biology. For rearing the parasitoid wasps on the MFM eggs obtained from each diet, some cards containing the parasitoid pre-pupae were put inside cages (25 × 25 × 25 cm) and reared for one generation. The adults were fed honey (20%) for one day and then were provided with one-day-old sterile MFM eggs. To prevent egg hatching and sterile them, they were kept at 15°C for four h. The tests were conducted with 10 replicates for each treatment at 25±1°C, 60±5 % RH and a photoperiod of 14 L: 10 D. Each glass tube (8cm diameter, 11 cm height) as an experimental unit was consisted of 40 and 20 wasps for the second and fourth generation of the parasitoid and was provided with the card carried 200 and 100 eggs of MFM, respectively. The number of emerged parasitoid wasps along with the number of parasitized eggs on each card w recorded daily till the death of the adult wasp. Also, the number of emerged wasps and females were counted. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the lowest parasitism rate was occurred in the treatment I (9.8±0.011 %) for the second generation of the parasitoid. But, in the fourth generation, the treatment II and III presented the highest (11.05±1.23 %) and lowest parasitism rate (5.58±0.70%), respectively. In the previous report, the parasitism rate of T. brassicae fed on eggs of Sitotroga cerealella was assessed higher than that in the present study, which occurs probably because of the differences in insect host. The results obtained from the second generation showed that the variation in the diets had significant effect on the percentage of parasitoid emergence and the highest percentage of the parasitoid emergence was observed in treatment I (64.5±4.78 %) but there was no significant difference between the treatment I and III. The percentage of adult emergence of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (28) and Trichogramma maidis Pint, et Voeg. (13) reared on the MFM eggs were higher than the present research. The difference may be related to the parasitoid density and the wasp species. However, the variation in diets had no significant effect on the percentage of parasitoid emergence in fourth generation and sex ratio in both generations. In second generation, there were no significant differences among the treatments in daily oviposition of the female parasitoid but in fourth generation, various diets had significant effect. The highest and lowest daily oviposition were found for treatment II (0.77±0.07) and IV (0.42±0.06), respectively. The treatment III and II meaningfully caused the longest parasitoid lifetime in the second (12.31 ± 0.09 days) and forth generation (12.36±0.03 days), respectively. Nevertheless, no significant variation in lifetime of the parasitoid between the other treatments was found in the second and forth generations, separately. Several biotic and abiotic factors can influence T. brassicae lifetime such as temperature, adult feeding, humidity, the quality of the host egg and the size of parasitoids. Also, the proportion of wasps surviving at time x (lx) were almost similar among all treatments in the second and forth generations, separately. The survival rate fluctuations of T. brassicae reared on eggs of Ch. suppressalis, were similar on different rice varieties and after eight days all adults were dead which was similar to our results. Conclusion: By referring to the results, treatment II, included wheat flour, wheat bran, barley flour, bread yeast and glycerin (ratios: 41.5: 2: 43.5: 3: 10%, respectively) is proposed to optimize mass rearing of the parasitoid wasp, T. brassicae as an important biological control agent. The treatment II caused to increase the life span and parasitism rate of T. brassicae and is suitable for mass production of the parasitoid to promote the quality of biological control programs.}, keywords = {Biological control,Life span,Parasitism,Wheat flour}, title_fa = {اثر رژیم غذایی بید آرد بر برخی ویژگی های زیستی زنبور پارازیتوئید آن، Trichogramma brassicae (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae)}, abstract_fa = {زنبور پارازیتویید Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae)از نظر فناوری تولید انبوه، وسعت کاربرد، انتشار وسیع جغرافیایی و استعداد بینظیر در سازگاری نسبت به شرایط مختلف اقلیمی، دارای جایگاه ممتازی است و به راحتی روی بید آرد Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lep.: Pyralidae)، پرورش داده می‌شود. به منظور بهینهسازی پرورش انبوه زنبور پارازیتویید، تأثیر رژیم‌های غذایی بید آرد (رژیم I- آرد گندم، سبوس، آرد ذرت، مخمر نان و گلیسرین؛ رژیم II- آرد گندم، سبوس، آرد جو، مخمر و گلیسرین؛ رژیم III- آرد جو، مخمر نان و گلیسرین و رژیم IV- آرد گندم، آرد جو و آرد ذرت) بر شایستگی زنبور پارازیتویید، در دمای 1±25 درجه سلسیوس، رطوبت نسبی 5±60 درصد و دوره نوری 14 ساعت روشنایی و 10 ساعت تاریکی در نسل دوم و چهارم مطالعه شد. بر اساس نتایج، تیمار II، و III، به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین میزان پارازیتیسم را در نسل چهار داشتند. درصد ظهور افراد کامل پارازیتویید در تیمارهای III و II در نسل چهارم نسبت به سایر تیمارها بیشتر بود. به طور جداگانه در هر دو نسل (نسل دوم و چهارم) مورد مطالعه، نسبت جنسی زنبورهای ماده تفاوت معنی‌داری در تیمارهای مختلف نداشت. تیمار II باعث افزایش طول دوره زندگی و نرخ پارازیتیسم زنبور شد که با استناد به نتایج، تیمار II برای پرورش زنبور پارازیتویید T. brasiccae پیشنهاد می‌شود.}, keywords_fa = {Biological control,Life span,Parasitism,Wheat flour}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36550.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36550_a71bc8a0bf34adbed46a919851c5ba04.pdf} } @article { author = {Hosseininia, Asghar and khanjani, mohammad and Khoobdel, M. and javadi khederi, saeid}, title = {Comparision of the Efficiency of the Current Oils and Insecticide Compounds in Control of Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), (Hem.: Aleyrodidae) on Rose and their Interaction}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {718-726}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.53965}, abstract = {Introduction: Rose plant (R osa hybrid) is cultivated in nearly all regions of Iran and they are more common in the western areas of Iran. The intensive cultivation of rose often leads to injuries by pathogens or noxious animals and may require the implementation of pest control measures. Among the insect pests of roses, the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hem.: Aleyrodidae), is fairly common pest that it is considered as major pests on roses in Iran. This pest infests the undersides of rose leaves, where the feeding adults and nymphs produce honeydew on which sooty mould grows. Considering the importance of oils in the integrated management program of this pest, in the present survey the possibility of whitefly control on rose plant were carried out to assess mortality rate (MR), synergistic rate (SR) and Lc50 of the oils and common insecticide. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse located at the experimental site of National Ornamental Plant Institute, Mahallt, Iran. The plants (Rosa hybrid Apollo) were cut to stimulate rooting and then grown in plot containing a mixture of sand and sheep manure. Nine rose plant cuttings were planted in each plot with 1m2 space and 0.5 m distance each plot. So, each treatment had 9 shrubs of rose. The greenhouse whitefly T. vaporariorum were collected from infested rose plants and reared on rose. Each rose plant with one-year old was infested via 200 different stages of the whitefly. Fourteen days after infesting, compounds were sprayed on the infested plants with electrostatic atomizer backpack sprayer. Before spraying, plots were separated by plastic. Whitefly different stages from behind of three leaflets that separated from 15, 20 and 25 cm tip of plant were counted under a stereomicroscope (10 X) one day before and seven days after treatment. The effect of oils and common insecticide on whitefly mortality rate (MR) was performed in completely randomized block design with 20 treatments, 3 blocks and 4 replications. In addition, the bioassay of neem oil, citowett and volk on nymphal stages (2-4) as well as whiteflies adult were assayed in the greenhouse condition. The bioassay was carried out in clear plastic cages containing a leaf with three leaflets connected to the plant, containing 30 nymphs or 30 adults. Moreover, the bioassay of deltamethrin on adults and buprofezin on the nymphs and also synergistic rate (SR) of three oils including neem oil, citowett and volk on deltamethrin and buprofezin were estimated. The followed formula {SR= (Lc50A +Lc50B)/Lc50 (A+B)} was used for calculating synergistic rate. For bioassay testes, the clear plastic cages containing three leaflets as well as 30 nymphs and also 30 adult whiteflies were used. Results and Discussion: Based on the result of the mortality rate of oils and common insecticide, the treatment control, which was neem oil (1 ml/L) mixed with deltamethrin (0.5 ml/L), was caused 91.72 and 90.79 % MR of nymphs and adult whiteflies, respectively. Also the neem oil (0.5 ml/L) and citowett (0.25 ml/L) after water treatment had the lowest effect on the adult and nymphal stages mortality. When the oils separately were used, their LC50 were higher than they used simultaneously with deltamethrin and buprofezin. The results of the bioassay showed the Lc50 of deltamethrin mixed with neem oil, citowett and volk as: 417.55, 290.51 and 639.07 ppm, respectively. The synergistic effect of neem oil, citowett and volk with deltamethrin on the mortality rate of adult whitefly was estimated as 3.62, 5.45 and 2.56, respectively. The highest SR (7.24) of buprofezin for nymphal stage was occurred when it mixed with citowett. In addition, the SR of this pesticide was 4.86 and 3.55 for neem and volk, respectively. Also the Lc50 of buprofezin mixed with neem, citowett and volk were 214.26, 177.32 and 559.56 ppm, respectively. Conclusion: According to the effect of buprofezin on insect moulting, using of this pesticide mixed with citowett, neem and volk may be helpful for chemical control of nymphal stage of whitefly. In addition, based on our results deltamethrin mixed with same oils is recommended for adult control in integrated pest management programs of this pest. Proper application of pesticides along with oilscan increase synergistic effect of pesticide and reduce their harmful effects.}, keywords = {Greenhouse Whitefly,Oils,Pesticides,rose,Synergistic effect}, title_fa = {مقایسه کارایی روغن های رایج و ترکیبات حشره کش در کنترل سفید بالک گلخانه ای (Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), (Hem.: Aleyrodidae) روی رز و بررسی برهمکنش آن ها}, abstract_fa = {سفید بالک گلخانه، Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)، یکی از مهم ترین آفات گلخانه ای دنیا و از جمله آفات مهم رز در ایران به شمار می رود. با توجه به اهمیت روغن ها در امر کنترل تلفیقی این آفت، در این مطالعه امکان کنترل سفید بالک گلخانه ای رز با استفاده از دو روش شامل مقایسه تلفات روغن ها و حشره کش های رایج در شرایط گلخانه ای در قالب بلوک های کامل تصادفی با 20 تیمار، 3 بلوک با 4 کرت آزمایشی و همچنین زیست سنجی روغن های چریش، سیتووت و ولک روی مراحل پورگی دوم تا چهارم و مرحله حشره بالغ این آفت انجام گرفت. زیست‌سنجی دلتامترین روی حشره بالغ و بپروفزین روی پوره ها و نرخ سینرژیستی هر سه روغن روی دلتامترین و بپروفزین برآورد شد. در زیست‌سنجی از قفس شفاف پلاستیکی حاوی سه برگچه متصل به بوته و محتوی 30 پوره و همچنین 30 حشره بالغ استفاده شد. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از تلفات روغن ها و حشره کش ها، بهترین تیمار در کنترل سفید بالک بالغ و پوره ها استفاده از مخلوط روغن دانه چریش ml/L 1 همراه محلول ml/L5/0 دلتامترین بود که به ترتیب منجر به 72/91 و 79/90 درصد تلفات شد. نتایج حاصل از زیست‌سنجی نشان داد که Lc50 مخلوط دلتامترین با روغن های چریش، سیتووت و ولک برای حشره بالغ به ترتیب با 55/417، 51/290 و 07/639 پی پی ام می باشد. نرخ سینرژیستی روغن های چریش، سیتووت و ولک روی دلتامترین در مرگ و میر حشرات بالغ به ترتیب 62/3، 45/5 و 56/2 برآورد گردید. بیش ترین اثر سینرژیستی محلول بپروفزین در کنترل پوره ها در مخلوط با سیتووت و بعد از آن روغن های چریش و ولک به ترتیب با نرخ سینرژیستی 24/7 86/4 و 55/3 مشاهده گردید. همچنین Lc50 بپروفزین مخلوط با روغن های چریش، سیتووت و ولک برای پوره ها به ترتیب 26/217، 32/177 و 56/559 پی پی ام ثبت شد. با توجه به نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه مخلوط روغن های سیتووت، چریش یا ولک با دلتامترین برای کنترل شیمیایی حشرات بالغ و مخلوط روغن های مذکور با بپروفزین برای کنترل پوره ها در قالب کنترل تلفیقی این آفت قابل توصیه است.}, keywords_fa = {Greenhouse Whitefly,Oils,Pesticides,rose,Synergistic effect}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36557.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36557_b0b36f89b7b6662fd452701258a93b03.pdf} } @article { author = {abdollahi, fatemeh and Mohammaddoust‌Chamanabad, Hamid Reza}, title = {Competitive Ability and Tolerance of 18 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars to Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.)