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Meloidogyne and Distribution there in Pomegranate Orchards in Khorasan Provinces]]>
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p. 309−324
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p. 325−336
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p. 337−346
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p. 347−356
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olive > soybean > corn > sunflower > canola > sesame > castor > cotton. The overall results showed that the efficacy of sethoxydim was improved by increasing the content of unsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils. Turnip and cottonseed oils with 71.17 and 20.65 percentages of unsaturated fatty acids had the highest and lowest performance, respectively. Among the polyunsaturated fatty acids compounds, linoleic acid content had a key role in the efficiency. There was a negative relationship between linoleic acid content and the performance of vegetable oils. Moreover, non-significant toxicity effects on sugar beet and onion was observed.
Conclusion: Based on this work, when the vegetable oils used the performance of sethoxydim on wild oat control based on relative potency were improved. Therefore, synthetic adjuvants can be replaced by vegetable oils as adjuvants in herbicide application. Based on results of this work, composition of fatty acids in vegetable oil is a very effective factors for increasing sethoxydim performance on wild oat control. By increasing unsaturated fatty acids, the sethoxydim performance showed more performance whereas turnip oil with higher unsaturated fatty acids was showed the highest performance. Further research is needed to determine the mechanism of action of vegetable oils in increasing the effectiveness of herbicides.]]>
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851.33, 52.57 to >752.57, and 310.27 to >1443.90, respectively. For further investigation on the response of these resistant biotypes, three herbicides including pinoxaden, clethodim, and haloxyfop-R methyl ester were applied on the biotypes as a Petri dish assay. Two biotypes with the highest resistance factors (ram1, ram18) and two with the lowest resistance factors (ram15, ram4) were selected for this assay. In the haloxyfop-R methyl ester treatment, the highest and lowest resistance factors were observed in ram1 with 423.35 and ram15 with 284.50, respectively. In the other two herbicide however, resistance factor had no significant difference with the value 1. Application of herbicides possessing different modes of action may lead to elimination of both susceptible and resistant biotypes. However, this will serve as a new selective pressure which will eventually result in intensification of resistance and furthermore, evolution of cross and multiple- resistant species. Thus, meticulous application of integrated weed management methods are of great importance to prevent or delay the evolution of resistance to herbicides.
Conclusion: Implementation of cultural methods for weed management and preventing the distribution of herbicides to which the weeds have readily developed resistance will lead to reduction of selective pressure. Adoption of crop and herbicide rotation principles will serve as a tool to debilitate the weed in competition with the crop, which in long term may contribute to reduced frequency of resistant alleles.]]>
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