}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {629-638}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.50675}, abstract = {Introduction: Weeds causing 15 % or more damage to crops, annually. The amount of these damages depends upon different factors such as cultivar type and weeds species. Wild mustard is a cosmopolitan and most serious broad leaf weed in wheat fields which has widespread through world including Iran. Rapid emergence of wild mustard under cold condition and fast growth early in the spring are reasons that make its competitive capability along growing season with wheat. In the more global regions, soil seed bank persistence, height competitive ability, vast fecundity and herbicides resistance are chief problems in wild mustard control. Nonetheless, one of the weeds control strategies in integrated weed management systems is utilization of height competitive ability cultivars. Materials and Methods: In order to examine competitiveness of various wheat cultivars on wild mustard and evaluation of presence of this weed species yield and its components in wheat, an outdoor pot experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Greenhouse, College of Agriculture, Mohaghegh-e Ardabili University, during 2013-2014. Treatments comprising of 18 wheat cultivars namely: [Var1: Karkheh, Var2: Alborz, Var3: Azadi, Var4: Shahpasand, Var5: Sepahan, Var6: Flat, Var7: Ghods, Var8: Roshan, Var9: Sorkh tokhm, Var10: Moghan3, Var11: Alvand, Var12: MS-81-14, Var13: Yarvarus, Var14: Shahriyar, Var15: Golestan, Var16: Bam, Var17: Niknajad, Var18:Karaj3]. All mentioned cultivars were laid in the weed free (no wild mustard present) and interference condition (wild mustard present) pots and were arranged in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Wild mustard seeds, were used as weed seeds source that previously have collected in Agronomic Department Laboratory of Mohagheghe Ardabili University. Each pot was filled with almost 5 Kg mixtures of (sand, farm soil and farm yard manure). Also in each pot 15 wheat seeds along with several wild mustard seeds in regular pattern had been sown. First irrigation was done immediately after sowing on the pots. In the spring after wheat seedling were established pots were thinning and 6 seedlings in each pots and only one established wild mustard was remaining. At the end of growing season, yield, yield components and weeds losses dry weight were estimated. Competitive index (CI) and Weed Interference Tolerance Index (WITI) were assessed. All gathered data and trials that involving yield such as (spike number, seeds number per spike and thousand seeds weight), at ripening stage of all wheat in the pots were measured and weighted. Numeric observations which ascribing to wheat cultivars based on Squared Euclidean clustering analysis procedure for all cultivars categorize were used. Data were subjected to ANOVA, and means were separated using Fisher’s Protected LSD test at 0.05 probability (P ≤ 0.05). Results and Discussion: Wild mustard dry matter weight was influenced by means of different wheat cultivars (P ≤ 0.01). This effects resulting reduction of wild mustard dry matter weight ranged 14.4 -67.4% based on cultivar types, so that Bam, Alvand and MS-81-14 cultivars in this aspect was superior cultivars. Also, collected information represented that between cultivars there are significant difference in the spike production in each pot (P ≤ 0.01). Whereas, numbers of spike in each pot varied between 22 to 43, but Golstan cultivar had maximum spike in each pots and minimum spike belonged to Sepahan and Roshan cultivars. Spike numbers also had a significantly positive correlation with decreased weed dry matter percentage. There was difference between wheat cultivars in the seed per spikes (P ≤ 0.01). There was negative correlation between seed numbers and spike numbers (P ≤ 0.01), but positive association was between this character with wild mustard dry matter percentage decline (P ≤ 0.05). Numbers of fertile spikes were important factor in grain yield (15). There are significant differences in wheat yield between eighteen cultivars (P ≤ 0.01), so that Bam, MS-81-14 and Yarvarus have highest yield and Roshan has lowest from the rest cultivars. Yield data was influenced under wheat cultivars and wild mustard interference effects and inter-act of two mentioned factors (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Although, large numbers of study in overall world focus on cultivar’s merits and competitor cultivars study well documented, but we credence is that cultivars election and recommendations for each specific local must be documented in repeated and long-terms studies (in time and site). But results originated of this study, well documented cultivars selections in view of more effective Weed interference tolerance index (WITI) for Alvand, Bam, MS-81-14, and Yarvarus cultivars for weed suppress such wild mustardin Ardabil conditions,and yield productionalso Bam, MS-81-14 and Yarvarus were superior cultivars from others cultivars in Ardabil regions, which appear to be implemented in integrated weed managements design options. Finally, authors must be mentioned that this conclusion merely is primarily information in cultivars selections and other works must extended and carry out in Ardabil field conditions.}, keywords = {Cultivars breeding,Non-chemical management,Sustainable agriculture,Yield loss}, title_fa = {مطالعه توانایی و تحمل رقابت 18 رقم گندم(Triticum aestivum L.) در حضور علف هرز خردل وحشی (Sinapis arvensis L.)}, abstract_fa = {واکنش ارقام مختلف گندم به رقابت علف های هرز متفاوت است. این آزمایش نیز به منظور بررسی توان و تحمل رقابتی 18 رقم گندم در حضور علف هرز خردل وحشی در سال 93-1392 در دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 18 رقم گندم (البرز، الوند، کرج 3، مغان 3، MS-81-14، فلات، قدس، نیک نژاد، سپاهان، روشن، گلستان، آزادی، کرخه، شاه پسند، بم، شهریار، یارواروس و سرخ تخم) بودند که در تداخل با تک بوته علف هرز خردل وحشی رشد می کردند. نتایج نشان داد که عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ارقام مختلف گندم واکنش های متفاوتی نسبت به رقابت خردل وحشی نشان می دهند. عملکرد دانه ارقام گندم بین 3/281 تا 3/670 گرم در متر مربع متغیر بود و ارقام بم، MS-81-14 و یارواروس بیشترین (به ترتیب 1/611، 7/670 و 9/605 گرم در متر مربع) و رقم روشن (8/281 گرم در متر مربع) کمترین عملکرد دانه را داشتند. تأثیر بازدارندگی ارقام گندم بر رشد و نمو خردل وحشی نیز متفاوت بود، به طوری که بیشترین اثر بازدارندگی بر خردل وحشی را ارقام بم، الوند و MS-81-14 داشتند و در رقابت این ارقام وزن خشک خردل وحشی بیش از 50 درصد کاهش یافت. نتایج این آزمایش نشان می دهد که کاهش عملکرد ارقام گندم در رقابت با خردل وحشی متفاوت است بطوری که ارقام بم، الوند و MS-81-14 عملکرد بالاتر و وزن خشک خردل وحشی کمتری تولید کردند که نشان می‌دهد از توان رقابتی بالاتری برخوردار هستند و می توان از این ویژگی در مدیریت غیرشیمیایی علف های هرز و اصلاح ارقام استفاده نمود.}, keywords_fa = {Cultivars breeding,Non-chemical management,Sustainable agriculture,Yield loss}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36478.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36478_547ee85339963da62d36c651605c083e.pdf} } @article { author = {Moradi, Zohreh and Mehrvar, Mohsen and Nazifi, Ehsan and Zakiaghl, Mohammad}, title = {Identification and Molecular Analysis of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) in Mazandaran Province}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {639-645}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.50484}, abstract = {Introduction: Several potyviruses infecting gramineous plants have been reported from Iran. Mosaic is the most widespread viral disease affecting sugarcane and maize production. Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is one of the causal agents of mosaic disease, which was first described in Ohio in 1963. SCMV belonging to the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae, is a single-stranded positive sense RNA virus which can infect gramineous plants such as sugarcane, maize and sorghum. Like all potyviruses, SCMV has non-enveloped flexuous filamentous virions of 750 nm long and 11–13 nm wide, which encapsidate a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA molecule of approximately 10,000 nt long. SCMV subgroup in the genus Potyvirus consists of seven different species viz., SCMV, Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), Johnsongrass mosaic virus (JGMV); Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), Zea mosaic virus (ZeMV), Pennisetum mosaic virus (PenMV) and Cocksfoot streak virus (CSV). These viruses have been transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner, and cause mosaic disease and yield loss in sugarcane, maize, sorghum, and other gramineous plants. Among these viruses, only SCMV and SrMV are known to infect sugarcane under natural conditions and are considered as the causal agents of sugarcane mosaic disease. SCMV causes yield losses in many countries, and losses of maize production have been estimated at 30–80%, making it the most economically important problem in world maize production. The first report of SCMV in Iran was from Khuzestan province in 1993. There are also partial sequences, mostly from the 3'-UTR and coat protein regions, of some isolates of this virus in Iran. As Mazandaran province in North of Iran is one of the major producing areas of maize and sugarcane, identification of this virus is a concern. The purpose of this research was to study the existence of SCMV in research areas and determining of its phylogenetic relationship. Materials and Methods: From July to September 2013 and 2014, a total of 45 leaf samples of maize and sugarcane showing virus symptoms were collected from different maize and sugarcane fields in Mazandaran province. Total RNA was extracted from all samples. First-strand cDNA and PCR amplification were carried out with an SCMV-specific primer F4/R3 corresponding to the virus CP gene. Expected PCR products of 900 bp were purified from 1% agarose gels using Gel Recovery kit, then cloned into the pTG19-T vector and sequenced. Sequences were compared to data available in the GenBank. Phylogenetic tree for grouping based on nucleotide sequences was constructed by MEGA 6 software program using the neighbor-joining method. Multiple alignments of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences were carried out using the ClustalW and DNAMAN7 software. Results and Discussion: Amplification product (900 bp) was obtained from 35 infected samples, but not from healthy samples. The most typical symptoms in positive samples were mosaic, mosaic strips, and yellow chlorotic stripes. Four selected PCR positive samples were cloned into the pTG19-T vector and sequenced. BLASTn analysis of the sequenced data revealed that the PCR-amplified fragments belonged to CP gene of SCMV. Four selected isolates named Maz-SCR1 and Maz-SCR2 from sugarcane (Ghaemshahr), Maz-MR from maize (Ghaemshahr) and Maz-MB from maize (Babolsar). Phylogenetic tree based on multiple sequence alignment of CP gene divided all SCMV isolates into two groups: I and II. Members of each group were divided into two subgroups: A, B. Mazandaran isolates of SCMV were grouped with isolates of Khuzestan and Egypt in a subclade in subgroup IA. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Mazandaran isolates share 78 to 99 % nucleotide sequence identity and 79.5-100 % amino acid sequence identity with other isolates of SCMV. Also, the identity of these four isolates in the nucleotide and amino acid levels ranged between 97 to 98.9 % and 99.3 to 100 %, with each other, respectively. Isolate of Mazandaran showed the highest nucleotide sequence identity with khzL66 and khzQ86 isolates from Khuzestan (between 96.6 to 98.8 %) and EGY7-1 isolate from Egypt (between 96.7 to 99 %) and the lowest nucleotide sequence identity with BD8 isolate from China (between 78 to 78.8 %). The previously identified and conserved amino acid sequence motifs described in CP of potyviruses were present in Mazandaran isolates CP gene. Conclusion: SCMV is a widespread cereal potyvirus in the world and often occurs in a mixed infection with SrMV. In this study, for the first time, we reported the occurrence of SCMV in maize and sugarcane fields in Mazandaran province based on CP gene analyses and determined its phylogenetic relationship with other SCMV isolates available in the GenBank. Iranian isolates of SCMV were grouped with the isolate of Egypt in a subclade in subgroup IA. It is speculated that the Iranian isolates have been introduced into this country with sugarcane cuttings. The data obtained in this study will be beneficial to improve control strategies for this virus in Iran. Identification and the use of more isolates and analysis of genes in addition to CP are recommended for a better understanding of the genetic structure and variation of SCMV populations on a large geographical scale.}, keywords = {Coat protein,Mazandaran,Phylogenetic analysis,Sugarcane and maize,Sugarcane mosaic virus}, title_fa = {شناسایی و بررسی مولکولی ویروس موزائیک نیشکر (Sugarcane mosaic virus; SCMV) در استان مازندران}, abstract_fa = {ویروس موزائیک نیشکر (Sugarcane mosaic virus; SCMV) یکی از بیمارگرهای بسیار مهم و خسارت زا در مناطق کشت ذرت و نیشکر در دنیا است. به منظور ردیابی و شناسایی این ویروس، در سال های 1393-1392 تعداد 45 نمونه مشکوک به آلودگی از مزارع نیشکر و ذرت در استان مازندران جمع آوری شد. در واکنش زنجیره ای پلیمراز با نسخه برداری معکوس (Reverse transcription-PCR, RT-PCR) با استفاده از یک جفت آغازگر اختصاصی مربوط به ژن پروتئین پوششی، قطعه ای به طول900 جفت باز در 35 نمونه تکثیر گردید. محصول PCR مربوط به چهار جدایه پس از همسانه سازی در ناقلpTG19-T ، توالی یابی شده و با سایر توالی های موجود در بانک ژن مقایسه گردید. در آنالیز فیلوژنتیکی، توالی نوکلئوتیدی 36 جدایه ویروس موزائیک نیشکر در دو گروه ( I وII ) و چهار زیر گروه قرار گرفتند و جدایه های مازندران نیز در کنار جدایه های خوزستان و مصر در زیرگروه IA قرار گرفتند. آنالیز فیلوژنتیکی جدایه های تعیین توالی شده در ناحیه ژنی پروتئین پوششی نشان داد که چهار جدایه مازندران با سایر جدایه‌های ویروس موزائیک نیشکر بین 78 تا 99 % در سطح نوکلئوتیدی مشابهت دارند که بیشترین شباهت با جدایه EGY7-1 از مصر (بین 6/97 تا 99 %) و جدایه های khzQ86و khzL66 از خوزستان در ایران (بین 6/96 تا 8/98 %) و کمترین شباهت با جدایه BD8 از چین (بین 78 تا 8/78 %) می باشد. همچنین تشابه توالی نوکلئوتیدی و آمینواسیدی این چهار جدایه با یکدیگر به ترتیب بین 9/98-97 و 100-3/99 % تعیین گردید. این اولین گزارش از وجود SCMV در استان مازندران براساس ژن پروتئین پوششی است.}, keywords_fa = {Coat protein,Mazandaran,Phylogenetic analysis,Sugarcane and maize,Sugarcane mosaic virus}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36485.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36485_cbf03581aa6dd9d51e8d3fc9f6085b53.pdf} } @article { author = {jamshidi, arezoo and Vahedi, H. A. and zamani, abassali}, title = {Population Dynamic, the Spatial Distribution Pattern and Management of Ash Tree, Fraxinus rotundifolia psyllid Psyllopsis discrepans Flor (Hem., Psyllidae) in Kermanshah Province, Iran}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {727-743}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.55216}, abstract = {Introduction: Due to increasing air pollution, one of the ways to reduce pollution is to develop the green space, the urban parks, domestic gardens and streets marginal, including the ash trees, which play a vital role in supporting urban by its beauty and reducing air pollution. One of the convenient options to overshadow ash trees in their gardens. The jumping plant-louse, Psyllopsis discrepans is a sap-suckerpest which has highly host -specific and feed mainly on the young leaves and sprouts, is considered as important ash pests. Large populations of the pest cause the leaf curl gall and distort which result in leaf scar and less aesthetic appearance of ash canopy. The pest causes plant weakness by the toxic action of the saliva injected during their feeding process. The nymphal instar secreted honeydew which stimulates fungal growth on plant organs. There are a number of psyllid control methods which each of them has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. The objective of this work was to verify the population fluctuation and assessing the spatial distribution of P. discrepans, in ash tree, Fraxinus rotundifolia Mill (Oleaceae) and in order to develop the best psyllid control plan, it is important that to weigh out the most effective options to reduce the population of this pest, in Kermanshah, western region of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study the monitoring of P. discrepans population was carried out in urban areas of infested trees, using yellow adhesive traps with 50 m far from each other. Two sampling methods were took place the regular weekly from March 2014 to May 2015. nymphs tend to cling to the foliage when disturbed while the adults tend to jump and fly away. These differences in habit necessitated the use of two sampling techniques. The counts of eggs and nymphs were made by taking samples at each infested tree. The samples were placed individually in plastic bags and chilled in a refrigerator until they could be observed under a dissecting microscope and the counts made. Adult populations were sampled by yellow sticky traps. The counts obtained for the various life stage intervals are recorded. The population dynamics and spatial distribution models was calculated, using Taylor’s law and Iowa's model. For the winter and spring chemical pest control Acetamiprid insecticide and the winter oil (volk oil) were employed in a randomized complete block design with three treatments and four replications for the eggs control in 2014 in the green space. In the spring a combination of pesticides, acetamiprid and imidaclopriyd, was done in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replications were used for adults and nymphal stages control in 2015 at the faculty of agriculture, Razi University in Kermanshah green space. Results and Discussion: The results show that P. discrepans has two generations per year. The spring generation occurs in early April, the summer generation appears from late of June to beginning of October. The insect overwinters as eggs that hatch in early spring. The Taylor’s law showed cumulative spatial distribution in both years and the Iowa's model showed randomized spatial distribution in 2014, but showed cumulative spatial distribution in 2015. The Iowa's model based on coefficients of determination obtained (R=0.996) compared to the Taylor’s law (R=0.992) had a higher correlation with the data used to fit the data better than the Taylor rule. The pest control methods tested to reduce pest population levels, during winter and spering, including chemical control, physical control and combination of them. The chemical control results by volk oil and acetamiprid in compared with the control (water) in winter showed that effect of volk oil spray was better than acetamiprid on mortality all of stages. The results for pest control in the spring showed that the combination of spray chemical, imidacloprid + yellow sticky card trap to control this pest were more effective than the other treatments. The yellow sticky card trap supports Anthocoris sp. at the field condition, during chemical control program. In conclusion, the population dynamics of P. discrepans related to temperature and humidity. P. discrepan populations were found during month of the year, reaching their peak in May and September. Average and maximum temperatures showed a significant correlation with the psyllidae population fluctuation, affecting it positively. Heavy rain periods and low temperatures were not restricting, but they caused a reduction in population.}, keywords = {Abundance,Insect fluctuation,Pest management,Population dynamism,Pesticide application,Psyllopsis discrepans,Sticky card,Urbanization}, title_fa = {نوسان جمعیت، الگوی توزیع فضایی و مدیریت پسیل زبان گنجشک Psyllopsis discrepans Flor (Hem., Psyllidae) در شهر کرمانشاه}, abstract_fa = {ایجاد و گسترش فضای سبز یکی از روش های کاهش نسبی آلودگی هوا است. درختان زبان گنجشک یکی از گزینه‌های مناسب برای سایه گستری در فضای سبز می باشند. پسیل زبان گنجشک از جمله آفات مهم درخت زبان گنجشک می باشد که خسارت زیادی از طریق مکیدن شیره ی گیاهی و ایجاد گال های برگی روی این درخت ایجاد می کند. در این پژوهش با انجام نمونه برداری های منظم و هفتگی نوسانات جمعیت و توزیع فضایی آفت با استفاده از مدل های قانون توان تیلور و شاخص آیوائو محاسبه شد. کنترل آفت در دو فصل زمستان و بهار انجام شد. از سم استامی-پراید و روغن ولک در فصل زمستان برای کنترل تخم های این آفت استفاده شد، این مطالعه در قالب طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی با سه تیمار و چهار تکرار در سال 1393 در شهر کرمانشاه در فضای سبز دانشکده ی کشاورزی دانشگاه رازی انجام شد. در فصل بهار هم از تلفیق سموم استامی-پراید و ایمیداکلوپراید در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با شش تیمار و چهار تکرار جهت کنترل آفت استفاده شد. نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که روی همه ی سنین پورگی، روغن ولک نتیجه ی بهتری نسبت به سم استامی پراید داشت و جهت کنترل تخم‏های P. discrepans در فصل زمستان مناسب بود. در سمپاشی فصل بهار علیه پوره ها تلفیق حشره کش ایمیداکلوپراید + کارت زرد چسبنده جهت کنترل آفت مؤثرتر از بقیه ی تیمارها نشان داد.}, keywords_fa = {Abundance,Insect fluctuation,Pest management,Population dynamism,Pesticide application,Psyllopsis discrepans,Sticky card,Urbanization}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36567.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36567_a78ec3582da35e5f2da4fb61b7136144.pdf} } @article { author = {Abbaspour, parvin and Sadeghi Namaghi, Hussein and fekrat, lida}, title = {Soil-inhabiting Mesostigmatic Mites (Acari) of Mashhad County, Razavi Khorasan Province of Iran}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {744-753}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.56235}, abstract = {Introduction: The order Mesostigmata is a large, diverse and cosmopolitan assemblage of parasitiform mites. Most of them are free-living predators, and many species are parasites orsymbionts of mammals, birds, reptiles, or arthropods. Because they may play an important role in essential functions of soil mesofauna communities, this group of mites may be used as bioindicators of environmental changes. Due to their high diversity and often great numbers, they are integrally involved in many ecological interactions. In the last few decades, they have gained an increasing interest in the context of bioindication, pests and pest control, decomposition, and human health. Lindquist et al. (2009) divided the order into three suborders as Monogynaspida, Trigynaspida, and Sejida. There are about 12000 species belonging to approximately 70 families which grouped into 26 superfamilies in the world. In terms of Mesostigmatid mite fauna of Iran, Kazemi & Rajaei (2013) reviewing the literature, reported that mesostigmatid mites in Iran (excluding the family Phytoseiidae) consist of 348 species belonging to 128 genera, 39 families, and 17 superfamilies. Compared with the world fauna, it is obvious that the Iranian list of Mesotigmata is far from real number and this list can be increased by further investigation in unexplored areas. Materials and Methods: This study investigated assemblages of Mesostigmatid mites inhabiting soil in different agro- ecosystems in Mashhad county, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Soil samples were collected from different areas with differing vegetation communities in the region. A total of 300 soil samples were taken from October 2014 to November 2015. The samples, including the soil, manure, and leaf composts collected from an area of about 40 cm2 and depth of up to 15 cm. Mites were extracted from soil samples by using Berlese-Tullgren funnel with a 40 W bulb which was lasted 48 h for each sample. The collected specimens were cleared in Nesbitt’s fluid and mounted as permanent slides using Hoyer’s medium. Primarily identification was done by authors, but all reported species in this study were sent for identification or confirmation to Drs O. Joharchi (Azad University of Yazd, Iran), H. Ostovan ( Azad Univerisity of Marvdasht, Shiraz, Iran) & Sh. Kazemi (Institute for Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman). Samples of all mites were deposited in the mite collection of the Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Results: The present survey of mesostigmatic mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) inhabiting soil in Mashhad county, Razavi Khorasan province which carried out during October 2014 to November 2015 resulted in a total of 20 mesostigmatic mite species belonging to 16 genera and nine families. The list of identified species is as follows: Ameroseidae: Ameroseius plumosus*(Oudemans, 1902), A.parplumosus*(Nasr & Abou-Awad, 1986); Ascidae: Arctoseius cetratus(Sellnick, 1940); Halolaelapidae: Halolaelaps sp.; Laelapidae: Gaeololaelaps asperatus (Berlese, 1904), G.angustus (Karg, 1965), G.queenslandicus (Womersley, 1956), G.sclerotarsus (Costa, 1968), Laelaspisella canestrinii* (Berlese, 1903), Haemolaelaps casalis (Berlese, 1887); Macrochelidae: Macrocheles glaber *(Müller, 1860); Melicharidae: Proctolaelaps pygmaeus(Müller, 1859); Pachylaelapidae: Onchodellus karawaiewi **(Berlese, 1920), Pachylaelaps sp.Parasitidae: Parasitus fimetorum **(Berlese, 1904), P.consanguineus (Oudemans & Voigts, 1904), Pergamasus falculiger *(Berlese, 1906); Rhodacaridae: Multidentorhodacarus denticulatus *(Berlese, 1920);Urodinychidae:Uroobovella marginata** (Koch, 1839);Uropodidae: Uropoda orbicularis* (Müller, 1776). Among the identified species in this study, 7 species including Ameroseius plumosus (Oudemans), Ameroseius parplumosus (Nasr & Abou-Awad), Laelaspisella canestrinii (Berlese), Macrocheles glaber (Müller), Pergamasus falculiger (Berlese), Multidentorhodacarus denticulatus (Berlese), Uropoda orbicularis (Müller) were new records for Razavi Khorasan province. In addition, 3 species, namely Onchodellus karawaiewi ((Berlese), Parasitus fimetorum (Berlese), and Uroobovella marginata (Koch) were new records for Mashhad county. Conclusion: Mite fauna listed for Iran do not sufficiently indicate the real number. The results presented have added nine new species record to the fauna of the study area, so now the number of mesostigmatic mites (excluding family Phytoseiidae) of Razavi Khorasan has reached to at least 54 species. As many parts of the province have not been explored faunistically, with further research in different parts of the province, the recorded mite species will be considerably increased. Not only more faunistic studies are required further research on the biology and ecology of the recorded species is suggested.}, keywords = {Diversity,Fauna,Khorasan Razavi,Parasitiform}, title_fa = {کنه‌های خاکزی راسته‌ی میان‌استیگمایان (Acari: Mesostigmata) در شهرستان مشهد}, abstract_fa = {اولین گام در مطالعات تنوع زیستی و مدیریت تلفیقی آفات، شناسایی گونه‌های موجود در منطقه می‌باشد. به منظور شناسایی کنه‌های خاکزی راسته‌ی میان استیگمایان در شهرستان مشهد در فصول مختلف سال‌های 1393 و 1394 ضمن بازدید از مناطق مختلف شهرستان مشهد اقدام به جمع آوری نمونه‌های خاک از بوم نظام‌های کشاورزی شد. پس از حمل نمونه‌های خاک به آزمایشگاه با استفاده از قیف برلیز– تولگرین نمونه‌های کنه استخراج و بدن آنها با استفاده از محلول نسبیت شفاف شدند.کنه‌های شفاف شده روی لام‌های میکروسکوپی داخل محلول هویر تثبیت و با استفاده از منابع موجود شناسایی شدند. در نتیجه تعداد 20 گونه از 11 خانواده شناسایی شدند. جنس و گونه‌هایی که با یک و دو ستاره مشخص شده‌اند به ترتیب برای فون استان خراسان رضوی و شهرستان مشهد جدید هستند. فهرست گونه‌های شناسایی شده بر حسب خانواده به شرح زیر می‌باشد : Ameroseidae: Ameroseius plumosus*(Oudemans, 1902), A.parplumosus*(Nasr & Abou-Awad, 1986); Ascidae: Arctoseius cetratus (Sellnick, 1940); Halolaelapidae: Halolaelaps sp.; Laelapidae: Gaeololaelaps asperatus (Berlese, 1904), G.angustus (Karg, 1965), G.queenslandicus (Womersley, 1956), G.sclerotarsus (Costa, 1968), Laelaspisella canestrinii* (Berlese, 1903), Haemolaelaps casalis (Berlese, 1887); Macrochelidae: Macrocheles glaber* (Müller, 1860); Melicharidae: Proctolaelaps pygmaeus (Müller, 1859); Pachylaelapidae: Onchodellus karawaiewi **(Berlese, 1920), Pachylaelaps sp.; Parasitidae: Parasitus fimetorum**(Berlese, 1904), P.consanguineus (Oudemans & Voigts, 1904), Pergamasus falculiger* (Berlese, 1906); Rhodacaridae: Multidentorhodacarus denticulatus *(Berlese, 1920); Urodinychidae:Uroobovella marginata** (Koch, 1839); Uropodidae: Uropoda orbicularis* (Müller, 1776).}, keywords_fa = {Diversity,Fauna,Khorasan Razavi,Parasitiform}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36580.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36580_fd4995f041f7045641daee39f6e437b9.pdf} } @article { author = {kargar, masoud and Ghorbani, Reza and Rashed Mohassel, Mohammad Hassan and Rastgoo, Mehdi}, title = {Isobolographic Analysis for Mixture Effects of Mesosulfuron-Methyl+Iodosulfuron with Pinoxaden in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {610-621}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.50213}, abstract = {Introduction: Farmers usually combine various herbicides with the aim of reducing the number of machinery passes across the field, preventing weed resistance to herbicides, and saving time and money. Combination of herbicides is not only recommended for the management of herbicide resistance, but for increasing efficacy compare with a single herbicide application and expanding spectrum weed control. Materials and Methods: In order to assess the mixing herbicides that used in wheat, several experiments were conducted in the Research greenhouse and Farm of Agricultural Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran in 2013. The greenhouse experiments were arranged in a completely randomize design with a factorial arrangement of treatments with four replications. Greenhouse studies were included two combination experiments. Experiments included of 7 doses (0, 2.25, 4.5, 9, 13.5, and 18 g ai ha-1) of mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron and (0, 5.6, 11.25, 22.5, 33.75, and 45 g ai ha-1) of pinoxaden (Axial 10% EC, EC; Syngenta, Switzerland) alone on wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Durieu) and littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Rtez.). Wild oat seeds were sown in pots directly. Littleseed canarygrass seeds were placed in petri dishes with 9 cm diameter which contains a layer of filter paper then 6 ml of KNO3 solution (2 g L-1) was added to each petri dish. Petri dishes were kept for 10 days at 4 to 5 °C in the refrigerator in darkness condition and then transferred to a germinator with 20/10 °C temperature in 45/65% relative humidity for a 16/8 h day/night. Then, they were planted in 1L plastic pots filled with a mixture of clay, loam soil, and sand (1:1:1 v/v/v). The pots were irrigated every two days. The seedlings were thinned to 4 plants in per pot. The spray treatment was done at the three to four-leaf stage by using an overhead trolley sprayer (Matabi 121030 Super Agro 20 L sprayer; Agratech Services-Crop Spraying Equipment, Rossendale, UK), equipped with an 8002 flat fan nozzle tip delivering 200 L ha-1 at 2 bar spray pressure. Four weeks after spraying, the plants of the experimental units were harvested and oven-dried at 75°C for 48 h, then weighed. The greenhouse temperature varied from 18–25 °C during the day and 14–21°C at night. Field trial was conducted in completely randomized block design with three replications at Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran in 2014. Because the appropriate ED50 obtained in the greenhouse therefor he recommended doses were used for field trial. Minitab 16.0 software was used for variance analysis and Mean comparison also for regression analysis, R software was applied. Results and Discussion: Greenhouse experiment results showed that pure application of mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron and pinoxaden herbicide was effective on wild oat and littleseed canarygrass. The results of mixing experiments on wild oat and littleseed canarygrass showed that mixture of mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron with pinoxaden had additive effect of both species. ED50 of different ratios of the two herbicides showed that maximum efficacy (maximum intensity effect) in decreasing dry weight of wild oat was related to ratio 100: 0 mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron and pinoxaden with ED50= 2.16 and minimum efficacy (minimum intensity effect) was related to ratio 75:25 mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron and pinoxaden with ED50= 4.22. The results of the field almost were consistent with the results of the greenhouse so that the different ratios no significant difference was observed in both species of wild oat and littleseed canarygrass. All herbicide treatments resulted in at least 85.4% and 86.86% reduction biomass and population of wild oat. Except control treatments, all tank mixing ratios of mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron and pinoxaden weren’t significantly different. On the other hand, jointed effects of the two herbicides on wild oat in field experiment had the same effect as when each herbicide applied separately. Also, comparisons between greenhouse and field results showed that twice condition have same response. The results of yield and yield components showed that parameters of grain yield and biological yield was significant at the 5% level. Conclusion: None of herbicides had effect on others and the results of greenhouse were consistent with field experiment. It may be possible without diminished performance, these herbicides were used to postpone weed resistance in weed management.}, keywords = {Additive,Antagonism,Herbicide combination,Synergism}, title_fa = {استفاده از منحنی های هم‌اثر در بررسی اثرات مخلوط علف کش مزوسولفورون+ یدوسولفورون با پینوکسادن در گندم (Triticum aestivum)}, abstract_fa = {به منظور ارزیابی اختلاط علف کش های مورد استفاده در گندم، چند آزمایش در گلخانه و مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 92-1393 انجام شد. در آزمایش های گلخانه ای، اثرات تیمار خالص و مخلوط علف کش مزوسولفورون+یدوسولفورون با پینوکسادن بر روی گونه های باریک برگ یولاف وحشی و علف قناری به عنوان گونه های محک باریک برگ در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی بصورت فاکتوریل و با 4 تکرار مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. آزمایش مزرعه ای نیز در قالب طرح های بلوک کامل تصادفی و با 3 تکرار اجرا شد. با توجه به اینکه در گلخانه ED50های متناسبی به دست آمد لذا از دزهای توصیه شده برای آزمایش مزرعه ای استفاده شد. نتایج آزمایش های گلخانه‌ای نشان داد که کاربرد خالص علف کش مزوسولفورون+یدوسولفورون و پینوکسادن بر روی یولاف وحشی و علف قناری مؤثر بود. نتایج آزمایش اختلاط علف کش مزوسولفورون+یدوسولفورون با پینوکسادن بر روی یولاف وحشی و علف قناری نشان داد که این مخلوط دارای اثر افزایشی بر هر دو گونه می باشد. نتایج مزرعه ای نیز تقریبا هماهنگ با نتایج مزرعه ای بود به نحوی که بین نسبت‌های مختلف تفاوت معنی داری در هر دو گونه یولاف وحشی و علف قناری مشاهده نشد. نتایج عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد نشان داد پارامترهای عملکرد دانه و عملکرد بیولوژیک در سطح 5 درصد معنی دار شد. تیمار وجین کامل و بدون وجین به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین تأثیر را بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد همچنین با توجه به اینکه میانگین عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد بین نسبت های بکار برده شده معنی‌دار نشد نتایج این بخش نیز هماهنگ با نتایج گلخانه ای بود و نشان داد که هیچ کدام از علف-کش ها بر روی دیگری اثر نداشته است. لذا بر اساس این نتایج می توان این علف کش ها را برای افزایش طیف کنترلی علف های هرز و همچنین به تعویق انداختن مقاومت علف های هرز به صورت مخلوط بکار برد.}, keywords_fa = {Additive,Antagonism,Herbicide combination,Synergism}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36467.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36467_7f82a829487e18e726133443b28fb8aa.pdf} } @article { author = {Shahiri Tabarestani, Maede and Rahnama, kamran and Amiri, Alireza}, title = {Inhibitory Effect of Sambucus ebulus Extracts on Growth of Macrophomina phaseolina and Extraction of their Bioactive}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {622-628}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.50722}, abstract = {Introduction: Macrophomina phaseolina is the causal agent of soybean charcoal rot. This disease is one of the most prevalent and destructive of soybean in the north of Iran. This pathogen has broad host range and invades more than 500 plant species of 75 families, such as Caprifoliaceae. Symptoms on stems appear as silver-gray lesions near the base, which eventually decay the stem. Plants show poor seed fill, premature ripening, and undersized heads. Seed yield and oil content are decreased. Numerous tiny black bodies called sclerotia are formed on the decayed tissues giving the stalks a charred appearance. This fungus exists in the soil as sclerotia, a compact mass of hardened mycelia structures, which can remain dormant for many years. As the causal agent, is a soil-borne pathogen, chemical fungicides are not effective for its control. This matter has led to use a large amount of fungicides that are harmful to human health and lead to environmental pollution. There is not any registered fungicide against the charcoal rot pathogen. Some medicinal plants have a potential for controlling various phytopathogenic fungi due to the variety of compounds. Scientists are trying to achieve some plant-derived compounds for diseases control. Natural plant products are biodegradable, show structural diversity and rarely consist halogenated atoms. These can act directly as pesticides or may supply structure lead to pesticidal discovery. The aim of this study was to investigate chemical composition and antifungal activity of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Sambucus ebulus for control of M. phaseolina and replace the chemical fungicides. Materials and Methods: The plant leaves were collected during July - August 2014 in Babol (Mazandaran province- Iran) and washed thoroughly with tap water and then rinsed with distilled water and shade dried at room temperature. The dried plant material was finely powdered using an electric grinder and used for aqueous and organic solvent extraction. The aqueous extract was prepared via maceration method. Extraction with ethyl alcohol lasted 8 hours in a soxhlet extractor. The organic solvent was evaporated by rotary evaporated shaker untile 5 ml of solvent was reached. Then GC-MS analysis was used. For investigation of antifungal effects of Sambucus ebulus extracts, different concentrations of aqueous and alcoholic extracts in PDA (autoclaved) have been prepared. Concentrations of %10, %20 and %30 have been used for aqueous and alcoholic extracts, individually. Results and Discussion: The aqueous extract did not show any antifungal effect, but different concentrations (%10,%20,%30) of alcoholic extracts showed significant inhibitory effects. Alcoholic extract at %30 concentration by %100 was the most effective one and at %10 concentration by 39.25 was the least effective one, on inhibiting of mycelial growth and formation of sclerotia of the pathogen. Statistically, there was the significant difference in %1 and %5 levels, between different concentrations of alcoholic extract for control of mycelial growth and formation of sclerotia. Alcoholic leaf extract was more effective than water extract, hence it shows that presence of antifungal agent released in alcohol due to its solubility. The chemical compounds present in the alcoholic extract were identified by using the GC-MS device with non-polar column (HP-5). According to mass spectra library of this device, in extracted organic phase with ethyl alcohol solvent, 27 chemical compounds were identified, which the main components were included as phthalates (%54/3), fatty acids and derivatives (%26/61), terpenoids (%2/65), diterpenes alcohol (%2/09), phenolic derivatives (%1.58), Phytosterols (%3.38) and cycloalkanes (%0.38). The highest abundance of identified chemical compounds was, Mono (2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (%54.3), palmitic acid (%8.24), α - Linolenic acid (%7.78), Isovaleric acid (%4.33), dihydro Stigmasterol (%3.38), Neophytadiene (%2.65), 1-Butanol (%2.49), Phytol (%2.09), Octadecadienoic acid (%1.97) respectively. Some of these compounds have not previously been reported. Because of the antifungal effects of these constituents, the high potential of antifungal activity for alcoholic extract is justified. Conclusion: The selected medicinal plant extract used in this experiment are easily and locally available and effective as an antifungal agent, so can be recommended to the farmer after the field test. Leaf extract not only has an adverse effect on the environment but also improve the quality of seed and the soil fertility. Our results showed that S. ebulus has the potential for controlling soybean charcoal rot and can be suitable alternative for chemical toxins. This is the first time that this research studies in Iran.}, keywords = {GC/MS,Macrophomina phaseolina,Plant extract,Sambucus ebulus}, title_fa = {تأثیر بازدارندگی عصاره های گیاه آقطی (Sambucus ebulus) بر رشد قارچ Macrophomina phaseolina و استخراج مواد مؤثره آن ها}, abstract_fa = {قارچ Macrophomina phaseolina عامل بیماری پوسیدگی ذغالی سویا می باشد. این بیماری یکی از مهم ترین بیماری های سویا در شمال کشور است. این پاتوژن دامنه میزبانی وسیعی دارد و بیش از 500 گونه گیاهی از 75 خانواده از جمله خانواده پروانه آسا را مورد حمله قرار می دهد. با توجه به اثر قارچ کشی عصاره ی گیاه آقطی (Sambucus ebulus)، در این بررسی عصاره های آبی و الکلی آن استخراج و اثر غلظت های 10، 20 و 30 درصد آنها در کنترل قارچ M. phaseolina در شرایط آزمایشگاه مطالعه گردید. در این تحقیق، اثر ضدقارچی عصاره آبی مشاهده نشد اما غلظت های 10، 20 و 30 درصد عصاره الکلی این گیاه به ترتیب با 25/39 ، 67 و 100 درصد، اثرات بازدارندگی خوبی (نسبت به شاهد) بر رشد میسلیوم قارچM. phaseolina نشان دادند. همچنین در غلظت 20 و 30 درصد عصاره الکلی، تشکیل اسکلروت مشاهده نشد و در غلظت 10 درصد نیز میزان تشکیل اسکلروت کاهش یافت. به منظور شناسایی ترکیب های شیمیایی موجود در عصاره الکلی از دستگاهGC/MS استفاده گردید. بر اساس نتایج حاصله، 27 ترکیب شیمیایی، شناسایی شدند که اجزاء اصلی شامل فتالات ها (3/54%)، اسیدهای چرب و مشتقات آن (61/26%)، ترپنوئیدها (65/2%)، دی ترپن های الکلی (09/2%)، مشتقات فنلی (58/1%)، فیتواسترول ها (38/3%) و سیکلوآلکان ها (38/0%) بودند. با توجه به اثرات ضدقارچی این ترکیبات، پتانیسل بالای ضد قارچی عصاره الکلی قابل توجیه می باشد. این تحقیق اولین بار است که در ایران انجام می شود.}, keywords_fa = {GC/MS,Macrophomina phaseolina,Plant extract,Sambucus ebulus}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36471.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36471_3f252f1cf165ee8997b29b3d77631269.pdf} } @article { author = {Amini, Farkhondeh and Mahdikhani-Moghaddam, Esmat and Baghaee Ravari, Sareh}, title = {Introduction of Endophytic Pseudomonas rhodesiae and Acinetobacter sp. Effective on Seed Germination and Cucumber Growth Factors Improvement}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {754-756}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.53913}, abstract = {Introduction: Some bacteria are capable of entering the plant as endophytes that do not cause harm and could establish a mutualistic association with host plants. Endophytic bacteria are bacteria that live in plant tissues without doing substantive harm. They enter plant tissue primarily through different plant zones. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have been isolated from several tissue types in several plant species. In addition, several different bacterial species have been isolated from a single plant. Variation in endophytic bacteria populations referred to the time of sampling, type of plant tissue, age and environment conditions, as well. In general endophytic bacteria occur at lower population densities than rhizospheric bacteria or bacterial pathogens. Endophytic populations, like rhizospheric populations, are conditioned by biotic and abiotic factors, but endophytic bacteria could be better protected from biotic and abiotic stresses than rhizospheric bacteria. It is clear that the interaction between plants and some endophytic bacteria is associated with beneficial effects such as plant growth promotion and biocontrol potential against plant pathogens. These types of bacteria are often capable of eliciting significant physiological changes that modulate the growth and development of the plant. Most of the time, these beneficial effects of endophytes are greater than those of many rhizosphere-colonizing bacteria. Endophytic bacteria affect bacterial growth by numerous mechanisms directly or indirectly. Some genus of bacteria such as Azosprillium, Enterobacter, Azotobacter and Pseudomonas produces plant growth regulators which lead to plant growth improvement. Microorganism profit from plants due to the enhanced availability of nutrients, whereas plants can receive benefits from bacterial associates by growth enhancement or stress reduction. Therefore, mutualistic interactions between host plants and associated microorganisms could have emerged as a result of the clear positive selection exerted on these associations. The current study is conducted in order to evaluate the effectiveness of cucumber root endophytic bacteria on increasing plant growth indexes. Materials and Methods: In this study, 45 strains were isolated from cucumber roots as mentioned in the literature. In the first step, all of them subjected to seed germination assay in lab conditions. Furthermore, they are evaluated for vigor index according to references. Seven strains (En 1 to En7) are selected for complementary research in greenhouse trials using randomized block design with 4 repetitions. Statistical analysis is done using SPSS v.22‌ by Duncan methods under 5% possibility levels. To detect preferred bacterial species, 16S rDNA-PCR product is sent for sequencing to Macrogen, Korea. The sequences are checked in BLAST program in NCBI database. Results and Discussion: Based on medians comparison, cucumber seed cultivar Negin, are treated by 45 endophytic bacteria separately. Among them, seven strains showed a significant difference at 1% possibility level in comparison to control. These strains presented high vigor index from 1954.6 to 572 compared to control. They also showed better seed germination percentage rather than control in the range of 95 to 45 %, and selected for greenhouse trials. The results of medians comparison in pot experiments demonstrated that En1 strains leads to 60% root and shoot length enhancement comparing to control. Furthermore, highest shoot (84.6%) and root (55.8%) wet weight are recorded for En6 in comparison to control. Molecular data revealed that strains En1 and En6 belonging to Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas rhodesiae, respectively. It is known that variation in endophytic bacteria may reflect differences in agriculture management methods. The P. rhodesiae is categorized in Pseudomonas fluorescent group and is isolated from mineral water for the first time. The positive effect of P. rhodesiae on different agricultural crops such as tomato, paper and wheat is reported. Genus Acinetobacter has an ability to produce plant hormones which changes plant chemical function towards growth improvement. One strain of this genus causes enhancement of sugar beet dry and wet weight to 19 and 69 % respectively, more than control treatment. More studies show that auxin production, phosphate solubilization, and nitrogen fixation are related to plants growth increasing. Since these entophytic bacteria have the effective role in inorganic materials increasing, application of this genus as biological fertilizer is suggested. Conclusion: Based on our data, En1 and En6 isolates speed up seed germination and increase cucumber growth parameters. Complementary surveys concerning the application of these isolates as separate or combined samples under greenhouse and field conditions are recommended. This is the first report of isolation of Pseudomonas rhodesiae and Acinetobacter sp. as endophytic bacteria from cucumber in Iran.}, keywords = {Endophytic bacteria,growth parameters,Greenhouse}, title_fa = {معرفی گونه های باکتریایی اندوفیت Pseudomonas rhodesiae وsp. Acinetobacter مؤثر بر جوانه زنی بذر و شاخص های رشدی خیار}, abstract_fa = {در تحقیق حاضر کارایی 45 جدایه اندوفیت بر درصد جوانه زنی بذر در مرحله اولیه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بیشترین درصد جوانه زنی بذر به ترتیب مربوط به جدایه هایEn3 (95 درصد) و En2 (66 درصد) در مقایسه با کنترل می باشد. جدایه های En1 و En2 نیز بالاترین شاخص ویگور را به خود اختصاص دادند. هفت جدایه انتخابی در مرحله اول، از نظر افزایش پارامترهای رشدی خیار در شرایط گلخانه مورد آزمون قرار گرفتند. مقایسه میانگین ها در گیاهان تیمار شده با باکتری های اندوفیت نشان داد که جدایه En1، افزایش 60% طول ریشه و ساقه نسبت به گیاه کنترل را موجب می گردد. همچنین با بکارگیری جدایه En6، میزان وزن تر ساقه و ریشه به ترتیب به صورت 6/84 و 8/55 % نسبت به شاهد سالم، افزایش یافت. بر اساس نتایج مولکولی، جدایه های En1 و En6 منتخب در آزمون گلخانه، به ترتیب متعلق به گونه های sp. Acinetobacter و Pseudomonas rhodesiae می‌باشند. این اولین گزارش از جداسازی این گونه ها از خیار در کشور می باشد. بررسی های تکمیلی جهت کاربرد گونه های مذکور به صورت تکی و یا ترکیبی در شرایط گلخانه و مزرعه پیشنهاد می گردد.}, keywords_fa = {Endophytic bacteria,growth parameters,Greenhouse}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36587.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36587_78306a002e239d61306e090cee5118af.pdf} } @article { author = {Kianpour, N. and hatami, bijan and Nourbakhsh, seyed habibollah and Moghaddam, Masumeh}, title = {Biology and Population Dynamics of Mercetaspis halli (Green) on Almond and Peach Trees in Saman Region, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {587-594}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.49166}, abstract = {Introduction: Pest and disease problem with the extension of fruit orchards, becomes a serious and restricted factor for orchard growers. Most of the scale insect of cold region fruit trees in Iran belongto family Diaspididae. One of the most important pests in the fruit orchards of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province are scale insects. Hall scale, Mercetaspis halli (Green) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) ), which is armoured scale, is known as a primarily pest of stone fruits. They are the most prevalent pests on trees mostly on Almond and Nectarine . In Iran, this pest is reported in the regions such as Khorasan, Marcazi, Semnan on Cherry, Almond and Apricot trees . Rajabi also reported the pest in Tehran, Esfahan, Yazd, Kermanshah, Fars and Kerman province on apricot, peach, cherry trees . Moghaddam in 2004 reported the pest distribution in Fars, Isfahan, Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan on almond, peach and pistacia. Monthly abundance monitoring of M. halli, which was conducted by Berlinger et al in 1996 , indicated that adult population had three generations per year. From the ecological and biological aspects, no enough information is available in Iran about M. halli scale. Thus, the aim of this research was to investigate aspects of the biology and ecology and seasonal changes of M. halli on Almond and peach trees to clarify the effectiveness of nonchemical management strategy. Materials and Methods: A field study carried out by weekly sampling of different growth stages of M. halli (egg, nymph, male and female) on twigs in two the Almond and the Peach orchards in Saman restrict in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Different growth stages of armoured scales (egg, nymph, male and female) were counted and its population seasonal changes were studied. The population density was determined and compared on different twigs with different ages. The period for ovoviviparously and emergence of 1st and 2nd nymphal instars and matured insects were estimated. Based on Berlinger et al. (3), growth stages were collected and counted on branches especially in join sections of old and new branches and cracks of branches. The data were normalized by changing to ( ). Figure of population changes were drawn by Excel. Results and Discussion: Berlinger et al. (3) studied the biology of M. halli and found that this armoured scale is a primarily pest of stone fruits especially on Peaches and Nectarines. These researchers reported 3 generations per year for the pest. In California, M. halli has one full and one partial generation per year and overwinters as adult females. The results of the present study was exactly in accordance to the results of Berlinger et al. (3) in that M. halli scales settle in all parts of the tree, but are more abundant beneath buds of current growth, or in bark crevices of the main branches, either in the lower tree center or on the trunk. Berlinger et al. (3) studies, showed that infestation and feeding of M. halli weakens fruit trees and reduces their growth and functionality. Feeding by hall scale weakens plants and may reduce the yield. However, the most important and direct economic damage is caused by nymphs settling on the fruit. Females settle in all parts of the tree and male were rare and emerged only in summer. In this survey, winged adult males didn’t emergeMeanwhile, the important economical damage is observed by settled nymphs on the fruits. Damage due to feeding of this insect appears as red depressions (2mm diameter) in the skin or as red spots which develop after the death of the scales and expand as the fruit grows. This case reduces the fruit market price. Berlinger et al. (3) and Gill (6) also reported that this pest overwinters as mated adult females. According to their results more than 90 percent of overwintering females had velum, which is an indication of mated female materials. Conclusion: Infestation of the M. halli on the trees of Plum, Almond, Apricot and Peach in Saman region indicated that the pest is polyphagous and can damage to the different Rosaceae trees. Our results showed that this insect produced nymphs ovoviviparously. This stage lasted for a very long period. Since after the first generation being finished the next generations overlapped and in its population, all different growth stages were observed. This pest had two complete generations and the third incomplete generation in nymphal stages appeared when weather was getting cold. Males and females were seen simultaneously. Mated females overwintered on beneath buds or in bark crevices of the twigs and branches of host trees. Finally, all nymphs died. Thus only mated females overwintered on cracks of trunks and branches of Peach and Almond trees.}, keywords = {Armoured scale,Infestation,Ovoviviparous,Population dynamics,Stone fruit}, title_fa = {بررسی زیست شناسی و تغییرات جمعیت شپشک Mercetaspis halli (Green) روی درختان بادام و هلو در شهرستان سامان چهارمحال و بختیاری}, abstract_fa = {شپشک سپردار (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) Mercetaspis halli (Green) یکی از آفات درختان میوه هسته دار در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری است که ضرورت توجه جدی به آن وجود دارد. در این پژوهش زیست شناسی آفت روی درختان بادام و هلو در سال های 1391 و 1392 در شهرستان سامان بررسی شد. به همین منظور پس از نمونه برداری از قسمت های آلوده درختان باغ و انتقال به آزمایشگاه، جمعیت زنده شامل پوره، حشرات کامل نر و ماده شمارش و دوره زندگی آفت و تغییرات فصلی جمعیت آن نیز بررسی گردید. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که این سپردار به روش تخم زنده زائی تولید مثل می کند و به دلیل طولانی بودن دوره تولید پوره در نسل اول در نسل های بعدی تداخل نسل بوجود می آید. در این شرایط به طور همزمان تمام مراحل زیستی حشره قابل مشاهده است. بررسی تغییرات جمعیت نیز نشان داد این آفت دارای دو نسل کامل است و گاهی نسل سوم نیز به وجود می آید که با سرد شدن هوا در مرحله پورگی تلف می شوند. این آفت زمستان را به صورت ماده کامل جفت گیری کرده در منافذ، شکاف ها و زیر پوستک ها سپری می کند.}, keywords_fa = {Armoured scale,Infestation,Ovoviviparous,Population dynamics,Stone fruit}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36454.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36454_1d808d712a528f583f123c2a563d50b5.pdf} } @article { author = {Karimi Arpnahy, Nosratollah and Eslami, Seyed Vahid and Mahmoodi, S. and Mohammad Hasan, Sayyari}, title = {Evaluating the Effect of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Sowing Methods on Growth Characteristics of Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) under Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {595-609}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.50387}, abstract = {Introduction: Increasing crop competitive ability is an important part of integrated weed management (IWM). In this regard, identifying weeds reaction to soil fertility status for developing fertilizing methods, as components of IWM programs, is a necessity. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications at the Research Greenhouse of University of Birjand in 2013. The first factor included three sowing methods of onion (seed sowing, onion set and transplanting) and the second factor included three levels of nitrogen (50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1, equivalent to 25, 50 and 75 mg N kg-1 soil), urea fertilizer with a purity of 46% was used for this purpose. Results and Discussion: The results of analysis of variance showed that sowing method and nitrogen levels had significant effects on plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weight as well as tuber number and underground dry weights. Moreover, the interaction between sowing methods and nitrogen levels had a significant effect on plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weight as well as tuber number and underground dry weights. The results of the comparisons of the mean for the interaction of planting methods and different levels of nitrogen indicated an increased weeds growth in direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen in weed height trait, so that the greatest nutsedge height during the growing season (92.33 cm) was obtained at direct seeding method and high nitrogen levels . Moreover, the lowest weed height during the growing season was obtained at onion set planting method and 50 kg ha-1 nitrogen. The highest leaf area of purple nutsedge at ten weeks after planting (446.65 cm2), was obtained in direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen, and the lowest value for this trait (203.38 cm2), was observed in onion set planting method. The greatest shoot dry weight of purple nutsedge during the growing season was observed in direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen. The maximum amount of this trait at eight and ten weeks after planting was achieved in the level of 100 kg N ha-1 which was about 3.797 and 7.306 gr plant-1, respectively. Also the minimum shoot dry weight of weed was produced in onion set planting method and their amounts were about, 1.161 and 4.229 gr plant-1 at eight and ten weeks after planting, respectively. The greatest tuber number of purple nutsedge during the growing season were observed with seed planting method which were 7 and 15.33 tuber per pot at eight and ten weeks after planting, respectively. Moreover, the minimum tuber number of weed was produced in onion set planting method and were about 1.66 and 5.66 tuber per pot at eight and ten weeks after planting, respectively. The maximum underground dry weight of purple nutsedge during the growing season was obtained at direct seeding method and high levels of nitrogen. The maximum amount of this trait at eight and ten weeks after planting was obtained in the level of 100 kg N ha-1 which were about 2.472 and 5.396 gr plant-1, respectively .The minimum underground dry weight of weed was achieved in onion set planting method which were about, 0.888 and 1.873 gr plant-1 at eight and ten weeks after planting, respectively. Conclusion: Overall ANOVA results showed that the sowing method and level of nitrogen as well as their interaction had a significant effect on all studied traits of purple nutsedge. Evaluation of growth characteristics of purple nutsedge under the conditions of interference with onion showed that the greatest and lowest growth of purple nutsedge were obtained where seed and onion sets planting methods were implemented, respectively. Moreover, the results indicated a positive response of purple nutsedge to high levels of nitrogen. Thus, in order to minimize the damage caused by purple nutsedge, the application of 100 kg N ha-1 nitrogen in onion set method is recommended as the most appropriate treatment for the management of purple nutsedge in infected onions farms. However, this study was conducted under greenhouse conditions and there is no doubt that repeating the test in the field is essential for verifying the results.}, keywords = {Competition,Nitrogen fertilizer,Sowing methods of onion,Tuber}, title_fa = {بررسی اثر روش های کاشت پیاز خوراکی (Allium cepa L.) بر خصوصیات رشدی اویارسلام ارغوانی (Cyperus rotundus L.) تحت سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی اثر روش های کاشت پیاز خوراکی بر خصوصیات رشدی اویارسلام ارغوانی تحت سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن، آزمایشی در سال 1392 در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. فاکتور اول شامل سه روش کاشت پیاز خوراکی (بذر، سوخچه و نشاء) و فاکتور دوم شامل سه سطح مختلف نیتروژن (50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار) بود. نتایج تحقیق حاضر نشان داد در طی فصل رشد حداکثر میزان رشد اویارسلام ارغوانی مربوط به روش کاشت مستقیم بذر و سطوح بالای نیتروژن بود بطوری که بعد از 10 هفته پس از کاشت، بیشترین مقدار ارتفاع (33/92 سانتی متر)، سطح برگ (65/446 سانتی متر مربع)، وزن خشک اندام هوایی (306/7 گرم در بوته)، تعداد غده (33/15 غده در گلدان) و وزن خشک کل اندام زیرزمینی (369/5 گرم در بوته) در روش کاشت مستقیم بذر و سطوح بالای نیتروژن (100 و 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بدست آمد. همچنین در طی فصل رشد کمترین میزان رشد این علف هرز مربوط به روش کاشت سوخچه و سطوح پایین نیتروژن (50 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بود. از طرفی، نتایج این آزمایش حاکی از واکنش مثبت اویارسلام به مقادیر بالای کود نیتروژن می‏باشد و نشان می‏دهد کشاورزان با مصرف نیتروژن بیشتر غده‏دهی اویارسلام را نیز افزایش خواهند داد و این قطعاً به ضرر گیاه زراعی خواهد بود. بنابراین استفاده از روش کاشت سوخچه و سطوح متوسط نیتروژن (50 و100 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در زراعت پیاز جهت به حداقل رساندن خسارت علف‌هرز اویارسلام ارغوانی توصیه می شود.}, keywords_fa = {Competition,Nitrogen fertilizer,Sowing methods of onion,Tuber}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36461.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36461_4ebe49783880c171c487ccee32055356.pdf} } @article { author = {zafarian, mojtaba and tadayyn, ali}, title = {Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (Glomus intraradice) on Egyptian Broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca. Pers) in Cultivated Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {526-572}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.43672}, abstract = {Introduction: Mycorrhizal symbiosis is one of the most popular and highest symbiotic relationship in plant kingdom. Most plants (about 80% of vascular plant species) have at least one type of mycorrhiza. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungies are the most important endomycorhiza fungi that play an important role in agriculture. Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus intraradice) symbiosis to control Egyptian Broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca. Pers) in cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) growth, a glasshouse experiment was conducted in CRD design with four replications in Shahrekord university in summer 2014. Treatments consisted of four arbuscular mycorrhizal levels (50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and two control treatments of weed free and weed infested treatments, respectively. In this experiment, seeds of speedy tomato cultivar planted in the bed that consisted of coco peat and peat moss were transplanted to the pots. Pots with diameter 20 and height 15 cm were filled with soil in the ratio 4: 1: 1 manure, sand and clay respectively and with 50 mg of Orobanche seeds that were collected in the previous year. It should be noted that the soil combination was disinfected at a temperature of 80OC for 72 h to reduce the potential effects of soil microbial population in reducing Orobanche germination. The fungal inoculation, containing sandy soil fungal body parts and organs fungal root was then added to each pot. Fungi strain was provided from the plant protection clinic located in Hamadan. Also, nutrition of tomato after being transplanted to pots was carried out with foliar application of complete micronutrient of 20-20-20 every 7 days under glasshouse condition. At the end of the season, were measured number of stems, number of nodules on the roots of tomato, time of emergence of orobanche flower on the soil surface, orobanche dry weight and tomato root and shoot dry weight. Statistical analysis of the data in the end of experiment collected on the characteristics of tomato and broomrape (after normality test of Kolmogorov - Smirnov) was done separately using software SAS V 9.2 and the comparisons were done with Fisher LSD test at the 5% and 1% levels and drawing graphs in Excel. Results and Discussion: The results showed that among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi treatments, two levels of 50 and 100 kg ha-1 in most cases, orobanche and tomato traits had no significant effect within the orobanche infested control treatment. With the possible existence of uniform density of orobanche seeds ready to germinate in the surroundings of tomato root and absence of adequate colonization by the fungies, these treatments will not be able to prevent the germination establishment of weed on tomato roots. Lack of adequate root colonization can firstly be due to the lack of sufficient numbers of fungi and secondly because of the unsuitable growth environment conditions for fungal propagation. But the treatments of 150 and 200 kg ha-1 decreased the number of nodules on the roots of tomato, orobanche dry weight, and time of emergence of orobanche flower on the soil surface, ratio of orobanche dry weight to tomato shoot dry weight. The difference may be due to the high fungal mycorrhiza colonization on the tomato roots that has led to a significant level of tomato root covered with the fungus, thereby was prohibited the haustorium penetration of orobanche into the root host. The host plant roots do this effect with the release of molecular signals called branching factors (BFs) that induced a wide branching of fungal hyphae. Whereas the treatments of 150 and 200 kg ha-1 increased tomato shoot dry weight and the percentage of tomato root dry weight to shoot dry weight. Even in these two measured traits, the treatments of 150 and 200 kg ha-1 were also transcended on weed-free treatment. Generally, because of no of significant differences between the two treatments of 150 and 200 kg ha-1, utilization of 150 kg ha-1 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi due to reduction of the orobanche growth and promotion of tomato growth was the best treatment among them. Positive performances of mycorrhiza fungi in reducing broomrape pollution and increasing tomato growth have different reasons. Three main reasons of this research and the previous research laboratory have been established as follows: 1) The existence of this fungus causes tomato root covering by the fungal hyphae to be occupied by orobanche haustorium. 2) Tomato roots colonized by the fungus have less germination stimulant compounds. 3) The proper functioning of fungal hyphae increased the uptake of nutrients, particularly phosphorus that produce more favorable growing conditions for tomato even compared to the control without orobanche. Conclusion: Generally, it seems that regarding the results of treatments of 150 and 200 kg ha-1 in arbescular mycorrhiza fungi in this study, these results can be further studied under field conditions to be more confidently recommendable. Because of the highly dominance of variable in field conditions such as management, climate and the environmental effects can intensify or weaken the effects of treatments.}, keywords = {Nodules,Parasite weed,Root dry weight,Shoot dry weight,Time of flower emergence}, title_fa = {تأثیر همزیستی قارچ آربسکولار میکوریزا سویه (Glomus intraradice) بر گل جالیز مصری (Orobanche aegyptiaca. Pers) در کشت گوجه‌فرنگی (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)}, abstract_fa = {به منظور ارزیابی تأثیر همزیستی قارچ آربسکولار میکوریزا بر گل جالیز مصریOrobanche aegyptiaca. Pers) ) و تعیین اثرات آن بر رشد گوجه‌فرنگی (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)، آزمایشی گلخانه‌ای در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 4 تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارها شامل قارچ آربسکولار میکوریزا سویه (Glomus intraradice) در 4 سطح 50، 100، 150 و 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار (از بسته‌بندی تجاری) و 2 شاهد با و بدون علف‌هرز گل جالیز بودند. نتایج نشان داد در بین تیمارهای قارچ آربسکولار مایکوریزا دو تیمار 50 و 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار در بسیاری از صفات اندازه‌گیری شده گل جالیز و گوجه‌فرنگی تفاوت معنی‌داری با شاهد با گل جالیز نداشتند. اما کاربرد تیمارهای 150 و 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار قارچ آربسکولار مایکوریزا باعث کاهش معنی‌دار صفات تعداد گرهک گل جالیز روی ریشه گوجه‌فرنگی، وزن خشک گل جالیز، زمان ظهور گل جالیز در سطح خاک، نسبت وزن خشک گل جالیز به وزن خشک اندام هوایی گوجه‌فرنگی و در مقابل باعث افزایش وزن خشک اندام هوایی و درصد وزن ریشه به اندام هوایی گوجه‌فرنگی شدند. بطوری که در صفات درصد وزن ریشه به وزن خشک کل گوجه فرنگی و وزن خشک اندام هوایی گوجه‌فرنگی بر تیمار شاهد بدون گل جالیز هم برتری داشتند. در مجموع با توجه به عدم وجود تفاوت معنی‌داری بین دو تیمار قارچ آربسکولار میکوریزا (150 کیلوگرم در هکتار) با تیمار قارچ آربسکولار میکوریزا (200 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، انتخاب تیمار قارچ آربسکولار میکوریزا (150 کیلوگرم در هکتار) با کاهش رهاسازی ترکیبات محرک جوانه‌زنی سبب کاهش صفات گل جالیز و با تقویت گیاه میزبان سبب افزایش مقدار صفات گوجه‌فرنگی خواهد شد.}, keywords_fa = {Nodules,Parasite weed,Root dry weight,Shoot dry weight,Time of flower emergence}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36440.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36440_b645fcd30a97162f765aa20b1db6609e.pdf} } @article { author = {Nourollahi, Khoshnood and hasani, mohsen}, title = {Genetic Diversity of Alternaria alternata Causal Agent of Early Blight of Tomato in Khuzestan Province Using SSRs Marker}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {573-586}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.42644}, abstract = {Introduction: The early blight of tomato caused by Alternaria alternata is one of the most important and destructive diseases in Khuzestan province. Study genetic structure of A. alternata populations provides different levels of information in the management of early blight disease in tomato farms. Short sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to determine the genetic structure and estimate genetic diversity in A. alternata isolates in Khuzestan province. Materials and Methods: In this study to evaluate the genetic diversity and genetic populations of A. alternata pathogen, sampling was randomly carried out on aerial parts of tomato plants with leaf brown lesions in farms and glasshouses from five different regions in Khuzestan province such as: Shoshtar, Omidiyeh, Dashte azadagan, Ahvaz, and Dezful. Each sample was cut into 2–5-mm long pieces, were surface-sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min and rinsed three times with sterile distilled water and air-dried with sterile filter paper. The sterilized samples were placed onto a general medium potato dextrose agar (PDA). A total of 64 A. alternata isolates were obtained from infected samples. Pathogenicity test was carried out on local susceptible cultivar under an artificial condition in the greenhouse. For obtaining the mycelia mass, liquid cultures were initiated by adding 2–4 mm 2 pieces of filter paper to 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL PDB medium (potato dextrose broth). Mycelium was collected by filtration through sterile filter paper with a vacuum funnel. Mycelia were harvested, frozen and stored at -20°C. DNA was extracted using a modified hexadecyl trimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) procedure. A set of five paired sequence repeat primers (SSR) were used to determine the genetic diversity of A. alternata isolates. PCR amplification was performed in a 25 μl reaction volume. The bands generated by SSR primers that were repeatable and clearly visible with a high intensity were scored manually for the presence (1) or absence (0) of bands in each isolate. Data analyses for evaluating of genetic diversity of isolates were calculations using molecular software such as: NTysis, Gene Alex, and POP GENE. Results and Discussion: A total of 21 alleles were produced by SSR primers with an average of 4.2 alleles in all populations. The highest and lowest amounts of alleles were related to locus AEM13 with eight alleles and loci of AEM6 and AEM9 with two alleles respectively. The average of allelic variability per locus was the highest in Shoshtar population and the lowest in Dezful population. Observed allele number and effective numbers of alleles were higher in Shoshtar in comparison of other populations. A Comparison of genetic diversity parameters in five population showed that Shoshtar population has the highest genetic diversity but lower values were estimated for Dashte azadagan. The highest and lowest genetic distance was detected between Ahvaz-Dezfol (0.066) and Shoshtar-Omidieh (0.005), respectively. Based on dendrogram of populations revealed two distinct groups, one group contained Dezful and the other Shoshtar, Omidiyeh, Dashte azadagan and Ahvaz. Analysis of molecular variance showed that 85 percent of the genetic diversity of all the isolates and 14% is allocated to different geographical areas. There was the high genetic similarity between isolates from different regions. High genetic similarity can be attributed to the migration of genes or genotypes of different factors. With according to of Cluster analysis based on UPGMA and Dice similarity coefficient at 62% level, eight groups were revealed. On the basis of microsatellite data indicated high genetic diversity within the isolates; this number of alleles could not lead in separation, on the basis of geographical locations between samples. In this study, the relationship detected between isolates within the six populations were probably due to exchange of tomato seeds between sampled regions and geographical closeness as well. Conclusion: This study have been carried out for the first time in Iran, and in comparison of international populations, a different level of diversity was detected within and between populations of worldwide A. alternata isolates. In this study, the high genetic diversity of A. alternata detected in five populations exposed a potential risk to tomato farms. Genetic diversity of A. alternata in Khuzestan province as an air born pathogen is a warning for a breeder to apply the successful use of resistance genes in local disease management. This gene diversity helps breeders for screening potential resistant cultivars according to gene diversity of A. alternata population in order to develop of durable resistant. Quarantine regulations will need to prevent the introduction of more diverse isolates into these populations and prevent transmission any isolates from this area to other regions of the country. Understanding the genetic structure of pathogen populations in the present study may provide insights into the epidemiology and evolutionary potential of pathogens and could lead to improved strategies for managing the disease. The obtained results indicating the high genetic diversity due to mutation, recombinant and a sexual mating ability of the pathogen in the Khuzestan province. Results in this study will be useful in breeding for tomato early blight resistant cultivars and developing necessary control measures.}, keywords = {Early blight,Genetic similarity,Molecular variance,SSR}, title_fa = {تنوع ژنتیکی جدایه هایAlternaria alternata عامل لکه موجی گوجه فرنگی در استان خوزستان با کمک نشانگرهای ریزماهواره}, abstract_fa = {بیماری لکه موجی با عامل Alternaria alternata یکی از بیماری‌های مهم گوجه فرنگی در استان خوزستان می‌باشد. به منظور ارزیابی تنوع ژنتیکی جدایههای A. alternata نمونهبرداری از مزارع گوجه فرنگی در مناطق مختلف انجام گرفت. تعداد 64 جدایه جداسازی گردید. پس از جداسازی، خالص‌سازی و شناسایی جدایه‌ها، آزمون مولکولی با استفاده از پنج جفت آغازگر ریزماهواره انجام گردید. در نهایت 21 آلل در همه جمعیت‌ها شناسایی شد. میانگین تعداد آلل در هر لوکوس برابر با 2/4 بود. بیشترین و کمترین تعداد آلل به ترتیب مربوط به لوکوس AEM13 با هشت آلل و لوکوس‌های AEM6 وAEM9 با دو آلل بود. نتایج تجزیه واریانس مولکولی نشان داد که 85 درصد از تنوع ژنتیکی در بین کلیه جدایه‌ها و 14 درصد، به مناطق مختلف جغرافیایی اختصاص دارد. بین جدایه‌ها از مناطق مختلف شباهت ژنتیکی بالایی وجود داشت. شباهت ژنتیکی بالا را می‌توان به مهاجرت ژن یا ژنوتیپ در اثر عوامل مختلف نسبت داد. بیشترین و کمترین تنوع درون جمعیت به ترتیب مربوط به جمعیت شوشتر و جمعیت امیدیه بود. پس از تجزیه دندروگرام داده ها بر اساس UPGMA و ضریب تشابه دایس در سطح 62 درصد، جدایه‌ها در هشت گروه قرار گرفتند. وجود تنوع بالا به علت جهش، نوترکیبی و تولید مثل جنسی می‌باشد. نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه برای اصلاح ارقام مقاوم و گسترش روش‌های کنترل بیماری لکه موجی مفید خواهد بود.}, keywords_fa = {Early blight,Genetic similarity,Molecular variance,SSR}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36447.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36447_c33aa87ba3416df4491e56f3102582e6.pdf} } @article { author = {Fayaz, Maryam and Fadaei, Aliakbar and Mohamadkhani, Abdolrahman and Tadayon, Mahmoudreza}, title = {Study the Effect of Three Species of Medicinal Plants of the Mint Family on Pathogenicity and Damage Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica in Tomato}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {547-552}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.36193}, abstract = {Introduction: Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are important plant pathogens that make large damage to the crops. The activity of root-knot nematode and reaction of host plant results in the development of several knots on the root, which interrupts water and food absorption system of the plant. Among popular methods for controlling root-knot nematodes are physical methods (soil solarization and flooding), farming methods (crop rotation, weed removal, contaminated roots removal, fertilization, soil reinforcement, planting time adjustment, and use of resistant varieties), and chemical methods (disinfection with pesticide and foliar spray. Incomplete control, high cost and environmental problems (chemical compounds) have directed some researchers toward to use non-chemical methods such as herbs and herbal products for the management nematodes. Mankind has used medicinal plants throughout the history in both direct and indirect ways. Today, medicinal plants have a considerable share of medical products. The nematicidal effect of many plants has been demonstrated and the use of plant products has been considered as a safe method to control root-knot nematode. This method is cheap and easy to use, does not cause environmental pollution, and is able to improve the soil in structural and nutritional terms. Organic plants possess a wide range of secondary metabolites such as phenyls, flavonoids, coinons, tanons, essences, alkaloids, saponins, and sterols. These substances are biodegradable owing to their natural origin and do not pollute the environment. Today, active plant compounds are given much attention because they are less durable and do not have the negative impact on mammals and non-target organisms. Plant products including essences and extracts are usually used to control plant diseases nematodes. Therefore, due to the favorable impact of plants in controlling Root-knot nematodes, In this study, the presence of several herbs (thyme, hyssop, and savory) are pathogenic nematode damage in tomato was examined. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of the medicinal plants of the mint family on root knot nematode, three herb thyme (Thymus vulgaris), savory (Sature jahortensis) and hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) was used. In order to prepare the inoculum required for the test, root-knot nematode- contaminated tomato samples were collected from the farms or greenhouses of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari Province (one of the provinces of Iran). To separate and extract eggs and larvae, contaminated roots were chopped into 1-2 cm pieces by the method of Hussey & Jonsen were mixed in 10% hypochlorite sodium solution in a mixer for one minute. Then the mixture was put in the 400-mesh sieve under water current so as to remove hypochlorite sodium. Finally, the eggs were collected in distilled water. Furthermore, to prepare sufficient larvae, nematode egg masses were transferred to petri dishes and kept in the incubator for 24 hours until the eggs hatched. Finally, the obtained eggs and larvae were used to carry out the test. A greenhouse experiment was as factorial in a completely randomized design with single culture tomato and mixed with herbal hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and savory (Sature sp), in the presence and absence of nematodes. Results and Discussion: The tomato growth parameters (dry weight of root, stem, leaf, root length, shoot length) and nematode pathogenicity (Number of galls, egg massesin1/g of root of ,the number of eggs in each egg masses, second instar larvae per 100 gr of soil and reproductive factors) were evaluated three months after nematode inoculations. Data were analyzed using SAS statistical software comparing MSTATC software and LSD test was performed. Statistical analysis of data showed the significance difference between treatments. ANOVA results demonstrated that the use of three species of medicinal plants of the mint family is a significant effect on the pathogenicity of nematodes. For example One of them main indicators of pathogenic nematode are galls on the roots. The savory (Sature jahortensis), gall formation by nematode was reduced. In other words among the plants under study, Savory (Sature jahortensis) was the most effectiveness in reducing damage and pathogenicity of nematode, and thyme and hyssop were in next grades respectively. This inhibition may be due to a direct effect on larvae and egg root secretion or indirectly by providing suitable conditions for growing tomato and defense against nematode attacks. Conclusion: Collectively, the tested medicinal plants in this study, had good control effect against root knot nematode and can be used in nematode management programs. And their application in Natural conditions also is investigated.}, keywords = {Hyssop,Root Knot Nematode,Savory,Thyme}, title_fa = {بررسی تأثیر سه گونه گیاه دارویی خانواده نعناع بر بیماریزایی و خسارت نماتد ریشه‌گرهی Meloidogyne javanica در گوجه‌فرنگی}, abstract_fa = {نماتدهای ریشه گرهی (Meloidogyne spp) از جمله عوامل بیماریزای بسیار مهمی هستند که خسارت زیادی به محصولات کشاورزی وارد می‌سازند. روش‌های متعددی (تناوب زراعی، ارقام مقاوم و ترکیبات شیمیایی) برای کنترل آنها به کار گرفته شده است. هزینه بالا و مشکلات زیست‌محیطی (ترکیبات شیمیایی)، توجه محققان را به استفاده از روش های غیر‌شیمیایی همچون استفاده از گیاهان و فرآورده های گیاهی برای مدیریت این نماتدها معطوف کرده است. جهت بررسی تأثیر حضور تعدادی از گیاهان خانواده نعناع روی نماتد ریشه‌گرهی، از سه گیاه دارویی آویشن باغی (Thymus vulgaris)، مرزه (Saturea hortensis) و زوفا (Hyssopus officinalis) استفاده شد. این آزمایش در گلخانه ای بصورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تکرار با کشت تنها و مخلوط گوجه‌فرنگی با گیاهان دارویی زوفا، آویشن و مرزه، در حضور و بدون حضور نماتد انجام شد. ارزیابی نتایج سه ماه بعد از تلقیح نماتد و بر اساس شاخص های رشدی گوجه فرنگی و پارامترهای بیماری زایی نماتد صورت گرفت. تجزیه و تحلیل آماری داده های حاصل ‌‌نشان دهنده اثر معنی‌دار حضور سه گیاه دارویی مذکور روی کاهش خسارت نماتد بود. مؤثرترین گیاه در کاهش خسارت و بیماری زایی نماتد مرزه بود و آویشن باغی، و زوفا در درجات بعدی قرار گرفتند. در مجموع بررسی‌های گلخانه‌ای گیاهان دارویی مورد آزمایش، اثرات کنترلی مطلوبی علیه نماتد ریشه گرهی از خود نشان دادند و می‌توان استفاده از آنها را در برنامه‌های مدیریت نماتد ریشه‌گرهی مورد توجه قرار داد.}, keywords_fa = {Hyssop,Root Knot Nematode,Savory,Thyme}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36426.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36426_7d0051d30edb95f29bf275430c5d5a45.pdf} } @article { author = {Torabi, Seyed Hossein and Bazoobandi, Mohammad and Radjabi, Ahmad and Hadizadeh, Mohammad Hassan and Torabi, Ehssan}, title = {Reducing the 2, 4 D+MCPA Antagonism from Hard Spray Waters by Ammonium Sulfate}, journal = {Journal of Iranian Plant Protection Research}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {553-561}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, press.}, issn = {2980-8170}, eissn = {2783-5383}, doi = {10.22067/jpp.v30i4.36020}, abstract = {Introduction: Water is the main carrier of herbicides (HC) that its quality plays an important role in herbicide performance hard water has a high concentration of Ca++ and Mg++ and reviews have shown that calcium, manganese and zinc are the main factors reducing the effectiveness of weak acid herbicides. Weak acid herbicides such as glyphosate, paraquat, clethodim and 2, 4 D are compounds that release the H+ ions once dissolved in water, but just slightly. Therefore, herbicides that are weak acids partially dissociate. Herbicides not dissociated (the compound remains whole) are more readily absorbed by plant foliage than those that dissociate. Dissociated herbicide molecules have a negative charge. After being dissociated, herbicides might remain as negatively charged molecules, or they might bind with other positively charged cations. Binding to some cations improves herbicide uptake and absorption, binding to others such as Ca++ and Mg++ antagonizes herbicide activity by decreasing absorption or activity in the cell. To correct such carriers, the use of adjuvants, such as ammonium sulphate (AMS), is recommended, which can reduce the use of herbicides and cause economic savings. The aim of this study was to investigate the simple effects and interactions between different amounts of AMS and carrier hardness (CH) levels on 2, 4 D + MCPA herbicide efficacy in controlling white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in turf grass. Materials and Methods: The experiment was laid out in a RCBD with three replications for each treatment during spring-summer 2013 in 10 years old mixed cold season turf grass (Festuca rubra + Poa pratensis + Poa pratensis) dominated by white clover in Mashhad (Iran). The treatments were the factorial combination of four carrier hardness (CH) rates (Deionized, 45, 90 and 180 ppm of Ca++ +Mg++) and three Ammonium Sulfate (AMS) rates (0, 2, 3 and 4 Kg per100 L of carrier water) were studied. The turf was sprayed with 2, 4 D + MCPA (67.5% SL) at 1.5 L-ha applied once on July. The density and dry matter of clover and turf were recorded. Results and Discussion: Full performance of 2, 4 D + MCPA herbicide to control clover, regardless of the amount of ammonium sulfate used, was obtained in soft water. Adding just 4%, AMS to Carrier water with a hardness of 45 ppm could recover effectiveness of herbicide up to DI water, whereas in 90 ppm of hardness adding only 2 percent ammonium sulfate was enough to increase herbicide efficacy to twice as no ammonium sulfate treatment. The most significant antagonism effect was obtained in 180 ppm hardness level without AMS reducing 84% of 2, 4 D + MCPA performance compared to soft water. The highest antagonism effect of the herbicide carrier went to 180 ppm, 90 ppm and 45 ppm of hardness respectively. Overall, the study revealed that only in 45 ppm of CH the addition of 4% of AMS will help to restore the toxicity of 2, 4 D + MCPA while in 90 ppm and 180 ppm of CH add more than 2% of AMS to 2, 4 D + MCPA carrier water will not benefit the herbicide toxicity. Most reports have considered sufficient two percent of AMS to neutralize the inhibitory effect of CH on the weak acid herbicides. Three weeks after spraying, no phytotoxicity was found in the grass. At the same time interaction between CH and AMS on the lawn dry weight was significant (P}, keywords = {Adjuvant,Herbicide,Turf,White clover}, title_fa = {کاهش اثر منفی حامل آب‏ سخت بر کارایی توفوردی+ ام سی پی آ‏ به وسیله سولفات آمونیوم}, abstract_fa = {تأثیر کاربرد ماده افزودنی به‏منظور مدیریت اثر حامل آب سخت بر علف‏کش توفوردی+ ام سی پی آ در بهار و تابستان 1392 در یک زمین چمن مخلوط 10 ساله اقلیم سرد آلوده به شبدر سفید (Trifolium repens L.) در مشهد در یک آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار بررسی شد. فاکتور اول شامل سختی‏های صفر (آب نرم)، 45، 90 و 180 ppm (Ca 2+ +Mg2+ ) و فاکتور دوم مقادیر صفر، دو، سه، و چهار درصد سولفات آمونیوم در آب حامل علف‏کش بود. تراکم و وزن خشک شبدر و چمن اندازه‏گیری شد. تمام سطوح سختی آب سبب کاهش کارایی علف‏کش روی شبدر شد. سولفات آمونیوم به تنهایی تأثیری بر سمیت آن نداشت بلکه در مواجهه با سختی نقش ضد آنتاگونیستی خود را ایفا نمود و اثر آنتاگونیستی کاتیون‏ها را خنثی کرد. در سختی 45 ppm افزایش میزان سولفات آمونیوم در آب حامل علف‏کش تا چهار درصد به بازیابی سمیت علف‏کش کمک کرد ولی در سختی‏های 90 و 180 ppm افزایش بیش از دو درصد سولفات آمونیوم به آب حامل علف‏کش سودی در پی نداشت. علف‏کش روی چمن گیاه‌سوزی ایجاد نکرد بلکه با افزایش سولفات آمونیوم در آب نرم، چمن از آن به عنوان یک منبع غذایی بهره برد و وزن خشک آن افزایش یافت. افزایش میزان سختی تأثیری بر وزن خشک چمن نداشت و برتری عملکرد تیمار آب نرم ناشی از کنترل بهتر شبدر و تأثیر غیر مستقیم روی چمن بود.}, keywords_fa = {Adjuvant,Herbicide,Turf,White clover}, url = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36436.html}, eprint = {https://jpp.um.ac.ir/article_36436_6283d6c8f8a1c4c9216d11327da9d3f1.pdf} }